工程用土壤测试方法方法5.8.1概述

1、AS 1289.5.8.1-2007Australian Standard®澳大利亚标准Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes工程建设项目测试土壤的方法Method 5.8.1: Soil compaction and density testsDetermination of field density and field moisture content of a soil using a nuclear surface moistureDensity gaugeDirect transmission mode方法5.8

2、.1: 土壤压实和密度测试使用核表面湿度密度测量计确定土壤的场密度和场含水量直接传输模式1 SCOPE范围This Standard sets out the method for determining the field density of a soil using a nuclear surface moisture-density gauge in the direct transmission mode of operation. It describes the method for determining the field moisture content of a soil

3、 using the same device, but other methods of moisture content determination may also be used. Gauges determine the gross mass per unit volume (field wet density) of the soil and the mass of water per unit volume (field water content) of the soil. Field dry density and moisture content can be calcula

4、ted from these values.本标准为以直接传输的运作模式使用核表面湿密度测量计确定土壤的场密度制定了方法。它描述了使用同一种装置确定土壤场含水量的方法，但是也有可能用到其他确定含水量的方法。测量计确定了土壤每单位体积的总质量（场湿密度）和土壤每单位体积的水的质量（场含水量）。场干密度和含水量可以从这些值中计算出来。This method is applicable to soils having not more than 20% by mass of particles retained on the 37.5 mm sieve. Some soils containing

5、variable percentages of chemically bound water or other neutron moderators or absorbers may require the moisture content of the material to be determined in accordance with AS 1289.2.1.1 or one of the subsidiary methods, AS 1289.2.1.2, AS 1289.2.1.4, AS 1289.2.1.5 or AS 1289.2.1.6.本方法适用于所包含的保留在37.5

6、mm筛上的微粒质量不超过20%的土壤。一些包含可变比例的化合水或其他中子慢化剂或吸收剂的土壤可能需要根据AS 1289.2.1.1或辅助方法之一，如AS 1289.2.1.2, AS 1289.2.1.4, AS 1289.2.1.5 或 AS 1289.2.1.6确定材料的含水量。Because of the variety of gauges available, this method does not detail the operation of the gauge but refers the operator to the manufacturers handbook.由于有多种

7、测量计，所以本方法没有详细说明测量计的使用，而是让操作员参照制造商手册。When nuclear gauges are used for density or moisture measurement, the volume of material being assessed is not precisely known; however, reference to the manufacturers handbook and current literature may indicate the likely volume. The zone of influence for the nu

8、clear moisture function of a gauge is normally restricted to less than 150 mm below the base of the gauge.当使用核测量计测量密度或湿度时，并不知道所评估材料的精确体积；然而，参考制造商手册和现有的文献也许会指示可能的体积。一个测量计的核湿度功能的影响区域一般都限定在测量计底部以下150 mm以内的地方。A nuclear gauge gives an indirect measure of field density and field moisture content and hence

9、 requires calibration in accordance with AS 1289.5.8.4. Regular checks on the operation and the calibration of the gauge are also required (see Clause 5). When the moisture content is measured using the gauge, the intercept of the moisture calibration equation needs to be determined for each materia

10、l being tested. 一个核测量计间接地测量了场密度和场含水量，因此它需要根据AS 1289.5.8.4进行标定。同样需要对测量计的操作和标定进行定期的检查（见第5条）。当使用测量计测量含水量时，湿度标定等式的截距需要依每次测试的材料而定。2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS参考文件The following documents are referred to in this Standard:本标准中参考了以下文件：AS1289Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes1289 工程建设项目测试土壤的方法1289.2.

11、1.1Method 2.1.1:Soil moisture content testsDetermination of the moisture content of a soilOven drying method (standard method)1289.2.1.1 方法2.1.1：土壤含水量测试土壤含水量的确定烘干法（标准方法）1289.2.1.2Method 2.1.2:Soil moisture content testsDetermination of the moisture content of a soilSand bath method (subsidiary metho

12、d)1289.2.1.2 方法2.1.2：土壤含水量测试土壤含水量的确定砂浴法（辅助方法）1289.2.1.4 Method 2.1.4: Soil moisture content testsDetermination of the moisture content of a soilMicrowave-oven drying method (subsidiary method)1289.2.1.4 方法2.1.4：土壤含水量测试土壤含水量的确定微波烘干法（辅助方法）1289.2.1.5Method 2.1.5:Soil moisture content testsDetermination

13、 of the moisture content of a soilInfrared lights method (subsidiary method)1289.2.1.5 方法2.1.5: 土壤含水量测试土壤含水量的确定红外线方法（辅助方法）1289.2.1.6Method 2.1.6:Soil moisture content testsDetermination of the moisture content of a soilHotplate drying method1289.2.1.6 方法2.1.6: 土壤含水量测试土壤含水量的确定热板烘干法1289.2.3.1Method 2.

14、3.1:SoilmoisturecontenttestsEstablishmentof correlationSubsidiary method and the standard method (AS 1289.2.1.1)1289.2.3.1 方法2.3.1: 土壤含水量测试关联性的建立辅助方法和标准方法(AS 1289.2.1.1)1289.5.4.1Method 5.4.1:Soil compaction and density testsCompaction control testDry density ratio, moisture variation and moisture r

15、atio1289.5.4.1 方法5.4.1: 土壤压实度和密度测试压实度控制测试干密度比例，湿度变化和湿度比例1289.5.4.2 Method 5.4.2:Soil compaction and density testsCompaction control testAssignment of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content values1289.5.4.2 方法5.4.2: 土壤压实和密度测试压实度控制测试最大干密度和最佳含水量值的指定1289.5.8.4Method 5.8.4:Soil compaction and d

16、ensity testsNuclear surface moisture-density gaugesCalibration using standard blocks1289.5.8.4 方法5.8.4: 土壤压实和密度测试核表面湿密度测量计使用标准块进行标定3 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS安全防范The equipment used in this method utilizes radioactive materials, which may be hazardous to health unless proper precautions are taken. Therefore

17、, it is essential that operators receive instruction on potential hazards and precautions, together with routine safety check procedures such as the use of personal radiation monitors, source leak testing and use of radiation survey meters. Statutory regulations cover the use, transport and storage

18、of radioactive substances in the State or Territory in which the gauge is to be used.本方法中使用的仪器运用了放射性材料，除非采取了合适的防范措施，否则会给健康带来危害。因此，至关重要的一点是操作员得到有关潜在危害和防范措施方面的指示，同时进行常规的安全检查程序，比如使用个人放射监测器，源泄漏测试和使用放射调查表等。法定规则涵盖了放射性物质在使用测量计的国家或领土内的使用，运输和储存。4 APPARATUS仪器The following items of apparatus are essential for

19、the correct performance of the test(additional items may be required for the correct usage of a particular model of gauge):以下仪器对进行正确的测试至关重要（在正确使用某一类型测量计时可能需要额外的仪器）：(a) Nuclear surface moisture-density gauge calibrated in accordance with AS 1289.5.8.4, logbook, manufacturers handbook for the gauge, a

20、nd the manufacturers reference block for standard counts that were used for the calibration of the gauge.核表面湿度密度测量计，根据AS 1289.5.8.4，日志本，测量计制造商手册和制造商用于测量计标定的标准计数参考块进行标定。The maximum uncertainty of the predicted density of the nuclear gauge, at the 95% confidence limits, for the calibration equation fo

21、r the depth being used for the test shall not exceed 0.06 t/m3. The maximum uncertainty of the predicted water content, at the 95% confidence limits, from the calibration equation (as defined in AS 1289.5.8.4) shall not exceed 0.07 t/m3.在测试中所使用深度的标定等式的95%的置信极限内，核测量计的所预测密度的最大不确定性不得超过0.06 t/m3。在标定等式（见

22、AS 1289.5.8.4中的定义）的95%的置信极限内，所预测含水量的最大不确定性不得超过0.07 t/m3。(b) Scraper plate, shovel and brush.刮板，铲子和刷子。(c) Rotary hammer drill or drill rod capable of forming a hole at least 16 mm in diameter.能够形成直径至少为16 mm的孔的回转式锤钻或钻杆。NOTE: In order to reduce distortion of the surface of the compacted soil, the shaft

23、 of the drill rod may be tapered 1 in 100 over its length.注：为了减少压实土壤表面的变形，钻杆的轴可与其长度形成1的锥角。(d) Secondary block of naturally occurring stone or concrete of minimum size 500 mm long by 300 mm wide by at least 50 mm greater than the greatest depth at which the gauge density system consistency checks wil

24、l be carried out, or a standard density block as defined in AS 1289.5.8.4.天然形成的石头或混凝土的二次块，长至少为500 mm，宽为300 mm，深度应至少比执行测量计密度系统的一致性检查时的最大深度还要大50 mm，或者AS 1289.5.8.4中所定义的标准密度块。NOTE: Concrete secondary blocks may be used provided they have been allowed to dry to a stable state following manufacture, and

25、are kept in a stable moisture condition.注：混凝土二次块可以使用，条件是它们在产出之后已经被烘干至一种稳定的状态，并保存于一种稳定的湿润环境中。(e) A fine density sand of one size (passing 0.600 µm) of the material under test.所测试材料中尺寸一致的细密度砂土（通过0.600 µm）。5 GAUGE CALIBRATION AND OPERATIONAL CHECKS测量计的标定和运行检查Nuclear surface moisture-density g

26、auges shall be calibrated at each probe position of interest in accordance with AS 1289.5.8.4 and shall be recalibrated at least once every two years or after any major repair or component replacement. Regular checks on the operation and calibration of the gauges shall be made as follows:核表面湿度密度测量计应

27、该依据AS 1289.5.8.4在每个相关的探针位置进行标定，并且每隔两年应至少重新进行一次标定或在任何大修或零部件更换之后重新进行标定。应定期对测量计的运行和标定进行检查，程序如下：(a) Standard count checks, as detailed in Paragraph A1 of Appendix A, shall be made on each day of use.在使用的每一天都应当进行标准计数检查，详见附录A的A1段。(b) Gauge function checks, as detailed in Paragraph A2 of Appendix A, shall

28、be made at least once per month.每个月至少执行一次测量计功能检查，详见附录A的A2段。(c) Density system consistency checks, as detailed in Paragraph A3 of Appendix A, shall be made at least once per month.每个月至少进行一次密度系统一致性的检查，详见附录A的A3段。(d) Moisture intercepts for each material shall be determined as detailed in Appendix B and

29、 redetermined应确定每种材料的湿度截距，详见附录B，并在以下情况下对其进行重新确定(i) if the time between the use of the value and the determination of the value is greater than three months; or如果使用此值和确定此值之间的时间间隔超过了三个月；或者(ii) if the maximum dry density as determined in accordance with AS 1289.5.4.2 has been reassigned.如果根据AS 1289.5.4

30、.2确定出的最大干密度已经改变。6 PROCEDURE程序The procedure shall be as follows:程序应当如下：(a) At the works site, obtain and record the field standard counts, with the manufacturers reference block placed on the material to be tested, in accordance with the procedure specified for the gauge by the manufacturer. The fiel

31、d standard counts are valid for testing of material on which they were determined, for that test lot only.在工作场点，将制造商的参考块放置于待测试的材料之上，根据制造商为测量计指定的程序获取场标准计数并作下记录。场标准计数对与之对应材料的测试有效，但仅仅只对此测试场点有效。NOTE: The gauge should not be used near any vertical projection that is within 150 mm of the short side of the

32、 gauge and 600 mm of the long side of the gauge. When a gauge is used within these distances, the effects of reflected radiation has to be taken account of by performing a separate field standard count for each density and moisture count. When used in a trench, the gauge should be placed in the tren

33、ch so that the longitudinal axis of the gauge is parallel to the structure or the walls of the trench. If the material to be tested is overlying a pipe, the end of the probe should be at least 50 mm above the pipe.注：如果在测量计的短侧边150 mm和长侧边600 mm以内有垂直的凸出物，那么测量计不得在其附近使用。当在这种距离以内使用了测量计，那么必须考虑到发射辐射的效应，对每个密

34、度和湿度计数执行单独的场标准计数。当在沟中使用测量计时，应当在测量计放在沟中，使得测量计的纵轴与沟的结构或壁平行。如果待测试的材料覆盖于管道上，那么探针的末端应当至少在管道以上50 mm。(b) Select a test site on which density and moisture contents are to be determined and ensure that选择一个其密度和含水量待定的测试地点，并确保(i) loose material is swept or cleared off the surface; and其表面的松散材料已被扫除或清除；并且(ii) the

35、surface is essentially flat and essentially free of cracks and depressions.其表面十分平坦，基本没有裂痕和凹陷。NOTE: Cracking in the surface of the soil should not adversely affect the test results provided the gauge is so positioned that no crack extends from the source directly to the detector tubes and provided th

36、e soil integrity has not been affected.注：如果测量计的位置使得没有裂痕从源直接延伸至监测管，并且土壤的完整性没有受到影响，那么土壤表面的裂痕就不会给测试结果带来负面影响。(c) Using the scraper plate as a guide, drill or drive a direct transmission access hole to a depth at least 25 mm greater than the required test depth.用刮板作为引导，钻出或推出一个直接传输通道孔，深度应至少比所需测试深度大25 mm。N

37、OTES:注：1 When testing a layer(s) of soil, the required test depth is the maximum depth that allows both the probe to be located in the testing position and the probe to remain in the layer(s) being tested.在测试土壤层时，所需的测试深度为既使得探针置于测试的位置又使得探针能保留在待测试层中的最大深度。2 The surface of the compacted soil should be f

38、lat after the removal of the drill rod.在撤除钻杆之后压实土壤的表面应保持平坦。(d) Place the gauge on the test site, checking that it is firmly seated. It is permissible to use small quantities of fines of the material under test or a fine sand to fill small surface voids, taking care to avoid placing fines in the hole

39、. This material shall not form an added layer.将测量计置于测试地点，检查它是否稳固地站立。允许使用测试材料中少量的细粒或细砂去填补表面的小孔穴，注意不要将细粒放到孔中。这些材料不能形成另外一层。(e) Insert the probe into the hole to the required test depth. Move the gauge longitudinally so that the side of the probe nearest to the density detector is in contact with the si

40、de of the hole.将探针插入孔中所需的测试深度。纵向移动测量计使得紧挨密度探测器的探针的侧边与孔的侧边接触。(f) Follow the gauge manufacturers instructions to obtain at least one density reading with a count time of not less than 60 s. Record the field wet density (), and the corresponding density count.按照测量计制造商的指示，至少获取一次密度读取值，计数时间不得少于60 s。记录下场湿密

41、度()和相应的密度计数。If the moisture content of the soil is to be determined using the gauge, follow the gauge manufacturers instructions to obtain at least one moisture reading with a count time of not less than 60 s. Record field water content of the soil (W) or field moisture content of the soil (w) and t

42、he corresponding moisture count.如果土壤的含水量将通过测量计确定出，那么按照测量计制造商的指示，至少获取一次密度读取值，计数时间不得少于60 s。记录下土壤的场含水量(W)或土壤的场含水量(w)以及相应的湿度计数。NOTES:注：1 When using gauges with in-built data processing circuitry that enables direct reading of density and moisture content, it is important for traceability to record the c

43、ounts as well as the direct readings from the gauge for each set of readings.当使用的测量计中装有能够直接读取密度和含水量的存入信息处理电路时，重要的一点是可跟踪性能够从测量计中为每个读取值集合记录下计数和直接读取值。2 Gauge calibration data may be in the form of calibration constants stored in the gauge microprocessor, calibration constants to be used in association

44、with an electronic calculator, calibration charts or count ratio versus density tables.测量计的标定数据可能是测量计微处理器中所储存的标定常量，标定常量将与电子计算器，标定图表或计数比例密度表格联合使用。3 Some gauges are not fitted with a microprocessor, while other gauges may be fitted with a microprocessor but require the use of a different and incompati

45、ble form of calibration equation than that supplied by the manufacturer. Such gauges require recording of the counts only.有些测量计没有装有微处理器，而其他测量计可能装有微处理器但是需要使用与制造商提供的标定等式不同且不兼容形式的标定等式。这样的测量计只需要计数的读取值。4 Nuclear surface moisture-density gauges determine field moisture content using backscatter and field

46、density using direct transmission. Therefore, the volume of material being assessed when measuring field density can differ from that to which moisture measurements apply.核表面湿度密度测量计使用背向散射确定场含水量，使用直接传输确定场密度。因此，在测量场密度时，待评估的材料体积会与测量湿度时不同。5 Some gauge models make an in-built correction to wet density to

47、 take into account the effect of gamma mass attenuation of water. Users should satisfy themselves that this correction does not significantly affect the accuracy of the wet density reading.有些测量计模型会考虑到伽玛对水质量衰减的影响从而对湿密度进行内部校正。用户应当注意这种校正不会给湿密度读取值的准确性带来很大的影响。(g) If the moisture content of the soil is to

48、 be determined using a method other than the gauge, remove any fines or fine sand placed on the surface and obtain a sample of soil from the test site by excavating a hole with vertical sides to the depth at which the probe was located during the tests. The centre of the hole shall be at the centre

49、of the gauge base. Determine the moisture content of the soil in accordance with AS 1289.2.1.1, AS 1289.2.1.2, AS 1289.2.1.4, AS 1289.2.1.5, or AS 1289.2.1.6.如果土壤的含水量是通过使用测量计以外的方法确定的，那么须清除土壤表面上的任何细粒或细砂，并在测试地点挖掘一个侧边垂直的孔，孔深与测试期间探针被放置的深度相同，从而获取一份土壤样本。孔的中央应当处于测量计底部的中心。根据AS 1289.2.1.1, AS 1289.2.1.2, AS

50、1289.2.1.4, AS 1289.2.1.5, 或 AS 1289.2.1.6确定土壤的含水量。NOTES:注：1 If oversize material is present, a sample should be taken to determine the percentage by mass of the material retained on the 19.0 mm or 37.5 mm sieve, as detailed in AS 1289.5.4.1.如果存在着粒径过大的材料，应采集一份样本，确定其中保留在19.0 mm 或 37.5 mm筛上材料的质量所占的比例，

51、详见AS 1289.5.4.1。2 Methods AS 1289.2.1.2, AS 1289.2.1.4, AS 1289.2.1.5 or, AS 1289.2.1.6 may only be used if a satisfactory correlation of the method for the soil being tested has been determined in accordance with AS 1289.2.3.1.仅当根据AS 1289.2.3.1在用于待测试土壤的方法中确定了令人满意的关联性时，才能使用方法AS 1289.2.1.2, AS 1289.2

52、.1.4, AS 1289.2.1.5 ，或AS 1289.2.1.6。7 CALCULATIONS计算The following calculations shall be carried out as appropriate:根据合适的情况进行以下计算：(a) If applicable, calculate the field density count ratio and, if required, the field moisture count ratio, by dividing the appropriate count by its corresponding field s

53、tandard count.在可用的情况下，计算场密度计数比例并且在必要的情况下，将合适的计数除以与其对应的场标准计数得出场湿度计数比例。(b) If applicable, calculate field wet density (), in tonnes per cubic metre, at the test site, from the calibration coefficients, or read these values from the calibration charts or tables.在可用的情况下，从标定系数中计算测试地点的场湿密度()，以每立方米的吨数计，或从标

54、定图或表格中读取这些值。(c) If applicable, calculate the field water content (W) (mass of water per unit volume) from the following equation:在可用的情况下，通过以下方程式计算场含水量(W)（每单位体积的水的质量）：Where 其中W field water content of the soil, in tonnes per cubic metreW为土壤的场含水量，以每立方米的吨数计d moisture slope constant determined in accorda

55、nce with AS 1289.5.8.4 d为根据AS 1289.5.8.4含水量比例确定出的水分斜率常数MCR moisture content ratioMCR为含水量比例c moisture intercept as detailed in Appendix Bc为湿度截距，详见附录B(d) When required, calculate the field dry density (d) from the following equation:在必要的情况下，使用以下方程式计算场干密度(d)： 其中d= field dry density of the soil, in tonn

56、es per cubic metred为土壤的场干密度，以每立方米的吨数计= field wet density of the soil, in tonnes per cubic metre为土壤的场湿密度，以每立方米的吨数计W= field water content of the soil, in tonnes per cubic metreW为土壤的场含水量，以每立方米的吨数计or, when field moisture content (w) has been determined from a field sample obtained in accordance with Cla

57、use 6 (g), calculate the field dry density (d) from the following equation:或者，当根据第6 (g)条采集的现场样本的场含水量(w)已经确定时，可用以下方程式计算出场干密度(d)：10AS 1289.5.8.1-2007Where 其中d= field dry density of the soil, in tonnes per cubic metred为土壤的场干密度，以每立方米的吨数计= field wet density of the soil, in tonnes per cubic metre为土壤的场湿密度，

58、以每立方米的吨数计w= field moisture content of the soil, in percentw为土壤的场含水量，以百分数计(e) When the gauge has been used to determine the field water content of the soil in tonnes per cubic metre, calculate the field moisture content (w) in percent from the following equation:当使用了测量计确定土壤的场含水量（以每立方米的吨数计）时，用以下方程式计算场含水量(w)（以百分数计）：where 其中w=