Grammarandusage定语从句高中

1、Grammar and usageI. 定语从句讲析（The attributive clause）一、关键词1. 定语从句：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2. 先行词：定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。 3. 关系词：关系词用来引导定语从句。关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。关系代词有that, which, who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有when，where，why等。关系词可以1) 代替先行词；2) 引导定语从句； 3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The car which my uncle had just bought

2、 was destroyed in the earthquake.句中，the car为先行词；which是关系词引导是定语从句which my uncle had just bought，同时代替先行词the car在定语从句中作主语。二、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。 The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000. In 1519 another traveler who went to America from Europe discovered tomatoes.The comp

3、etitor who won the most gold medals was David Beckham.2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。The boy (whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor.The person whom you should ask is Mr. Ball.The athlete whom I liked most was Carl Lewis.The boy (whowhomthat) we saw yesterday was John's brother.3.which指物，在定语从

4、句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。Fruit trees which once grew only in China can be found in many parts of the world.The gold medal which she won has been given to her old school.4.that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。The woman that I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.Corn is a ve

5、ry useful plant that can be prepared in many different ways. The report that Mr. Turner handed in was about the motor race.5.whose 通常指人，有时也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 I know the person whose company produces computers. This is the person whose story surprised everybody. I once lived in the house whose roof has f

6、allen.Note: whose指物时，常用of which结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom, the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.三、关系副词引导的定语从句 1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? The time when my father worked was a hard time.There were tim

7、es when I didnt know what to do.2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。This is the city where I was born.He helped his father on the small farm where they lived. The farm where we picked cotton was nine kilometers away.3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。These are the reasons why we do it. I dont know the reason why he looks unha

8、ppy today.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如： Ill never forget the day whenon which I joined the army.Kentucky is the state wherein which Lincoln was born.The reason whyfor which he refused the invitation is quite clear.四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语

9、，如去掉,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。翻译时译成先行词的定语“的”。Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.All the books that have pictures in them are well written.2. 非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是对先行词意义的补充说明，如去掉，主句仍能表达完整的意思，通常译成主句的并列句。 Her brother，who is now a soldier，always encourages her to go to co

10、llege.All the books，which have pictures in them，are well written.3. 关系词的使用：1) 关系词作宾语在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。2) 限制性定语从句可用that引导,而非限制性定语从句不用that引导。3)在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom，而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。The book（thatwhich） I bought yesterday is Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix. The book，which l bought

11、 yesterday，is Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix.The engineer (whowhomthat) I met in the office worked very hard.The engineer，whom I met in the office，worked very hard.His mother，who loves him very much，is strict with him.五、特别提示 1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。This is one of the books which we

12、re written by Charles Dickens.He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.注意：which和as引导非限制性定语从句时，有时并没有特定的先行词，而是代表前面说的整个情况。这时which和as 被看作单数，译作“这一点”，其后的谓语动形式用单数形式。 如： He said he was a Frenchman，whichas was not true.但须注意，as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前，which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。如：As is known to a

13、ll，China is a socialist country. China is a socialist country, as/which is known to all. 2.介词+关系代词 1)根据动词选择介词。I dont know the foreigner with whom my teacher shook hands.（或I dont know the foreigner whom my teacher shook hands with.）Note: who和that不能直接位于介词后作宾语；有的短语动词是不能拆开的，常见的这类短语有：look for，look after等

14、。This is the pencil that Ma Lili is looking for. (R) This is the pencil for which Ma Lili is looking. (W)2)根据先行词选择介词。介词和先行词之间构成习惯搭配，介词一般位于关系代词之前，和从句中的动词不存在逻辑或意义上的关系。He stood by the window，through which he could see what was happening outside. (the window是介词through的逻辑宾语) 3)介词+关系代词有时可转换为关系副词when，why，w

15、here等。This is the house in which /where Chairman Mao once lived.Everyone knows the reason for which/why the High Dam was built. I still remember the day on which/when we visited the temple.高考链接He was educated at the local high school, _he went on to Beijing University. (2007江苏)A. after which B. afte

16、r that C. in which D. in that答案与解析：A 从此题语境不难看出两个动作之间具有前后的先后关系，由于后一句为非限制性定语从句，故用after which. 原句相当于He was educated at the local high school. After it he went on to Beijing University. 3.选用定语从句的关系词时，要看先行词在从句中充当什么成分。The evening that people spent singing and playing music was exciting. (不用when，因为先行词

17、在从句中充当spent的宾语。) The reason that he told us is unbelievable. (不用why，因为先行词在从句中充当told的宾语。) The islands of Britain that we visited last year are made up of four parts. (不用where，因为先行词在从句中充当visited的宾语。)4.被关系词所代替的部分不可在从句中复现。The factory where he works there is a large one. (应去掉there) This is the factory wh

18、ich we visited it last Sunday. (应去掉it)5. 常用that引导定语从句的情况：1)当先行词中有“人”又有“物”时，关系词用that不用which。They are talking about the factory，the leaders and the workers that they visited yesterday.We meet up on the last Friday of every month to talk about poems and poets that we like.They often talk about the work

19、s and the writers that interest them.The house and its owners that you mentioned just now are what 1 want to know about.2)先行词本身是all, few，little，much，any，everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时，关系词多用that。Dont throw away anything that may be of some use.3)先行词指“人”或“物”，并被形容词最高级、序数词或all，no ,any，every，little，mu

20、ch, little, the only，the very等修饰时通常用that引导定语从句。This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.This is the first step that we should take.You are the very man that can do the job well. Mary is the only girl that likes playing football.Everyone who/that knows him thinks highly of him.Nobody t

21、hat/who has been there will ever forget the beauty of the place.Those who/that want to go raise your hands please.All that must be done has been done.I read something in todays morning paper (that/which) you may be interested in.II. Language points1. He has recently returned from his studies in Chin

22、a. 他最近刚从中国学习回来。( p9 )recently adv. not long ago ; lately: Have you seen Anne recently? I have not been slept well recently. -When did you arrive? -Recently. My friend，Herbert，has always been fat，but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet.study n.1) the actof studying one or more

23、subjects: Students now have to spend much more time in study everyday. 2)a subject studied(often pl.): He went abroad to further his studies. Youve got to give time to your studies.你得在学业上下功夫。Biotechnology is a new study. 3)a thorough enquiry into , esp. including a piece of writing on , a particular

24、 subject: She has made a study of Shakespeare s plays. 4)a room used for studying and work: He was reading in his study. 2. David was one of the most helpful students that we ever had. (p9 ) 大卫是我们这儿最愿意助人为乐的学生之一。that引导定语从句，修饰students，若在one of前加the only，则定语从句修饰one，从句的谓语动词需用单数。She is one of the few gir

25、ls who have passed the examination.Mr. Herre is the only one of the foreign experts who works in the company.相关高考试题 (2002上海春招)He is the only one of the students who a winner of scholarship for three years.A. are B. have been C.is D. has been解析：因句中有the only，所以定语从句修饰one，又因从句的时间状语是for three years，所以需用完

26、成时态。答案：D3. Upon finishing his studies，he started travelling in China. ( p9 ) 一完成学业，他就开始在中国旅行。Upon finishingAs soon as he finished，upon也可换成on，意为“一就”。On reaching the city，he called up Lester.I shall write to A.P. Watt on hearing from you.On his arrival he went straight to the headmaster.Upon his retur

27、n to his hometown，he went to work in the fields.4. In China he developed an interest in teaching English. ( p9 ) 在中国他对教英语产生了兴趣。develop v. 1) ( from or into) to ( cause to) grow, increase, or become larger or more complete: We are developing nuclear weapons to do away with nuclear weapons. I have dev

28、eloped an interest in history. 2) to study or think out fully, or present fully: Id like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point. 3) (in photography) to (cause to) appear on a film or photographic paper: Id like to have these films developed here.4) to bring out the

29、economic possibilities of: China is developing the west. The agricultural scientist developed a heavier rice.developing发展中的 developed发达的 development n.发展5. The paintings that David donated to the school are being displayed in the assembly hall. ( p9 ) 大卫捐给学校的图画正在会厅展出。are being displayed是被动语态的进行时，表示正

30、在发生的被动动作The meeting is being held in the hall and you can go to attend it. Dont worryThe children are being taken good care of.相关高考试题(2001春招)A new cinema here. They hope to finish it next month.A. will be built B. is built C. has been built D. is being built解析：从题意看出，电影院正在建设中，所以用被动语态的进行时。 答案：D6. He w

31、ill make a speech about his experiences in China. ( p9 ) 他要就他在中国的经历做一个演讲。speech n. 1) the act or power of speaking; spoken language: The illness deprived him of the power of speech. Speech is impossible with so much noise around. Speech is silver，silence is gold. 2)an act of speaking formally to a g

32、roup of listeners: He gave a speech on peace. The chairman will make a closing speech.3) the words so spoken演说词The ministers speech was sent to the newspapers in advance.make an advance进步，长进 make a call打电话 make a change改变 make an excuse找借口 make an experiment做实验 make a facefaces做鬼脸 make friends交朋友 ma

33、ke a discovery发现 make a joke说笑话make a journey旅行 make a mistake犯错 make a choice选择make a search搜查 make a turn转弯 make a visit拜访7. In attributive clauses，that and which are used to refer to things( p10 ) 定语从句中，that和which用于指事物。refer to: 1)to mention ; speak about: Are you referring to me? In his speech，h

34、e didnt refer to the problem at all.2) to look at for information: If you have some questions，refer to the guide book. If you dont know what this means, refer to a dictionary.3) to concern; be directed towards: The new law doesnt refer to land used for farming. 8. I dont know the name of the teacher

35、 whowhom I saw in the computer room the other day. ( p9 ) 我不知道前几天在计算机房看到的那位老师的名字。c.f.the other day几天前的某一天(与一般过去时连用)another day: some other day改天(与将来时连用) Mr. Wang came to return money the other day. Your aunt will come to see you another day. Well have to do it some other day.some day有一天，总有一天(与将来时连用)

36、 I hope to visit Paris some day.one day有一天；某一天(与过去时或将来时连用) One day he left home without telling anybody. One day well meet again.9. Besides，I might be reading books in your fathers bookcase instead. (p11)另外，我也许在你父亲的书橱里读书。besides adv. in addition , also: I dont like those shoes；besides，theyre too exp

37、ensive. Its too late to go to see him now；besides，its raining.prep. as well as ; in addition to: There are other people to be considered besides you. Besides good looks，she has a kind heart.10. You are one of those people whowhom everybody will find hard to please，arent you? ( p11 )你是那些人人都会发现难以让其高兴的

38、人之一，不对吗?whowhom引起定语从句，且在从句中作find的宾语，hard是宾补，状语to please与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。构成find sb. hard to please的句式。在主语+be+adj+to do的结构中，to do也常与主语存在逻辑上的动宾关系。注意：用于以上结构的形容词常见的有：easy, difficult, hard, pleasant, heavy, light, comfortable等；We found the book difficult to understand. Do you think him easy to get along wi

39、th?Im not a person who is hard to please. The question is difficult to answer. 11. I prefer one that has big desks. ( p11 )我喜欢有大课桌的(阅览室)。prefer vt. to choose (one thing or action ) rather than another ; like better: (prefer sth.) Which do you prefer，rice or bread? (prefer sth. to sth.) She seems to prefer cats to dogs. (prefer doingto do sth.) I would prefer not to go out today. (prefer not going out) (prefer doingto doing)I would prefer playing outdoors to watchi