新目标初中英语必备总复习讲义

1、新目标初中英语总复习资料精品讲义八种动词时态，有的只要求达到理解层次，有的则要求达到熟练运用层次。至少其中 五种时态包括过去进行时是要求达到熟练运用层次的，而且其考查方式肯定不会以某一时 态的独立形式出现，而是时态的综合运用，尤其要重视各种时态之间的区别。找出它们之间的不同冠词的用法 .现以冠词为例：1. John was given orange bag for his birthday but bag was lost just now.A. an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the2. There's old tree near house. A.a,an B.

2、an,the C.a,theD.the,a3.4.good,kind girl she is! A.How B.What aC.What D.How a5.bad weather!I hope it won't last long.A.How B.What C.What aD.How a6. they are listening to the teacher!A. How careful B.What careful C.How carefully D.What carefully由上例题我们可以发现冠词和感叹句是必考内容。同样，象宾语从句的语序、代词的 格、主谓语一致、动词和介词的搭

3、配、近义词的比较以及习惯表达法和情态动词的使用等， 无一不在考查之列。 所有这一切语言基础知识，我都将通过对典型试题的解题分析，展 开讨论，分层展示难易对比，系统归纳。 对于语言基础知识是这样处理，那么对以能力测试为主要目的的中考其他试题形式又该怎么办呢？ 这里我们以一篇完形填空题为例：A poor farmer had never left his small village.After he(1) a lot of money,he decided to spend a holiday in an expensive hotel( 旅馆 )in a bigtown.(2)lunch tim

4、e came on his first day there,he went to eat in the restaurant( 餐馆 )of the hotel(3) his new ClOthes.The head Waiter(服务员)(4)him to the table,took his order and went away.Whenhe turned and (5)the farmer again,he had a (6)!The farmer had tied( 系)his table Cloth round his (7).The head waiter told anothe

5、r waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people （9） do such a thing in his restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said ina （10） voice（ 声音 ）,"Good morning,sir.Would you like a haircut?"B. made C.paid D.gaveC. When D.BecauseB. with C.on D.in要求考生从所给的选项中选出正确答案，使补足后的短文意思通顺，结构完整。对此，

6、 考生必须通篇考虑，不能拿来就做，那样必然顾此失彼，前后意思不得连贯。目前的中考 完型还侧重于语法，这将在逐年试题的变革中转向按上下文的要求来推断理解。在解这类题时，必须掌握“词感现象”，注意学会区分“干扰项”。所谓词感，“the SenSe of word" 是指一种对词或词群的感受能力。对词的感受力强，在解题时会较为容易地找到 它与情景的关系。词感并不仅仅指词与词之间的细微差异，也并不注重词的搭配与组合， 它较多地强调选用恰当的词，以利于对情景作出合乎逻辑的判断。同时也就把其它三个作 为干扰项的选择项排除掉了。最后复读一篇全文，就会语感流畅，句意明确。这儿举例的目的是想说明，我从

7、一个较高的立意来对中考题型，特别是完形、阅读等， 进行分析、探讨，借以使同学们获得较为完整的解题思路和解题方法。词汇（一） 这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方 面。一、名词 关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an,而不是a1. 复数的构成方法：（1） 一般在复数名词后加S,如：dog-dogs。（2）以 s、X、ch、Sh 结尾的名词加 es,如：WatCh-WatCheS 。 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，女口： country-countries 。请区别：如果是元音

8、字母加 y 结尾的名词，则只须加 S。 如： monkey-monkeyS。 以0结尾的名词，只有 potato（ 土豆），tomato（西红柿）加es构成复数。（5） 以 f 、 fe 结尾的名词，变 f、 fe 为 v 再加 es， 如： knife-knives 。2. 单 复 数 形 式 相 同 的 词 ： sheep-sheep ， fish-fishChinese-Chinese ，Japanese-Japanese3. 特殊变化的单词有： (1)tooth-teeth ， foot-feeth(2)man-men ， woman-wome，n policeman-policeme

9、n,Frenchman-Frenchmen请区别：German德国人）一Germans （3）ChiId Children4. 常以复数形式出现的名词：people（人），clothes（衣服），trousers（裤子）glasses（眼镜） , 这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。如： MyClothes are（be） newer than yours.5. 有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。女口： news（消息），maths（数学），PhySiCs（ 物理） No news is good news.6. 可用 how man

10、y， many， a few ， few， a lot of ， lots of ， some， any 等来修饰可数名 词复数。 How many are there in your penCil-box?（knife）不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：Water， rice ， fish ， meat,等。应特别记mediCine,news,work,homework,housework,money,Chalk,weather,Cotton,wood.2. 不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如： Somebreadover there.（be）3. 常用 hoW muCh,muCh,

11、a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。4. 常用 a pieCe of,a Cup of 等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加 S,而PieCe则可加S。即：twopiecesof bread 请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果 three boxes of apples例： 1 、These two PieCes of bread over there.（be）2、Could I have three ,Please ？A.PieCe of bread B.PieCe of bread

12、s C.PieCes of bread D.PieCesof breads名词的格 名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ 's ”。女口： ToTom's译为“的”， 若遇上以 s 结尾的复数名词， 则在 s 后加“ ' ”即可。如： TeaChers'Day , twoweeks'holiday ， 而不以 s 结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加 's 。如： Children's Day关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：1. 可用名词所有格表示地点。 如： my aunt's 我姑姑家。 go to the doCtor'

13、s 去医生 家。2. 表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加 's 如： LuCy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的3. 掌握词组： a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine我的一个朋友 eg;The white shirt is and blue one is . A 、 Kate,my B.Kate's,mine C.Kate,mineD. Kate's,my二、冠词 冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，归纳起 来，同学们应该掌握以下几点： 1. 冠词指不定冠词 a,an 和定冠词 th

14、e2. 不定冠词 an 常用于元音发音开头的词前，如： an hour,an English car. 请区别： a useful machine3. 指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词 the4. 在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词 the. 如： the sun,the moon,the earth5. 定冠词 the 用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如： the first,the best ,in the south6. 在复数姓氏前加the ,表示××一家人，常看成复数。如:The BrOWns are going to Shanghai for a ho

15、liday this summer.7. 在介词短语中常用定冠词 the ，如： in the box ,behind the chair8. 特别注意不能用定冠词 the 的几个方面：(1) 在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如： in summer,in August请区别： in the spring of 1945. ( 这里表示特指，故加 the)(2) 一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。 如： have breakfast ,play football(3) 一些固定词组中，如： go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.9. 在有些词

16、组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在前面in the hospital在医院里in the fron t of在范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院练习 :There's 800-metre-long road behind hospital.A.an,an B.a, a C.an, the D.a, the三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词 的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错 的地方。1. 基数词变序数词。其规律为：逢 5 逢 12, Ve 变 f

17、 (fifth,twelfth)若是 几十几， 前 基后 序别 倒位2.hundred,thousand,million在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。如： five hundredpeople.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加 S ,构成复数形式。hundreds of 数以百计的,成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的,成千上万的millions of 数百万的 这些词组前不能用具体数字。3. 序数词常与定冠词 the 连用。练习：Henry has Iearned eightFrench words this year.A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of

18、 D.hundreds ofThelesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)另外,同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法 （ 钟点分钟 ）如：4：30 four thirty 4：45 four forty-five4：15 four fifteen倒读法 （ 分钟 to past 钟点 ）如：4：30 half pastfour4：15 fifteen past foura quarter past four 4：45 fifteen to fivea quarter1,2,3 特殊记，加 th 从 4 起 (first

19、,second,third,fourth) 8少t, 9去e,千万别忘记(eighth,ninth) 20 到 90, y 要 变 ie (twentieth,ninetieth) (ninety-first)to five练习题 ：1.At the beginning of the(twenty) century,the world's population was about 1700 million.2. Are these(watch)yours? Yes.3. You don't look well.You'd better go to the(doctor)

20、 at once.4. Would you give me,please?A.two papers B.two piece of paper C.two pieces of paper D.two pieces of papers5. There are threeand sevenin the picture.A.monkeys,sheeps B.monkeys,sheep C.monkies,sheep D.monkies,sheeps6. A lot ofare talking with two.A.Germans,FrenchmansB.Germen,FrenchmansC.Germa

21、n,FrenchmenD.Germans,Frenchmen7. June 1 is _. A.the Children's Day B.the Childrens' Day C.Children's Day D.Childrens' Day8. people went out to see what had happened.A.Thousands of B.Three thousand ofC.Thousand of D.Three thousands9. We have been in the school for.A.three and a half m

22、onthB.three and a half monthsC. three month and a half D.three months and half10.English is usefullanguage.A.A, anB./, aC.The,an D. A, /11.Johnwas given orange bag for hisbirthday but bag was lost justnow.A.an,aB.a,the C.the,aD.an,the12.There's old tree near house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,theD. the,

23、a13.There is 800-metre-long road behind 四. 代词人称代词 : 主格 : 单数 I 、you 、he 、she 、it复数 we 、you 、they宾格 : 单数 me 、you、him 、her、it复数us 、you 、them2物主代词 : 形容词性my 、your 、his、her、its 、our 、your 、their名词性 mine、yours 、his、hers、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs反身代词 : myself、 yourself、himself、 herself 、 itself 、 ourselvesyo

24、urselves 、 themselves1. 形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作 表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。2. 注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系 , 是单数还是复数。如口： TheSe books aren't ours.OurS are new.（这里 OurS=Our books）（2）ThiS is not OUr room. OUrS is over there.（这里 ours=our room）3."of+ 名词性物主代词 " 表示所属 如： a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a fr

25、iend of mine我的一个朋友4. 人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为： “第二人称，第三人称，第一人称” 。 如： You, she and I all enjoy the music.5. 关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：enjoy oneself=have a good time （ 过得很愉快 ） by oneself=alone （ 单独、独自 ） help Oneself to （随便吃 / 喝 些）Iearnsth. by Oneself =teachoneself sth. （ 自学）练习题1. -WhOse trOusers are these? -, I think.

26、A.They B.Their C.Theirs D.Them2. NObOdy taught_English.He taught. A.him, himself B.his, himselfC.him, by himself D.his, his（二） 修饰可数名词 many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a little 表肯定意义 few 和 little 与quite 或 Only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.=用 little,

27、a little, few, a few填空 :1.I often stay at home because I have friends here.2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There is water in the glass.3. Though he learned French only weeks. He can speak very well.4. Lily had bread because she was hungry yesterday.（三）不定代词 : something, anything, nothing.当形容词修

28、饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。There's in today's newspaper.A.important anythingB.important如： something new中考题something C.anything importantD.something important（ 四） 另外，还要注意代词 some, every, all, both, either, another1. some （一些，某）一般用于肯定句中注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中any （任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Wo

29、uld you like some meat? May I ask SOme questi ons? Could I have SOme apples?2. every +单数名词“每一个”强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。each“每一个”强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。如:EaCh StUdent WaS asked to try again. EaCh of them has a nice skirt.EVery child likes playing games.3. all“ （全部）都”表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。non

30、e“没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of女口： We are all from Can ada. = AIl of US are from Can ada.None of US is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）4. both“ （两者）都”，作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。either“两者中任何一个”，作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数；作定语时，后跟名词单数。neither“（两者）都不”，含有否定意义，用法同either。女如： They both SWim well.= Both of them SWim well. There are tre

31、es on both SideS of the street. = There are trees on eitherSide of the street. Neither of US is going to Beijing next week. Neither an SWer is right.5. another + 单数名词,“另一个”one the other “一个，另一个”the other + 复数名词=the OtherS“其他的人或物”（指确定范围内剩下的全部）OtherS“别人”（五）疑问代词 5 个“ Whr , 即 who, whose, whom, what, Whi

32、Ch这里，WhiCh是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问， 常用which.例女口 : I like the red shirt.do you like ?练习：一、根据所给单词的适当形式填空，使句意通顺，语法完整6. Can you come With US ?（We）7. TheSe SkirtS arehers . Yours are over there.(she)8. PIeaSe take Care Of yourselves , boys and girls.(you)9. I don't think this is my frisby, th

33、ough it looks likemine .(I)10. Look at those books. Are they yours?(that)、根据首字母填空11. IS there any thing interesti ng in the n ewspaper?12. She asked US to help each other.13. The old man can neither read nor write.14. NOthing is difficult if you PUt your heart into it.15. PIeaSe help yourself to som

34、e fish, Lucy.三、同义句转换16. A: The ChiIdren PIayed happily in the zoo yesterday.B: The ChiIdre n enjoyedthemselves in the zoo yesterday.17. A: He does n't like mutt on, and She does n't, either.B:Neither he nor She likes mutt on.18. A: All the AmeriCan people don't like Sandwiches.B:Notallth

35、e AmeriCa n people like San dwiches.19. A:They don'toften hear the twins singthe song in the school.B:Neither of the twins is ofte n heard toSi ng the song inthe school.ZK)四、单项选择(C)20、-Can you SPeak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but onlyA. little B. few C. a little D. a few(A) 21、-Do you like Jane's

36、new skirt?for me.of mine.-Yes, Very much. I'll ask mum to buyA. one B. it C. the other D. a(B) 22、The color of her Skirt is different fromA. one B. that C. it D. this(B) 23、StUdents are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some likeSWimming. Iike ball games.A. the OtherS B. OtherS C.

37、 the other D. other(A) 24、-I'll give the boys to eat.-Oh, I know, fish and chips.A. SOmethi ng En glish B. En glish SOmethi ngC. anything En glish D. En glishanything(D)25、-Shall I help you With the heavy box?-No, tha nks, I Can do it .A. me B. my C. mi ne D. myself(D)26、-What time shall We meet

38、 this afternoon,3:00 or 4:00?-I don't mind. time is OK.A. Neither B. EaCh C. Any D. Either(C) 27、-My bag is full, What about ? - is full, too.A. you, Yours B. his, He C. yours, Mine D. hers, She(D) 28、-I've had enough bread, Would you like ? -No, tha nks.A. a few more B. one more C. ano ther

39、 more D. some more(A)29、There are many trees on SideS of the river.A. both B. either C. neither D. each(A) 1、He has two bikes, one is new, is old.A. the other B. other C. the OtherS D. OtherS(C) 2、WithOUt the sun, could grow in the world.A. anything B. SOmethi ng C. nothing D. everythi ng(B) 3、of th

40、em is going to play basketball With you this after noon.A. All B. Neither C. Some D. Both(B)4、-Can you tell me What a Panda looks like?-Look! ThiS is a PiCtUre of .A. it B. one C. two D. some (B)5、There are not many PearS here, but you Can take if you Want to.A. few B. a few C. a little D. little二、形

41、容词 副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级： 原级：比较级： 比较 . ，更. 一些 最高级： 最 .(A) 1.构成： (规则情况 )情况 变 化 方 法 例 词 单音节词和少数双音节词 : 一般情况 加 er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest 以字母 e 结尾 加 r, st nice-nicer-nicest 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写加 er, est big-bigger-biggest 以辅音字母加 y 结尾 变 y 为 i 加 er, est early-earlier-earliest 部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加 more, mos

42、t slowly-more slowly-most slowly2. 不 规 则 变 化 ， 须 熟 记 ： good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthest bad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least(B) 常见的使用情况1. asas 和一样(中间用原级)2. not as(so)as和 不一样(中间用原级)3than .比(用比较级)4. 有范围修饰的用最高级如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的eg. Winter is the coldest SeaSOn O

43、f the year.(2)ThiS is the best film that Ihave ever seen .5. 比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越.eg: Wetter and Wetter more and more beautiful6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越.就越. eg:The more, the better.越多越好(C) 注意点： 1. 形容词最高级前一定要用 the, 副词最高级前可省略。2. 可用 much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。3. 在比较级中为了避免重复，在 than 后常用 one,that,those 等词

44、来替代前 面提到过的名词。eg:The Weather here is Warmer than that of Shanghai.(D) 掌握三种同义句转换：1. He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.2. This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one.=That film is more interesting

45、than this one.3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English.Which do you like , fish, meat eggs? A.best, or B.better,or C.best,and D.better,and此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：1. 形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。2. 副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enOugh属例外词：形/畐副 +enough to do enough+名词例如;She is old enough to go to schoo

46、l.她够上学的年龄了。3. 区别几组易混淆的副词 : 也 too 用于肯定、疑问句 also 较为正式书面语 either用于否定句已经 already 常用于肯定句、疑问句 yet 常用于否定句、疑问句不再 no (not any) longer 从时间上讲 no (not any) more 从动作上讲如此这样 such 修饰名词 eg: such a big boxso 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big单独、独自 alone 作表语 =by oneself 孤独的 lonely 可作表语、定语 eg:A group of girls are singing and dancing

47、overthere. (happy)练习题1. The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake._ are climbing the hill.A. Others B. Other C. Another D.The other2. There isn't in today's newspaper.A. important something B. important anything C. anything important D. nothing important3.

48、 -Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sister's?-No,Mum. It's not . It's . A.hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hersD.hers, mine4.The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the world. A.long B.longerC.longest D.the longest5. An elephant is than a horse.A.more strong B. much stronger C. the

49、most strong D. much more strong6. Which do you like , tea, orange or water? A.good B.Well C. Better D.Best一、 介词1与形容词搭配的词组有： be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人的气）be away from（不在某地） be differe nt from （与不同）be good at （善于）be good/ bad for （对有益 / 有害） be interested in （对 感兴趣） be late for （迟到） be/get rea

50、dy for （为作好准备） be sure of （ 对 有把握）be worried about （为感到担忧）2 介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词 -ing 形式1）You must take good care of her. 2）Thank you for teaching us so well.3 几组易混淆的介词A “在 . 之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时） after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）女口： The baby StOPPed Crying after half an hour.The baby will stop

51、 crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday.B for + 一段时间 sinCe + 过去的一点时间 这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。C be made of " 用制成 " be made in “由某地制造” be made by somebody “由 某人制成”Din, on, at 表时间 in“在某月 （季节、年）等” eg:in 1996, in January, in summer固定词组： in the morning, in a we

52、ek,in a minute,in time, in the endon " 用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等 "eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”固定词组： at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times,next, last,at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end o

53、f this month, at the sametime 注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及 the day before yesterday 和 the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 如:不能说 in tomorrow , 只能说 tomorrow 在 明天E. except + 宾格doi ng SOmeth ing " 除之外”（不包括本身）Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. （同义

54、句转换 ） =Only Lin Tao isn't atSchool today.F “用” 通过交通工具 by plane用语言 in EngliSh 通过媒介 on over the telephone, on over the radio, on TV 用工具手段 with a pen, with one'S handSG between “在 和（两者）之间”between.and., between the two. among在. 之间（ 三者或三者以上 ）eg.Sue Spent over two hourS _ her homework yeSterday ev

55、ening. A.on B.with C.at D.over二、 连词1 .并列连词both and既又谓语用复数动词neithernor既不也不含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决 定单复数。 either or “或者 或者” “不是就是”and “和” 连接两个并列成分 ,连接谓语时 ,两个动词时态应一致。but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or ，而不用 and 。 Eg: I have brotherS and SiSterS.（ 否） I don't have brotherS or

56、 SiSterS.= I have no brotherS andno SiSterS.2 .引导宾语从句的连词陈述句： that 可省略 一般疑问句： if whether “是否”特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词3 .引导原因状从的有：because （不能与so同时出现在句中）4 .引导时间状语从句的连词：A. When (当 时候),as SOOn as (一就),notUntil (直至U才),after (在 之后)，引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。Eg: I WOn't leave Un til he comes back.B. Since

57、(自从以来)引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Eg :We have n't met each other SinCe She left here last year.C. while(当时候，一边一边)它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。Eg: My father Came in while I WaS doing my homework.5 引导条件状语从句的连词：if“如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if “是否”相当于Whether ,引导宾语从句，时态根据语境 确定eg:1)I don't know if it (