外文翻译原文--加工贸易全球化背景下工业化的新道路

1、外文翻译原文-加工贸易全球化背景下工业化的新道路 Processing Trade: Globalization's new road of industrialization Asish Arora First, economic globalization and industrialization strategies of developing countries made the traditional challenges Since World War II, especially in the past 20 years, driven by advances in t

2、echnology, economic globalization process accelerates, the development of world economy irreversible trend. Economic globalization to all countries an important opportunity for economic development strategies, but also for the economic development strategy has posed a severe challenge, especially in

3、 the traditional path of industrialization in developing countries face serious challenges. The traditional path of industrialization are two types of import substitution strategy, the other is export-oriented strategy. Thinking of import substitution strategy dates back to the United States and Ger

4、many, Liszt Hamilton. The main idea is that by protecting the domestic market, the domestic emerging industries infant industry against strong competition from developed countries die. Play a role in this strategy is the basic premise of trade barriers on the domestic market by setting the formation

5、 of effective protection. Historically, the United States, Germany, in its chase phase, the implementation of varying degrees of import substitution strategy, but also to promote their industrialization played an important role. After World War II, Latin American countries implemented import substit

6、ution strategy, its industrialization process 1 has also played a certain role, but, due to import substitution strategy of isolation from international competition, these countries although the formation of a certain amount of industrial capacity, but their international competitiveness relatively

7、low power, leading to a serious imbalance in international payments, multiple currency crisis erupted. Since the late 70s since the Latin American countries have gradually adj ust their development strategies, to give up the implementation of import substitution strategy. Part of the Japanese East A

8、sian countries represented in the "war" after the successful implementation of the export-oriented strategy. Implementation of the strategy of export-oriented countries, on the one hand, the government adopted policies to persuade industry "means to policy support of its" pillar

9、industries "to enhance international competitiveness, and continue to expand the international market; the other hand, by all means to protect its domestic market, provide as many of its pillar industries of the market opportunity. Japan, Korea and other countries to implement export-oriented s

10、trategy to a specific factor in the success lies in the Cold War, the United States for its allies to support economic development goals for the Japanese and Korean products into the U.S. an extremely important market to provide market access opportunities. Strengthen the rules of economic globaliza

11、tion on import substitution strategy of export-oriented strategies are presented with a severe challenge. GATT WTO stew on reducing tariffs and removing non-tariff barriers, the 2 implementation of the principle of national treatment requires a series of open markets, developing countries no longer

12、possible to use traditional means to effectively protect the domestic market, which is the effective implementation of the import substitution strategy basic premise, but also export-oriented strategy, an important aspect. Meanwhile, GATT stew WTO on countervailing and anti-dumping rules, the export

13、-oriented strategy, policies and measures under severe constraints. Moreover, with the end of the Cold War, economic competition has replaced the national interest of political competition as the supreme goal, the United States can not treat the year as Japan and South Korea to other developing coun

14、tries as a unilateral market access opportunities. Second, economic globalization, the industrialization of developing countries new opportunities Challenges of economic globalization, the traditional industrialization strategy in the same time, the industrialization of developing countries has brou

15、ght new opportunities. With the acceleration of technological advances, product life cycles are getting shorter, the risk of loss of manufacturing technology more and more, some developed countries have to transfer abroad of traditional industries, to make room for the development of the new economy

16、. For developing countries, cross-border transfer of industry has brought significant opportunities for economic development. Business model of economic globalization has brought a maj or change, 3 transnational corporations in order in the increasingly fierce international competition to gain compe

17、titive advantage, increasing their production layout refinement, and the past, the division of labor among various industries in different countries, the advance of economic globalization , so that multinational corporations can be a product of the different production processes in accordance with t

18、he principle of lowest cost in the global configuration. Meanwhile, multinational companies increasingly focus on technology development, brand management and marketing network construction, manufacturing activities will be as much as possible to OEM Original Contract Manufacturing outsourcing to lo

19、wer-cost way of developing business. The resulting change is in the manufacturing sector in developing countries, more and more important, or even a significant number of high-tech products, assembly and export base, intra-industry trade to replace inter-industry trade has increasingly become an int

20、ernational trade development new incentives. In addition to foreign investment, more importantly, the developing countries more and more local enterprises to participate in the global division of labor. Past, due to higher levels of trade protection, the maj or industrialized and developing countrie

21、s is the vertical division of labor relations, inter-industry trade is the dominant form of international trade. Developing countries, industrial enterprises, if not through government support or force protection, can only be engaged in textile, light industry and other traditional 4 industries, hea

22、vy chemical industry, electromechanical industry is the possibility of large-scale exports continue to strengthen the school to cope with the pressure of international competition multinational corporations in addition to transfer of production capacity to developing countries, but also to take larg

23、e-scale outsourcing outsourcing approach, to maintain its production processes in the core competitiveness of enterprises in developing countries which makes the introduction of technology from multinational corporations , management, standardization, and in more industries to carry out production a

24、nd business activities, deeper participation in the international division of labor. For example, traditionally, large commercial aircraft manufacturing and export of patents in developed countries, however, with the deepening of economic globalization, in order to cope with increased competition, t

25、he U.S. Boeing company its commercial aircraft manufacturing activities located in 70 countries and regions, this does not mean that Boeing can not be completed in the United States these production activities, but this model is more efficient global division of labor, lower cost. In the context of

26、economic globalization, developing countries and means of the path of industrialization have been some significant changes are, first, the process of industrialization in developing countries could achieve leapfrog development, the rapid take place in some new industries. The context of globalizatio

27、n, international division of labor is more refined, mainly from the industrial division of labor between the division of labor into production processes, the comparative advantage of each country 5 not only in some industries, and more reflected in some production processes. Overall, the comparative

28、 advantage of developing countries lies in labor-intensive production processes. Third, the processing trade is the road of industrialization and globalization of new options under the Speaking of processing trade, it is often easy to implement China's bond equivalent to the import of processing

29、 export activities. In essence, the processing trade means a country imported materials, processing and assembly for export production and trade activities. As countries in the taxation system, management system and many other aspects of the differences in national policies on processing trade, the

30、regulatory system are different. With the deepening international division of labor, industry trade, the continuous development of intra-firm trade, processing trade in international trade is becoming increasingly important as the main form of international trade. TNCs are the leading force of econo

31、mic globalization, and its intra-firm trade in a country increasingly high proportion of trade to the United States, 1983-1993, the United States for foreign subsidiaries to the parent company of export of processing trade the proportion of its total exports from 34% to 44%, its imports increased fr

32、om 38% to about 50%. The same period, import and export of foreign multinationals into its U.S. subsidiary imports and exports for processing trade accounted for the proportion of total imports and exports of foreign multinational companies, respectively, from 83%, 55% to 86% and 6 64%, and some man

33、ufacturing The proportion of individual industries are more than 80% Task Force Development Institute of processing trade, "a high degree of economic development strategy from a correct understanding of China's processing trade", the processing trade and China's economic developmen

34、t conference materials. In many developed countries, international trade, one from start to finish produced in one country the proportion of products becoming less and less. For developing countries, to create a suitable institutional environment for the development of processing trade, and promote

35、the development of processing trade, under the conditions of globalization, industrialization is a shortcut. First, the processing trade of developing countries to accept international industry transfer of important ways. External transfer industry is developed step by step, but not once an industry

36、 upstream and downstream production processes all transfers out, at the same time, developing countries due to the limited capacity of the domestic market, the industry decided to divert the market can not be limited developing the domestic market, and certainly in part, for the international market

37、. Therefore, the industrial to developing countries, a large proportion is engaged in processing trade. If no suitable conditions for carrying out processing trade, import and export system that is efficient, the prices of inputs and products is not distorted, enterprises in developed countries woul

38、d be difficult to transfer to countries such industries. Can be said that processing trade is the labor resources of developing countries 7 and developed countries, capital and technology advantages of combining one of the most effective way. Fourth, the processing trade in China has made great cont

39、ributions to promote industrialization Created a large number of processing trade surplus for the import of advanced equipment to provide the conditions conducive to promoting the country's industrialization process. China is a developing country is not rich in natural resources, promote the industrialization of imports from the international market requires a lot of advanced equipment and raw m