情态动词与虚拟

1、浠水一中2014届英语语法复习专题一：情态动词与虚拟语气情态动词与虚拟语气是高中语法学习的难点和重点。高考英语完成句子试题部分对情态 动词的考查主要涉及常见情态动词的基本用法，特别侧重于情态动词表推测的用法和特殊结构中情态动词的应用。高考英语完成句子试题部分对虚拟语气的考查重点在于根据句子的语 境灵活多样地运用虚拟语气，宾语从句中虚拟语气的应用， 交际用语中为表委婉而使用的虚拟语气，含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，以及特殊句型中的虚拟语气等。学好虚拟语气，除了掌握基本的结构外，还要注意句子所表达的意义与现在、过去还是将来的事实相反，看清时间状语。另外还要注意在其他结构中虚拟语气的运用。年 份时态 语态

2、比较 结构情态动 词与虚 拟语气非谓语 动词名词性 从句定语 从句状语 从句特殊 句式with结构07112030011082120110300931121110010102112010110013201201211131012113201311110专题考点聚焦考点一情态动词的基本用法情态动词表示说话人的语气和情绪，本身词义不全，不能单独作谓语，必须与后面的动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化， 有的情态动词有过去式。常见的情态 动词有 can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought

3、 to, need, dare, used to等。1. can, could 的用法规则1 ：表示体力或脑力(知识、技能)所产生的能力。如：Her mother can speak Fren ch.He could read books in En glish whe n he was only five.规则2:表示客观的可能性。如：An ybody can make mistakes.Man cannot live without air.规则3：表示"经过努力后终于能”用 be able to。如：They were able to put out the fire with

4、out any help from the firefighters.规则4： must表示"必须”。强调主观看法，只有现在时形式，否定式是must not(mustn't),表示“禁止，不准”。如：Everybody must obey the rules.You must n't speak like that to your mother.Must I be home before eight o'clock?Yes, you must./ No, you n eed n't./No, you don't have to.规则5:用于第二

5、人称的疑问句中表示有礼貌的询问和请求，would比will更委婉。如：Would you teach us how to drive a car?Will you please give him a message when you see him?规则 6：表示习惯性、经常性、倾向性，意为“总是，惯于”。 will 指现在， would 指过去。如：Fish will die without water.He will sit for hours reading.He would come to see me on Sunday when he was in Beijing.规则 7：表示功

6、能，译作“能”或“行” 。如：That will do.The machine won't work.He tried the door again, but it wouldn't open.规则 8： would 与 used to 的区别：（1）used to 表示过去的某种习惯， 现在已经没有那样的习惯了， 侧重现在与过去的对比； would 只表示过去有某种习惯，没有侧重现在与过去的对比。表示过去的状态，只能用used to,不能用 would。如：There used to be a park here.规则 9：表示说话人的意愿,有“命令,允诺,警告,决心”等意思

7、,用于第二、第三人称。如：You shall do as I say.按我说的做。（命令）You shall have my answer tomorrow. 你明天可以得到我的答复。（允诺 ）规则 10： shall 用在条约,规章,法令等文件中,表示必然结果,多用于第二、三人称,常 译为“必须” 。如：“The interest shall be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides. ” declared the judge. 法官宣判,利润应按照双方协定分成五份。【温馨提示】 mus

8、t 表示“必须” ,只是一种主观要求,语气与 shall 相比,差之甚远。 规则 11： should 表示推测或责备,意为“想必一定,照说应该,估计”等；表推测时往往 指推测有一定的依据。如：The film should be very good as it is starri ng first class actors.这部电影是一流演员主演的，估 计拍得很好。It's 8 o'clock now. They should be home now.现在是 8 点了。他们应该在家。规则 12： should 用于表示惊奇、遗憾不该发生的事情,常译作“竟然” 。如：Why s

9、hould you be so late today?你今天竟然这么晚？规则 13：在大多数情况下,ought to 都可以被 should 代替。 ought to 语气比 should 重,往往表示从法律上或从道义上“应该” 。如：You shouldn't judge a stranger always by the clothes he wears. 你不应当总是以貌取人。Parents ought to send their children to school when they reach seven years old. 当孩子满七岁时, 家长应该送孩子去上学。规则 1

10、4： dare 作情态动词表示“敢于” ,用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。如：She dare not go there.How dare he do such a thing?规则15:惯用短语“ I dare say”意为"我想，大概”。如：I dare say he is right.规则 16：dare 还可以用作行为动词，其变化与一般动词相同。如：The girl didn't dare to go home.Do you dare to jump into the ocean?I don't dare (to) ask her.【温馨提示】在否定句中，dar

11、e后的“ to +动词原形”可以省略to。规则 17： must 有“偏要、硬要”之意。如：How old are you, madam?If you must know, I'm twice my son's age.考点二 情态动词与完成体“情态动词+ have+过去分词”结构是情态动词专项考查的难点和重点，记住以下最常 考查的结构： must have done过去一定做了某事 can't/couldn't have done过去不可能做了某事 may/might have done过去可能做了某事 need n't have done本来没有必要

12、做而实际做了某事 could have done本来能够做而实际没有做某事 should/ought to have done本来应该做而实际没有做某事 should have done竟然做过某事 shouldn '/oughtn ' tohave done本来不该做而实际做了某事注意：没有 mustn't have done 结构There's no light in the room. They must have gone to bed.You could have done the work better.你本来可以把工作做得更好一些的。You oug

13、ht to have done the exercise more carefully.考点三 情态动词的推测功能can， could， may， might， must 皆可表示推测，使用时要注意以下几点： 注意语气。语气较强用must, cann ot，could n't;语气较弱用 may，might或can, could。 注意句式。在肯定句中，一般用may，might，must；在否定句、疑问句中常用can，could。 注意时态。表示对 现在或将来 的情况的推测，此时通常用“情态动词+动词原形”结构； 表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测， 通常用“情态动词进行体” 结构

14、； 表示对过 去情况的推测，通常用“情态动词完成体”结构。He is in hospital. He can't be at school.The baby doesn't want anything. She must be full.He has a car. He may come by car, but I am not sure.考点四 情态动词的一些特殊搭配can't too/over = can't adj./adv.e no ugh 再也不过分You cannot be too careful can't help/choose but

15、do 不得不做I couldn't but choose to wait. can't help (to) do 不能帮忙做 can't help doing情不自禁做 can't/couldn't agree more 十分赞成 it can't/couldn't be better 十分好，非常好 might as well还是的好，不妨If that is the case, we may as well try.Now that they were all here, she might as well speak her min

16、d. 表示祝愿（不用might）。采用部分倒装语序：may +主语+动词原形+!如：May you succeed!May the friendship between our two peoples last forever!考点五 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法规则1：条件与现在事实相反，从句谓语用一般过去时（be动词用were）;主句谓语用would/should/could/might 动词原形。规则2:条件与过去事实相反，从句谓语用过去完成时had done;主句谓语用would/should/could/might + have done。女口： If I had done it in

17、time, I should have had a good time. 如果我及时做的话，日子就好过多了。（可惜当时没能及时做 ）规则 3：条件与将来事实相反，从句谓语用should do/were to do 或一般过去时;主句谓语用 would/should/could/might 动词原形。如：If it were to rain tomorrow, I should not drive my car. 如果明天下雨的话，我就不开车了。（明天的情况还不知道 ）考点六 含蓄虚拟条件句这样的虚拟句不含有 if 从句，而是以 but for/without/or/otherwise 等引导的

18、句子代替 if 从句，主句的谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的基本用法相同。With your help, we might finish the plan earlier. 要是有你的帮助，我们就可以早些完成任务。 （介词短语 with your help 相当于虚拟条件句 ）考点七 主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句在有些虚拟条件句中， 主从句时间不一致， 应根据不同情况区别对待。 这就是所谓的 “错 综条件虚拟语气” 。如：If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在做得就会容易些了。If he had

19、 not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this. 如果他过去不听我的建议，他就不会做得这么好了。考点八 虚拟语气中的倒装在条件句中，如果有 were, had, should等，则可省略if,但应注意把 were, had, should 等提至U从句主语之前。 女口： If he were to come, I would join him in the discussion. = Were he to come, I would join him in the discussion. 如果他来，我将和他一道

20、参加讨论。考点九 名词性从句中的虚拟语气规则 1：在 insist; command， order; demand， request， require， desire; advise, propose, suggest， recommend 等表示“命令、要求、建议”的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如： He proposed that we（should）deal with the problem by the view of development. 他建议我们应该用发展的眼光处理这个问题。规则2：与上述动词相对应的名词suggestio n, order, dema nd, pro

21、posal等后的表语从句、同位语从句中也要使用虚拟语气(should可省略)。如：My proposal is that we(should)set a deadli ne for handing in the pla n.我的建议是为这个计划设定一个上交的期限。规则3：在It be suggested(ordered, demanded, proposed，)that结构中,主语从句中也要使 用虚拟语气。如：It's required that every student be on time for school.要求每个学生准时到校。规则4： do you suggest/rec

22、ommend用在特殊疑问句中作插入语时，句子的动词也使用虚拟语气即“ should +动词原形”的形式，其中should可以省略。如：What type of computer do you recomme nd/suggest we(should)buy?你建议我们买什么类型的电脑呢？规贝U 5:在 It's + necessary, essential,important, strange, natural 等形容词+ that从句或 It's a pity , a shame等名词+ that从句中，谓语动词可以使用should do。如：It is n ecessary

23、 that the badly woun ded man should be treated immediately. 这位重伤员必须马上 治疗。It's a pity that you should be so careless.你竟然如此粗心，真是可惜。考点十虚拟语气在其他一些句型中的用法规则1在wish从句中表示愿望与“现在事实相反”，从句用一般过去时。如：I wish I were you.How he wishes that he were a bird!表示愿望与“过去事实相反”，从句用过去完成时。如：I wish I had seen the film last nigh

24、t.We wish that we had visited the Great Wall last year.表示愿望实现的可能性很小，从句常用could/might/would +动词原形。如：We wish we would live on the moon one day.规则2: It's high time that从句中，谓语动词可以使用过去式，也可使用should +动词原形；表示“早该了” ，其中should不可省略。如：It's high time we got up/should get up.我们早该起床了。规则3： would rather +从句中，谓

25、语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来的情况相反；用过去完成式，表示与过去的情况相反。如：1 would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。规则4： if only但愿，要是多好啊。如：If only you had n't offen ded him.你当时不惹他就好了。If only he could come tomorrow.他明天能来就好了。规则5： as if从句中是否使用虚拟语气要根据句子的实际含义而定。咼考真题及咼考变式题1. 2013 湖北卷Most believe hefor England last week, but for aseri

26、ous injury which put him out of football.(play)多数人认为，要不是受了重伤而告别足球，上周他本会为英格兰踢球的。答案would/could have played2 .2012 湖北卷Had we not used an out - of - date train schedule, wethe trai n.(miss)要不是用了一张过期的列车时刻表，我们就不会误了火车。答案would n't have missed3. 2011 湖北卷变式Ifalcohol last night, I could have drivenmy car h

27、ome.(dri nk)如果我昨晚没有喝酒，我就能够开车回家。答案I had n't drunk4 . 2010 湖北卷变式Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention at the meeti ng.(discuss)约翰逊先生主张在会上讨论那个值得关注的问题。答案(should) be discussed5. 2010 湖北卷变式 It's said that they have swum to the island from the continent, but theybecause the ocea

28、 n in betwee n is too wide.(do)据说他们从大陆游到了那个岛屿，但是由于中间的海洋太宽，他们不可能做到。答案can' t/could n't have done it6. 2009 湖北卷变式After circling around the earth for three days, Shenzhou Spaceship received the comma nd from the gro und thatas scheduled the n ext day.(la nd)绕地球运行三天后，神舟飞船接到了来自地面的第二天按时着陆的命令。答案it (

29、should) land7. 2008 湖北卷变式I fell so sick. I wish Mum to eat somuch.(force)我感到有点发呕。真希望妈妈没有逼我吃这么多。答案had n't forced me8. 2007 湖北卷变式 He looks sleepy. He mustlast night, writing the essay.(stay)他看起来很困倦，昨晚他一定熬夜写文章了。答案have stayed up9. 2007 湖北卷变式It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to th

30、e stones: he in pla nning the monument, or in help ing tran sport and pull up the ston es.(ha nd)有可能史前巨石柱之王与这些石头息息相关：他可能参与了这座纪念碑的策划,或者帮忙运输和竖起石头。答案may/might/could have had a hand10. 2013 北京卷变式If wea table earlier, we would n't be sta ndi nghere in a queue.(book)如果我们早些预订座位，现在也就不用站在这里排队了。答案had book

31、ed11. 2013 天津卷变式If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before,heit much better no w.(able)如果他以前花更多的时间练习说英语，他现在就能说得更好些。答案would be able to speak12. 2013 安徽卷变式Ito my cousin's birthday party last night,but I was not available.(go)我昨天晚上本来想要去我表兄的生日聚会，但是没有空。答案would have gone13. 2013 江苏卷变

32、式I should not have laughed if Iyou wereserious.(th ink)如果我(当时)认为你是认真的，我就不会笑了。答案had thought14 .2013 浙江卷变式Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eyeexamat the age of six mon ths old.(be)眼科医生建议孩子的第一次眼睛检查应该在六个月的时候(进行)。答案(should) be taken15. 2013 辽宁卷变式 Harry is feeling uncomfortable. Hetoomuch at

33、 the party last ni ght.(dri nk)哈利感觉不舒服，他在昨晚的聚会上一定是喝多了。答案must have drunk强化训练1. Had local leaders had eno ugh visi on and showed respect for cultural heritage, many more sitesof historical in terestno w.(sta nd)如果当地的领导有足够的远见并且尊重文化遗产，更多的历史古迹至今仍会存在。答案would still sta nd2. Kobe Bryant was hurt attempting

34、a game- tying jumper on the baseline; otherwise, he the match. (participate)科比布莱恩因跳跃抢球落地不稳而受伤，不然，他就参加比赛了。答案would have participated in3 . When the golde n rice in cide nt was exposed, people criticized thattheyon childre n.(try)当黄金大米事件被曝光时，人们批评说他们不应该在孩子身上试验这种大米。答案should n't have tried it out4. It

35、 was demanded from the local residents that the chemical plantas soon as possible. (move)当地居民要求那家化工厂尽快搬走。答案(should) be moved (away)5. It is strongly recommended that the girlwith those boys, becausethey are addicted to drugs.(break)强烈建议那个女孩和那些男孩子断绝关系，因为他们都沉迷于毒品。答案(should) break up6. Mrs Bathurstto l

36、eave New Zealand by the hope of marriage oralter natively by Ion eli ness.(persuade)巴瑟斯特夫人很可能已经被说服离开新西兰，要么是想结婚，要么是因为太寂寞。答案might have bee n persuaded7. John wants to carry my luggage himself, but rd rather the hotel by taxi.(c onvey)约翰想要亲自扛我的行李，但我宁愿用出租车把行李送到宾馆。答案it were con veyed to/have it con veyed

37、 to8. She got caught in the traffic, or shewith her family now.(have)她塞车了，不然的话，此刻她正在与家人共进晚餐。答案would be hav ing dinner9. Mary the diet ion ary, because she did n't give me an accurate expla nati on of the word.(refer)玛丽一定没查过词典，因为她没给我这个词的准确解释。答案can' t/could n't have referred to10. He is al

38、ready over thirty. It's about time thata wife and settleddow n.(fi nd)他已经过了三十岁了，是时候给自己找个老婆安定下来了。答案he fou nd himself11. If his pla n at the meeti ng yesterday, he would n't be sodiscouraged now. (meet)如果昨天他的计划在会议上获得了赞同，他现在就不会这么沮丧了。答案had met with approval12. On Sun days, at the entrance of the store, a man and a boy who is about 10 years old arecollect ing food for poor people who. (otherwise)星期天的时候，在商店的入口， 一个