英语语法时态

1、英语语法-Susan 主要内容一词性二句子成分三 16种时态四语态五语气六句子结构词性一实词 二虚词 三判断词 四情态动词 五感叹词 六其他 实词1.名词（nouns）n.： 。名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等，专有名词的首字母要大写。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。 2.代词（pronoun）pron.： 按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代

2、词和不定代词九种。 3.数词（numeral）Num.： 数词分为基数词和序数词两种。 4.形容词（adjective）adj.或a.： 主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。 5.副词（adverb)adv.： 副词可分为：时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、频率副词和说明性副词等。 6.动词（Verb）v.： 动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。虚词7.冠词（article) art.： 冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。 8.介词

3、（preposition）prep.： 介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。9.连词（conjunction）conj： 连词主要可分为4类：并列连词、转折连词、选择连词和因果连词。 10.助词： 助词有结构助词，时态助词，语气助词三种。 11.叹词：（interjection）interj.： 叹词是语法学术语。表示感叹、呼唤、应答的词。 判断词英语中的判断词有常见的“Yes”和“No”。 情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等

4、。情态动词后面加动词原形。 感叹词感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜怒哀乐等情感的词。Oh、Ah、Come、Dear、Well、There、Man、Boy、Ha、Aha、Hey、Hell、Sh、Why、Nonsense、Good heavens、What、how其他1、动名词2、动词不定式3、分词句子成分一主语 二谓语 三宾语 四定语 五状语句子成分一个句子一般皆由两部分组成，即主语部分（subject group）和谓语部分（predicate group）。如： Professor Ward teaches English to university students. 句子成分（member

5、s of the sentence ）是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。句子由各个句子成分所构成。 主语谓语宾语定语补语状语表语主语谓语主语 主语（subject） 是一句的主体，是全句的述说对象，常用名词或相当于名词的词担任，一般置于句首。如： 主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是“什么人”、“什么事”、“什么东西”、“什么地方”等等。 谓语 谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”和“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。 宾语 宾语，又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语（间接宾语也称宾语补足语）两大类，其中直接宾语指动作

6、的直接对象，间接宾语说明动作的非直接，但受动作影响的对象。定语 定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。状语 英语中，修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial）。 状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 补语 英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去

7、分词都可以在句子中作宾补。 表语 表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem, look ,sound, feel, get, smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。 16种时态一般一般进行进行完成完成完成进行完成进行现在现在一般现在时一般现在时现在进行时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成时现在完成进行时现在完成进行时 do / doesam / is / are doinghave / has

8、donehave / has been doing过去过去一般过去时一般过去时过去进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成进行时过去完成进行时 didwere / was doinghad donehad been doing将来将来一般将来时一般将来时将来进行时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成时将来完成进行时将来完成进行时will / shall do will be doingwill have donewill have been doing过去过去将来将来过去将来时过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时 would dow

9、ould be doingwould have donewould have been doing一般现在时基本形式（以do为例）： 第三人称单数第三人称单数：does（主语为非第三人称单数）； 肯定句肯定句：主语动词其他； He works for us. 否定句否定句：主语dont/doesnt动词原形其他； He doesnt work for us. 一般疑问句一般疑问句：Do/Does主语动词原形其他。 肯定回答：Yes，（ 主语do/does） 否定回答：No，（主语dont/doesnt.） 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句Does he work for us? Yes, he

10、does. No, he doesnt What does he do for us? He works for us. 1) describes things that happen on a regular basis, often used with adverbs of frequency 时间状语：时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sundaye.g. I leave home for school at 7 every morning. He cycles to work every day. 2) describes permanent situatio

11、nse.g. The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. Water boils at 100 Centigrade .3）describes fixed events in the future e.g. The plane takes off at 9:00 tomorrow morning.4) 表示格言或警句中。表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。骄者必败。此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去

12、时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。也要用一般现在时。 例如：例如：Columbus proved that the earth is round.5) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，

13、表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况。客观状况。6）祈使句中）祈使句中 （ to give directions or instructions ) Go down the street, and then take the second turning on the left.1）下列动词：）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, be

14、gin, return的一般现在的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3 ) It will be + ( a

15、 period of time )+before + ( the present simple tense ).It will be a year before we take part in the university entrance exams.4）在时间或条件句中。在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes (不是不是will come), ask him to wait for me. cf. I dont know when Bill will come. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.由由if 引导的条件状语从句中可

16、以用引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或或will表表“意愿意愿”，但不表示，但不表示时态。时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. Ill appreciate it if you will do me a favor.5）在动词在动词hope, take care that, make sure that, see to it that 等后。等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that th

17、e windows are closed before you leave the room.6 )在在the morethe more句型中，从句也要用一般现在时取代将句型中，从句也要用一般现在时取代将来时。来时。 eg:2. The harder you work, the more you will get.7 ) 主句为将来时，主句为将来时， no matter what / who / which / when / whatever / whoever / whichever / whenever 从句中用一般现在时从句中用一般现在时 Whatever you say, I will

18、 not change my mind. No matter which you like, Ill give it to you.一般过去时基本 形式be动词行为动词的过去式 否定句式：在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词，或waswerenot； 疑问句式： was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词 例如： Did he work for us? He didnt work for us. He worked for us. 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：时间状语有：yes

19、terday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。等。Where did you go just now?I saw Tom in the street yesterday. I bought this TV set in Beijing last year.2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.He always went to work by bus. He u

20、sed to act like that. 3）用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。 （1）动词）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。等。Did you want to speak to me now?I wondered if you could help me. （2）情态动词情态动词 could, would，Could you lend me your bike?4）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。If I were a bird, I would

21、 fly to Beijing. If he were here now, we could turn to him for help. It is time for sb. to do sth “到时间了；该了”，例如： It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。 It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了；早该了”，例如： It is time 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”，例如：Id rather . It is / has been + 一段时间+ since 分

22、句 It is two years since he joined the army.Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义：她已不在人间。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义：她现在还活着)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)注意事项 A) 注意时间状语的

23、搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。 B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didnt used to do, didnt use to do都对。 Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进

24、行对比。前者表示“过去常常或过去曾经”，要求加动词原形；后者表示“习惯于”，要求加名词或动名词。C) used to 与 would used to - describe actions which happened regularly in the past but no longer happenused to be - describes past states that have changed He used to be a teacher. （ ） He would be a teacher. （ ）would - describe actions which happened r

25、egularly in the past but now happen with more or less frequencycf. be / get used to - be / become accustomed to D) Sometimes the time becomes definite as a result of a question and answer in the present perfect e.g.1 )-Where have you been ? -Ive been to the opera. -Did you enjoy it ? 2 )- I have bou

26、ght a dictionary. - Where did you buy it ? / - When did you buy it ? 3 ) - Have you seen my stamps ? - Yes. I saw them on your desk a minute ago.主句为过去时态，宾语从句中的运用 I didnt know you were here.语境中的 “ 刚刚， 在过去 ” - Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something. - Oh, how nice of you. I never thought you

27、were going to bring me a gift. Your phone number again ? I didnt quite catch it.1)基本结构是will / shall do。 shall常用于第一人称 e.g. Shall he come in ? ( Do you want him to come in ? ) We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift. will 可以用于各种人称 e.g. He will be eighteen next month.2) be going

28、to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事 ( 事先考虑好）。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month. c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds; it is going to rain. She is putting on weight. She is going to be quite fat. 3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生

29、的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.a)表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。 E.g. She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）b)该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。 E.g. You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子们，你们

30、必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。）c)能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may） E.g. How am I to pay such a debt?（我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？） d)不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。 E.g. I assure you that the matter _ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended B. will be attended to C. is attended D. is attended toe)用于条件从句“如

31、果想，设想”（接近if want to,或if should） E.g. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _ avoided. A. is to be B . can be C. will be D. has been attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。不定式，意为马上做某事。 E.g. He is about to leave

32、 for Beijing. Dont worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.be about to 不能与不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确等表示明确 将来时的时间状语连用。将来时的时间状语连用。5 ) be doing - a definite arrangement in the near future 有些动词，如：有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, s

33、tay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。 E.g. My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May. Im taking an exam in October. ( implies: I have entered for it.) Bob and Bill are meeting tonight. ( implies: They have arranged it .) cf. b

34、e going to - an expression of intention Im going to sell the car. ( I myself plan to sell it .) When he finds a buyer, he can say: Im selling the car. 6 ) will be doing - It merely states that this action will happen. It implies an action which will occur in the normal course of events. eg. Ill be s

35、eeing Tom tomorrow. ( perhaps they work together) cf. Im seeing Tom tomorrow. ( It implies that Tom and the speaker has deliberately arranged the meeting.) I am going to Guangzhou. I _ Kate. (see) Do you have something to _ to her ?(take)7)同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。 E.g. The coach

36、 is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。） E.g. I was _ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on 在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately,

37、 the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。 E.g. I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。）will be seeingbe takenbe to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。e.g. I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)Im going to play

38、 football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) e.g. Hurry up and you will get the last bus用于条件句时，be going to表计划，will表意愿。e.g. If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 过去

39、将来时基本形式be（was，were）going to+动词原形 be（was，were）about to+动词原形 be（was，were）to+动词原形 肯定句：主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形否定句：主语+be（was，were）not going to+动词原形疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+going to+动词原形肯定句：主语+would（should）+动词原形否定句：主语+would（should）not+动词原形疑问句：Would（Should）+主语+动词原形E.g. I said on Thursday I should see my fr

40、iend the next day.He would work for us. 用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。 注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。现在进行时基本形式主语+ be+ v-ing现在分词形式(其中v表示动词) 表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。 E.g. I am buying a book. 第一人称+ am+ doing+ sth 第二人称+ are+ doing + sth （doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式） 第三人称+ is+ doing+ sth E.g. He is worki

41、ng. 1. 表示现在表示现在( 指说话人说话时指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。例如：正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you.2. 短期内正在进行的动作短期内正在进行的动作( within a temporary period )， 说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel. He is now living in Shanghai. ( The action is temporary.) cf. He lives in Shanghai. She is learning

42、piano under Mr. Smith. I am feeding the neighbors cat this week while shes in hospital. I dont really work here； I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.3. 表示渐变的动词有表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。等。The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer. 表示当前的动向与趋势表

43、示当前的动向与趋势 Technology is developing rapidly. Playing computer games is becoming more and more popular with young people.4. 表示动作正在进行，但倒装句中用一般现在时表示动作正在进行，但倒装句中用一般现在时 如如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 5. 与与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或

44、持等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind. You are always doing well Hes always asking the same question. 6. 状态动词的进行时后面接形容词状态动词的进行时后面接形容词brave; careful; stupid; clever; foolish; polite; kind; shy等时，为主语所表现的非一般惯性特点或等时，为主语所表现的非一般惯性特点或故意的行为。故意的行为。 e.g. 1

45、. You are being very clever today. 2. He is being polite. 3. My son is being a good boy at the moment.7.used to express arrangements in the future Were spending next winter in Australia. Shes leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. ( often with words like arrive, come, go, leave )如：如：have, belong, possess, c

46、ost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister.如：如：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. He loves her very m

47、uch.如：如：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice.如：如：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired.1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短

48、动作发生。生的时候，另一个短动作发生。3) 常用的时间状语有：常用的时间状语有：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while 例句：例句：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was

49、shining. She was watching TV while her brother was listening to the radio.The Whites were having dinner when there was a knock on the door.I was wondering if you could give me a lift. I was helping my mother in the kitchen all day yesterday.She was writing a book last year. But I dont know whether s

50、he has finished it .cf. She wrote a book last year. It has sold well.将来进行时用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。 例：Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。） 注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考一般将来时和现在进行时的有关注意事项。过去

51、将来进行时过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing 例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态）现在完成时基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done) 肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他 特殊

52、疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他 He has worked for us for ten years. Has he worked for us for ten years. 现在完成时用法a)表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 E.g. I bought a new house, but I _ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) didnt sell B) sold C) havent sold D) would sell b)表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，

53、并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。 E.g. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge B) may be challenged C) have been challenged D) are challenging c)表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：a

54、rrive, begin, find, give, lose等。 E.g. John has broken his left leg.注意事项 A)现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。 E.g. He worked in that hospital for 8 years. He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.B)因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动

55、态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。 E.g. My sister has been married for 5 years. My sister has married. Dont disturb her.C)在this is the first/ second/ third time that句型里要求用完成时。 E.g. This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.D)句型It is/ has beensinc

56、e所使用的两种时态都正确。 E.g. It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.E)在no sooner than、hardly/ scarcely when、before、prior to等句型中，主句要求完成时。 E.g. I havent met that professor prior to today.过去完成时用法表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示过去的过去的动作或状态。 Until then, his family _ from him for six months. A) didn

57、t hear C) hasnt heard B) hasnt been hearing D) hadnt heard 答案是D)。其它选项中：A) didnt hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasnt been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C) hasnt heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。 注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间

58、状语的限制。 There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door. 分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在开门和注意这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。 将来完成时用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到

59、时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。E.g. The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted 本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“

60、现在完成时”的有关注意事项。过去将来完成时过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done 例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态） 现在完成进行时用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。 例：We have been working on t