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1、外文出处:Manufacturing Engineering and TechnologyMachining附件1:外文原文 ManipulatorRobot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. Industrial robot is an important branch of
2、;industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and mach
3、ines, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work i
4、n the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has been CNC machining center, it is
5、160;in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved labor productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or
6、0;traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity,
7、;vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot
8、160;control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced
9、;maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer
10、0;technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology. First, an overview of industrial manipulatorRobot is a kind of positioning control can be
11、160;automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete
12、60;the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics&
13、#160;and automotive industries that Europe and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China, the introduction of automated production. But now
14、160;the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China, East China's coastal areas, local plastic processing plants have also emerged in mechanical watches began t
15、o become increasingly interested in, because they have to face a high turnover rate of workers, as well as for the workers to pay work-related injuries fee challenge
16、s. With the rapid development of China's industrial production, especially the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve t
17、he workpiece handling, steering, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches and other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which has more and mor
18、e attracted our attention. Robot is to imitate the manual part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling or
19、;operation of the automatic mechanical devices.In real life, you will find this a problem. In the machine shop, the processing of parts loading time is not annoying,
20、;and labor productivity is not high, the cost of production major, and sometimes man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injured. Think about what could
21、60;replace it with the processing time of a tour as long as there are a few people, and can operate 24 hours saturated human right? The answer is yes, but&
22、#160;the robot can come to replace it.Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce labor intensity, ensuring
23、0;product quality, to achieve safe production; particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as
24、160;poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.Why would a robot designe
25、d to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the compressed air as power source-driven robot. With pressure-driven and other energy-driven comparison have the fol
26、lowing advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. (Concept of environment
27、al protection) 2. Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance
28、160;transport. 3. Compressed air of the working pressure is low (usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter), and therefore moving the material components and manufacturin
29、g accuracy requirements can be lowered. 4. With the hydraulic transmission, compared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of the advantages pneumatic outstanding.
30、160;5. The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. But there are also places where it fly in the ointment: 1. As the comp
31、ressibility of air, resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work, resulting in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily controlled.
32、0;2. As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power can not be too large; in order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the&
33、#160;entire pneumatic system size increased.With pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has the following advantages:Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into t
34、he atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage would not be a serious impact on production. Viscos
35、ity of air is small, the pipeline pressure loss also is very small, easy long-distance transport.The lower working pressure of compressed air, pneumatic components and therefo
36、re the material and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. In general, reciprocating thrust in 1 to 2 tons pneumatic economy is better.Compared with the hydraulic
37、 transmission, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic. Clean air medium, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug
38、60;the pipeline. It can be safely used in flammable, explosive and the dust big occasions. Also easy to realize automatic overload protection.Second, the composition, mechanical
39、60;hand Robot in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more complicated, but the basic form is the same as the composition of the ,
40、Usually by the implementing agencies, transmission systems, control systems and auxiliary devices composed.1. Implementing agenciesManipulator executing agency by the hands, wrists, arms, pillars
41、. Hands are crawling institutions, is used to clamp and release the workpiece, and similar to human fingers, to complete the staffing of similar actions. Wrist and f
42、ingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down, left, and rotary movement. A simple mechanical hand can not wrist. Pillars used to support the
43、arm can also be made mobile as needed.2. Transmission The actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system commonly used manipulator mechanical transmiss
44、ion, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic and electric power transmission and other drive several forms.3. Control System Manipulator control system's main role is to control the
45、robot according to certain procedures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system, using only trip
46、switches, relays, control valves and circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing agencies according to the requirements of action. Action will
47、have to use complex programmable robot controller, the micro-computer control.Three, mechanical hand classification and characteristics Robots are generally divided into three categories: th
48、e first is the general machinery does not require manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device. It can be programmed according to
49、160;the needs of the task to complete the operation of the provisions. It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence
50、60;ternary machinery. The second category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft. It originated in the atom, military industry, first through the
51、 operation of machines to complete a particular job, and later developed to operate using radio signals to carry out detecting machines such as the Moon. Used in
52、0;industrial manipulator also fall into this category. The third category is dedicated manipulator, the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines, to solve
53、the machine up and down the workpiece material and delivery. This mechanical hand in foreign countries known as the "Mechanical Hand", which is the host of serv
54、ices, from the host-driven; exception of a few outside the working procedures are generally fixed, and therefore special.Main features: First, mechanical hand (the upper and l
55、ower material robot, assembly robot, handling robot, stacking robot, help robot, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer, etc.). Second,
56、0;cantilever cranes (cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance the hanging, etc.) Third, rail-type transport system (hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes,
57、;double-beam crane)Four, industrial machinery, application of handManipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process developed a new type of device. In recent
58、0;years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which&
59、#160;further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation.Although the robot is not as flexible as
60、;staff, but it has to the continuous duplication of work and labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weight characteristics when compare
61、d with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has been of great importance to many sectors, and increasingly has been applied widely, for example:(1) Machining the workpiece
62、 loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lathe, combination machine tool use is more common. (2) In the assembly operations are widely used in the electr
63、onics industry, it can be used to assemble printed circuit boards, in the machinery industry It can be used to assemble parts and components. (3) The working c
64、onditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor. (4) May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods
65、handling, dangerous goods and hazardous materials removal and so on.(5) Universe and ocean development. (6), military engineering and biomedical research and testing.Help mechanical han
66、ds: also known as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving spreader, manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel, time-saving techn
67、ology for material handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products. Customer application needs, creating customized cases. Manual ope
68、ration of a simulation of the automatic machinery, it can be a fixed program draws handling objects or perform household tools to accomplish certain specific actions.
69、60;Application of robot can replace the people engaged in monotonous repetitive or heavy manual labor, the mechanization and automation of production, instead of people in
70、60;hazardous environments manual operation, improving working conditions and ensure personal safety. The late 20th century, 40, the United States atomic energy experiments, the first
71、60;use of radioactive material handling robot, human robot in a safe room to manipulate various operations and experimentation. 50 years later, manipulator and gradually extended
72、160;to industrial production sector, for the temperatures, polluted areas, and loading and unloading to take place the work piece material, but also as an auxiliary device
73、0;in automatic machine tools, machine tools, automatic production lines and processing center applications, the completion of the upper and lower material, or From the library
74、;take place knife knife and so on according to fixed procedures for the replacement operation. Robot body mainly by the hand and sports institutions. Agencies with the
75、60;use of hands and operation of objects of different occasions, often there are clamping support and adsorption type of care. Movement organs are generally hydraulic pn
76、eumatic electrical device drivers. Manipulator can be achieved independently retractable rotation and lifting movements, generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are
77、0;widely used in metallurgical industry, machinery manufacture, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function, a fixd procedure f
78、or the capture, handling objects or operating tools, automatic operation device. It can replace human labor in order to achieve the production of heavy mechanization and
79、automation that can operate in hazardous environments to protect the personal safety, which is widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and n
80、uclear power sectors. Mechanical hand tools or other equipment commonly used for additional devices, such as the automatic machines or automatic production line handling and t
81、ransmission of the workpiece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers, etc. generally do not have a separate control device. Some operating devices require direc
82、t manipulation by humans; such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materials used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as mechanical&
83、#160;hand.Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions. Task of hand is holding the workpiece (or tool) components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight,
84、;material and operational requirements of a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption-based care such as holding. Sports organizations, so that the&
85、#160;completion of a variety of hand rotation (swing), mobile or compound movements to achieve the required action, to change the location of objects by grasping and post
86、ure.Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production p
87、rocess developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has
88、 become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and
89、;automation. Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator has been ap
90、plied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of
91、60;CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used. At present, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell i
92、n an important component of the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell,
93、0;it was adapted to small and medium volume production, you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable. When the work piece
94、0;changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and better adapt to
95、market competition. At present, China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, applicatio
96、n and industrialization of the size of the low level of robot research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the&
97、#160;economy, technical considerations are very necessary. Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.附件1:外文资料翻译译文 机械手 机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。工业机械手是工业机器人的一个重要分支。它的特点是可通过编程来完成各种预期的作业任务,在构造和性能上兼有人和机器各自的优点,尤其体现了人的智能和适应性。机械手作业的准确性和各种环境中完成作业的能力,在国民经济各领域有着广阔的发展前景。随着工业自动化的发展, 出现了数控加工中心,
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