2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案详解

1、D) water pollution is extremely serious 5. The primary soluti on to en vir onmen tal problems is. A) to allow market forces to operate properly B) to curb consumption of natural resources C) to limit the growth of the world population D) to avoid fluctuations in prices 第三篇 2005年 6月六级 Low-level slash

2、-a nd-bur n farmi ng does n t harm rain forest. On the con trary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the un orthodox view of a Germa n soil scie ntist who has show n that bur nt cleari ngs in the Amaz on, dati ng back more tha n 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile s

3、oil that farmers still ben efit from today. Most rain forest soils are thin and poor because they lack min erals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This mea nstopsoil contains few of the in gredie nts n

4、eeded for Ion g-term successful farmi ng. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter. Glaser has show n that most of this fertile orga nic matter comes from black

5、carb on - the orga nic particles from camp fires and charred ( 烧成炭的)wood left over from thousands of years of slash-a nd-bur n farmin g. The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carb on tha n the surro unding soils, says Glaser. Un bur nt vegetati on rots quickly, but bla

6、ck carb on persists in the soil for many cen turies. Radiocarb on dat ing shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more tha n 1,000 years old. “ Slasha nd-bur n farming can be good for soils provided it does n t completely burn all the vegetati on, and leaves beh ind charred woo

7、d, says Glaser. Tt can be better tha n man ure ( 粪 月巴).Bur ning the forest just once can leave beh ind eno ugh black carb on to keep the soil fertile for thousa nds of years. And rain forests easily regrow after small-scale cleari ng. Con trary to the conven ti onal view that huma n activities damag

8、e the en viro nment, Glaser says: Black carb on comb ines with huma n wastes is resp on sible for the rich ness of Terra Preta soils. ” Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amaz on, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the c

9、entral Amazon. Glaser says the widespread prese nee of pottery ( 陶器)con firms the soil s huma n orig ins. The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amaz on have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologist

10、s for virgin forest. During the past decade, researchers have discovered hun dreds of large earth works deep in the jun gle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built betwee n AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urba n civilizati

11、on s man aged to feed themselves. 1. Welearn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that . A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rain forest B) it destroys rain forest soils C) it helps improve rai nforest soils D) it dimi nishes the orga nic matter in rain forest

12、 soils 2. Most rain forest soils are thi n and poor A) the compositi on of the topsoil is rather un stablebecause. B) black carbon is washed away by heavy rains C) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rain D) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth 3. Glas

13、er made his discovery by. A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detectio

14、n systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry. B) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations C) test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon D) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils 4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest? A) They

15、 take centuries to regrow after being burnt. B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely. C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation. D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming 5. From the passage it can be inferred that. A) human activities will do grav

16、e damage to rainforests B) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the world C) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforests D) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests 第四篇 2006 年 12 月六级 In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the bo

17、dys system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. An animal that cant detect danger cant stay alive, says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of

18、neurons( 神经元 )deep in the brain known as the amygdala ( 扁桃核 ). LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving me

19、mories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name thre

20、e. This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know theyre afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear.D) it diminishes the organic matte

21、r in rainforest soils 2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because. A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstable B) black carbon is washed away by heavy rains C) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rain Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of

22、bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry. D) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth 3. Glaser made h

23、is discovery by. A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon B) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations C) test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon D) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils 4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainfor

24、est? A) They take centuries to reg row after being burnt. B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely. C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation. D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming 5. From the passage it can be inferred that. A) human activities

25、 will do grave damage to rainforests B) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the world C) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforests D) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests 第四篇 2006 年 12 月六级 In a purely biological sense, fear begin

26、s with the bodys system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. An animal that cant detect danger cant stay alive, says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is

27、a cluster of neurons( 神经元 )deep in the brain known as the amygdala ( 扁桃核 ). LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for

28、retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation-1 think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just

29、to name three. This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know theyre afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of D) it diminishes the organi

30、c matter in rainforest soils 2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because. A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstable B) black carbon is washed away by heavy rains C) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rain Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up ima

31、ges of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry. fear. D) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth 3.

32、Glaser made his discovery by. A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon B) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations C) test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon D) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils 4. What does Glaser say about the regrow

33、th of rainforest? A) They take centuries to reg row after being burnt. B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely. C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation. D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming 5. From the passage it can be inferred that. A) hum

34、an activities will do grave damage to rainforests B) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the world C) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforests D) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests 第四篇 2006 年 12 月六级 In a purely biological sens

35、e, fear begins with the bodys system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. An animal that cant detect danger cant stay alive, says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At

36、 its core is a cluster of neurons( 神经元 )deep in the brain known as the amygdala ( 扁桃核 ). LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions res

37、ponsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation-1 think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-movin

38、g feet, just to name three. D) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils 2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because. A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstable B) black carbon is washed away by heavy rains C) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rain Humans, sa

39、ys Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry. This fear mechanism is critical

40、 to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know theyre afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear. D) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to pla

41、nt growth 3. Glaser made his discovery by. A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon B) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations C) test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon D) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils 4. What does Glaser say abo

42、ut the regrowth of rainforest? A) They take centuries to reg row after being burnt. B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely. C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation. D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming 5. From the passage it can be inferred

43、 that. A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforests B) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the world C) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforests D) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests 第四篇 2006 年 12 月六级 In a purely bi

44、ological sense, fear begins with the bodys system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. An animal that cant detect danger cant stay alive, says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potentia

45、l threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons( 神经元 )deep in the brain known as the amygdala ( 扁桃核 ). LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, includin

46、g regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation-1 think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration a

47、nd fast-moving D) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils 2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because. A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstable B) black carbon is washed away by heavy rains C) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rain Humans, says Edward M.

48、Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal humanphenomenon: worry. feet, just to name three. This fear mechanis

49、m is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know theyre afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear. D) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients ess

50、ential to plant growth 3. Glaser made his discovery by. A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon B) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations C) test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon D) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils 4. What does G

51、laser say about the regrowth of rainforest? A) They take centuries to reg row after being burnt. B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely. C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation. D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming 5. From the passage it ca

52、n be inferred that. A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforests B) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the world C) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforests D) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests 第四篇 2006 年 12 月六级 In a purely biological s