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1、英文语法拉杂谈- 情态动词谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs )(一)我们常见的英文动词有:及物动词( TranstiveVerbs )、不及物动词( IntranstiveVerbs )、助动词( Axiliary Verbs)、联系动词(Link Verbs /Copula)和情态动词(Modal Verbs )。其他还有:非谓语动词,如:动词不定式、动名词。这回我们就来谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs注意 Modal 不是 Model喔)。* 情态动词也可称为" 情态助动词( Modal Auxiliaries)" ,因为它和基本助动词(be,do, have
2、)都属于助动词类。* 情态动词和其他动词连用,可表示说话人的语气。* 情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。* 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。* 常用的情态动词有: can, could , may, might , must , shall , should , will ,would 这九大情态动词;其他的还有ought to, need , dare等。其实我们这里谈的情态动词,它的特征用法, 有许多方面和助动词是一样的 (请参阅 英文语法拉杂谈助动词) ;但为了方便阅读,因此即使相同的部份,这里也同样列出。一、情态动词的变化: (情态动词 could ,动词 to work)1.1 简
3、单型( Simple ):表示现在或将来的状态I could work(动词不可加to,如: to work.下同)you could work he couldwork she couldwork itcouldwork we could work they couldwork1.2 完成式型( Perfect):表示过去的状态I could have worked(动词是 have + v-ed过去分词。下同)you could have worked he could have worked she could have worked it could haveworked we cou
4、ld have worked they could have worked1.3 进行式型( Continuous ):表示现在或将来还在进行的状态I could be working(动词是 be + v-ing现在分词。下同)you could be workinghe couldbe workingshe could be working it could be workingwe could be working they could be working1.4 完成进行式型( Perfect Continuous):表示过去正在进行的状态I could have been worki
5、ng(动词是 have been + v-ing现在分词。下同)you could have been working he could have been workingshe could have been workingit could have been working we could have been working they could have been working二、情态动词的疑问句:只要将情态动词移到主语(Subject )的前面,句尾加上问号。这样就成了疑问句。1. She can work.(主语 she , 情态动词 can ,动词 work )Can she
6、work? (这就是疑问句)2. He would be working.(主语 he, 情态动词 would ,动词 be working )Would he be working?3. They should have worked.(主语 they , 情态动词 should , 动词 have worked )Should they have worked?4. I could have been working.(主语 I , 情态动词 could, 动词 have been working )Could I have been working?三、情态动词的否定句:在情态动词的后面
7、加上not就成了情太动词否定句。1.She can work. She cannot work.(注意: can 和 not须连在一起)(这就是否定句)2.He would be working. He would not be working.( would not )3.They should have worked. They should not have worked.( should not)4.I could have been working. I could not have been working.( could not )四、在口语中,否定情态动词的缩写法:1.cann
8、ot can't 2. couldnot couldn't3.might not mightn't(很少用)4.must not mustn't 5.shall not shan't(几乎没人用了)6.should not shouldn't 7.will not won't(可不是 win't喔!)8. would not wouldn't五、情态动词的否定疑问句:将否定情态动词移到主语的前面,就成了否定疑问句。1.Can she not work? 或 Can't she work? (看出有什么不同吗?小心看
9、看喔)2.Would he not be working? 或 Wouldn't he be working?3.Should they not have worked? 或 Shouldn't they have worked?4.Could I not have been working? 或 Couldn't I have been working?六、情态动词的反问句:看看下面的例子就明白啦,呵呵。1.She can work.反问句: She can work, can't she?2.He would be working.反问句: He would
10、 be working, wouldn't he?3.They should have worked.反问句: They should have worked , shouldn'tthey?4.I could have been working.反问句: Icould have been working , couldn'tI?就谈这些了,但我们还未进入正题哩,哎呀呀 谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs )(二)上回在谈到情态动词的变化中, 只举了以情态动词 could 为例子的变化。 其他的情态动词( would , should , might )都可依此类推。
11、七、九大情态动词的时态关系:1. 现在式 can 过去式 could 2.现在式 may 过去式 might 3.现在式 shall过去式 should 4.现在式 will过去式 would 5.过去式 must(其实 must 和 ought都是没有时态的)现在式must八、情态动词的用法:表示 " 可能 " 或 " 预测 "( Can,Could ,Will ,Would,Shall ,Should ,Must,Ought to )8.1 can 和 could用于表示 "可能 "或" 预测 ":1.He c
12、an't be at home.(否定句)他不可能在家。2.Can the news be true? (将情态动词 can置于主语 the news前就成疑问句)这消息可能是真的吗?3.Anybody can make mistake.(只表示理论上的可能性)任何人都可能犯错误。4.At that time we thought the story could not be true.(表示过去的可能性)那时我们认为所说的故事不可能是真的。5.An accident can happen if you do this.(表示事情肯定会发生)如果你这样做,可能会发生意外。8.2 may
13、 和 might 用于表示 " 事实上的可能性 " 或 " 预测 " :1.It may rain tomorrow.(表示可能会发生)明天可能会下雨。2.It may snow later this afternoon.(表示预测)今天下午可能会下雪。3.You might be right.(表示有可能)你可能是对的。4.It is possible he may have called while we were out.(现在完成式型 may havecalled)当我们出门后,他有可能会打电话来。5.Sam might have takenth
14、e money, butit seems unlikely.(过去完成式型 mighthave taken)钱可能会是Sam拿走的,但又不太像。6.If you took some exercise, you might not be so fat.( might 用于条件句)要是你锻炼锻炼,可能不会这样胖。7.Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.(这里的 might 表示可能性比 may 小一些)电熨斗会有危险的,它可能使你受到严重的电击。8.3 will 和 would 用于表示 &qu
15、ot; 预测 " 或 " 习惯性 " :1.I think he will be all right now.( will be表示一定会)我想他现在一定好了。2.That would be his mother.( would be 表示肯定是)那肯定是他母亲。3.He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river.( will表示经常的)他经常一连几个小时坐在那儿看着河水。4.He would come to see me when he was in London.( would 表示习惯地)他在伦敦
16、时,常来看望我。8.4 shall 和 should 用于表示 " 必定 " :1.I shall be rich one day.( shall be)总有一天我发达的。2.That should be Sam and his mother.( should be )那准是 Sam 和他的母亲。8.5 must 用于表示 " 必定 " , " 必会 " :1.This must be good for you.(must be 肯定)这肯定对你是有益的。2.All mankind must die.(表示必然会发生的事)所有的人一定
17、会死的。3.Mustn't there be a mistake? ( mustn't多用于疑问句)那肯定会有错误吗?8.6 ought to 用于表示 " 想必会 " (语气较 must 弱):1.They ought to be there by now.他们想必已到那儿了。2.He ought to stop smoking.他不要抽烟了。由于情态动词也是一个难缠的东东,写得好乱,真没办法: - (谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs )(三)九、情态动词的用法: 表示 " 许可 " 、" 请求 "( Can,C
18、ouldMay, Might , Must ),Will,Would ,Shall,Should,9.1can 和 could1. Can I go with you用于表示 "许可 "、"请求 ":? (请求)我能跟你一起走吗?2. Father said I could go to cinema.(表示过去的许可)爸爸说我可以去看电影。3. Could I ask you something? (请求,用could比can更婉转)我可以问你一件事吗?4. You can come in. (表示允许,常见于口语)你可以进来。5. You cannot
19、 smoke in the meeting room.( cannot表示"禁止")会议室里不许吸烟。6. Can't you do it now? (表示反问)你不能现在做吗?9.2will和 would用于表示 " 请求 "1. Will you kindly tell me the way to the post office?(表示客气请求)请问到邮局怎么走?2. Would you give me your address? (用would比will表示更客气)请你告诉我你的地址,好吗?9.3shall和 should用于第一人称,表示
20、征求对方的意见1.Shall we talk?我们谈谈好吗?2.What should we do next? (用 should比 shall表示更客气)下一步我们该怎么做?3.Shall he come to see you? (用于第三人称疑问句)要不要他来看你?9.4 may 和 might用于表示 " 许可 " (口语中多用 can)1.You may take a walk.(表示给予许可)你可以散散步。2.You might read the story for me.(比 may 更婉转)是否请给我读一读这故事。3.May I make a suggesti
21、on?我可以提个建议吗?4.Might I take a look of your work?我看看您的大作行吗?5.Students may not make noise in the library.(may not表示不许可或禁止)学生不得在图书馆里吵闹。6.If I may say so, you are not right.(用于条件句,表示请求)你是不对的,如果我可以这么说的话。9.5 must用于表示 " 禁止 " , " 不准 " :1. Cars must not be parked here.( must not表示不许可)此地不准停
22、车。2. All of you mustn't fishing in the pool.( must not语气方面比may not更强)你们不准在池里钓鱼。各位看官,看完给个意见吧,may you ?谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs )(四)十、情态动词的用法:表示“应该”、“必须”( Shall , Should , May, Might , Must , Ought to )10.1Shall和 Should用于表示“必须” :1. Each member shall wear a name card.(表示规定)每一个会员必须配带名卡。2. I should answer
23、his letter as soon as possible.(表示应该)我应该尽快给他回信。3. You shouldn't judge a man always by the clothes.( shouldn't“不应该”含有劝告的意思)你不应该总是以貌取人。4.The rules shall take effect onJan. 1st.( shall用于规章等,表示义务和规定)新规则于一月一日起生效。10.2 May 和 Might 用于表示“应该 " (多用于法律等条文,一般上多用shall):1.Payment may be paid by check.
24、(表示规定)应以支票付款。2.You might ask before you use my computer.( might 表示应该)你应该先问过再使用我的电脑。10.3 Must 用于表示“必须” 、“务必”:1.You must keep the place clean.(务必)你务必保持地方干净。2.We must obey orders.(表示有义务)我们必须服从命令。3.Must I pay now ? (用于疑问句)(如回答不必时,需用needn't或 don'thaveto )我现在就得付款吗?10.4 Ought to用于表示“应该” (强调客观上) :(大
25、多情况可用should 代替)1.You ought to go to see the doctor.( ought to 的语气比 must弱)你应该去看看医生。2.You oughtn't(ought not) to smoke so much.(oughtn't用于否定句)你不应该抽这么多烟。3.Ought you to smoke so much? (用于疑问句)你应该抽这么多烟吗?不知怎的,总觉得有点意兴阑珊。再见吧。谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs )(五)十一、情态动词的用法:表示“意图”、“打算”( will , would , shall , should
26、 )11.1 will和would用于表示某种意图:1. I'll will call you as soon as possible.( will主要用于第一人称)我会尽快打电话给你。2. Will you accept this invitation? (用 would 则表示得客气)你愿意接受这邀请吗?3. Who will do the job? (用于条件句,可用于各种人称)谁愿意做这事?4.We won't( will not) stay here too long.( will not表示不愿)我们不愿呆在这里太久。11.2 shall和 should用于表示说话
27、人的意图:1.We shan't( shall not) to if it rains.( shall not也可用 will not)如果下雨,我们就不打算走了。2.I shan't go with you.( shall 只用在第一人称)我不打算和你一同走。十二、情态动词的用法:表示“意愿”( will , would , shall , should )12.1 will 和 would :1.She will do it if you ask her.(表示主语的意愿)如果你问她,她会做的。2.Would you have another cup of tea? (用
28、would 比 will客气)你想再来一杯茶吗?3.Will you have some cookies? ( will 用于疑问句,表示问人是否愿意)你想吃些烤饼吗?4.If he will he can do it.( will用于条件句,用于第二、三人称)如果他愿意,他会做的。5. Would you excuse me ? ( would 表示婉转语气)你能原谅我吗?12.2 shall 和 should :1.He shall get his allowance.(注意是 he shall , 表示说话人的意愿)他会拿到他的津贴的。2.You should sit here as long as you like.只要你乐意,坐多久能行。3.Shall you go to school with me? (疑问句中,表示问对方的意愿)你愿意和我一起到学校去吗?十三、情态动词的用法:表示“决心”( will , would , shall , would )13.1will和 would :1.I will stop smoking.( will表示主语 I的决心。不能用 I'll)我决心戒烟了。2.He will come whenever you say.( will表示主语 he 一定会
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