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1、黑龙江科技学院毕业论文论文题目(Topic): The writing principles and techniques of Business English letters 作者(Writer): 宋国华 学号(Number): 33 班级(Class) 09 商务英语 指导教师(Tutor): 吴春蕾 2012年 6月 18 日摘 要随着全球经济的开展及我国对外贸易的不断扩大, 商务英语信函在国际贸易中的地位也越发重要。商务英语信函是国际贸易双方进行书面商务信息沟通的重要手段,其撰写的成功与否对企业的业务有着极其重要的影响。商务英语信函的写作是有规律可循的,即应遵循一定的写作原那么和采
2、用一些写作技巧,以使商务信函表意准确,语言流畅,更易于贸易双方的沟通与理解。关键词: 商务英语信函;写作原那么;写作技巧 Abstract With the development of the globe economic and the continuous enlargement of our foreign trade, business English letters become increasingly important in the international trade. Business English letters are the major means of wri
3、tten communication between two parties in the international trade, and their writing is very important to the business of the enterprise. Fortunately, some writing principles and techniques can be used. In order to make the business letters accurate, verbal fluency, easier communication and understa
4、nding for the trading parties, we should follow certain writing principles and use some writing techniques.Key words: Business English letters; writing principles; writing techniquesContents中文摘要 Abstract 1. Basic parts of a Business English letter . 12. The writing principles of Business English let
5、ters 3 Conciseness 3 2.2 Clarity 3 2.3 Completeness . 3 2.4 Concreteness . 4 2.5 Courtesy 4 2.6 Correctness 5 2.7 Consideration 53. The writing techniques of Business English letters 6 3.1 Simple words best 6 3.2 Adopt the right tone 6 3.3 Note the use of jargon . 6 3.4 Use active voice rather than
6、passive voice . 6 3.5 Vary sentence length 7 3.6 Have suitable paragraphs length 7 Pay attention to first and last impressions 7 Check your letters 7Conclusions . 8致谢 . . 9参考文献 10目 录摘要 Abstract 一、 商务英语信函的根本构成 1二、 商务英语信函的写作原那么 3(一) 简洁原那么 3(二) 清晰原那么 3(三) 完整原那么 3(四) 具体原那么 4(五) 礼貌原那么 4(六) 准确原那么 5(七) 体谅原
7、那么 5三、 商务英语信函的写作技巧 6(一) 简单的词,效果最好 6(二) 采用恰当的语气 6(三) 注意专业术语的使用 6(四) 多使用主动语态 6(五) 变换句子的长度 7(六) 善于规划段落长度 7(七) 注意第一印象 7(八) 检查信函 7小结 8致谢 9参考文献 10 The writing principles and techniques of Business English letters 1. Basic parts of a Business English letter Most business letters have 7 standard parts. They
8、 are: letterhead, date, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close, and signature. We appropriate, any of the following optional parts can be included: attention, subject, enclosure, postscript.1.1 Letterhead The letterhead expresses a firms personality and is generally printed on the fir
9、ms stationery. It helps to form the impression of the writers firm. Styles vary considerably, but they all give similar information, usually containing all or some of the following elements: the companys name and address, postcode, telephone number, fax number, e-mail address, even web address. They
10、 may be positioned in the center, or at the left margin for the block style, or flush at the right margin for the style.1.2 DateBusiness letters should have the correct date typed under the letterhead. The date should be typed or written in full, not in abbreviated form since the date records when t
11、he letter is written and may serve as an important reference. It is usual to show the date in the order of date /month/ year/ (British practice), or month / day / year. (American practice).Regarding the date line, pat attention to the following points:A. Year should be typed in full. Avoid abbreviat
12、ion. For example, 2003 cannot be replaced by 03.B. Month is preferably spelled out in letters, to avoid confusion. For example, 12/11 can be November 12 or December 11.C. Day either cardinal number or ordinal numbers can be used. So the recommended forms for the date are as followings: October 25, 2
13、021 or 25 October, 2021.1.3 Inside address The inside address consists of the name and the complete address of the receiver. We include the address in the letter although it already appears on the envelope because the envelope is usually thrown away. Then the letter itself, which is to be kept on fi
14、le, can indicate for whom the massage was intended. It is usually placed two spaces below the date line, aligned with the left margin. If the letter is address to a group, the inside address includes only the address and the group name. If it is to a person, use either a courtesy title or a professi
15、onal title. Care should be taken to address the recipient as exactly as it appears on the envelope of the letter.1.4 Salutation Salutation is the complimentary greeting with which every letter begins. Salutation can be followed by a comma or a colon. Colon is formal in American business letters, com
16、ma in British. Be sure to salute to the correct addressee appearing in your inside address or in the attention line. The customary formal greeting in a business letter is “Dear Sir(s), Dear Madam (s), Dear Ms or an official title like “President or Doctor. If the receiver is known to the writer pers
17、onally, a less formal and warmer greeting is used: “Dear Mr White, Dear Ms John.1.5 Body Body is the most important part of a letter since it contains the actual message. The body of the letter deserves special attention no matter how brief it may be. It is advisable to bear the following principles
18、 of “7Cs in mind when writing this core part. Then careful planning and logical arrangement are needed for the paragraphs. A typical 3-paragraph letter would like the following: The opening paragraph introduces the letter. Keep the first sentence short and easy to understand and keep the opening par
19、agraph short, probably no more than two or three lines. A short opening paragraph is easier to read, and it does not intimidate the reader. The middle paragraph supports the first paragraph and provides more information. Here, try to bring in your involvement or what service or information you can o
20、ffer.The closing paragraph is the summary of the letter; it stresses the action that you want to the reader to take; it states exactly what you want the reader to do, and it leaves the impression of the courtesy. Like any goodbye, jog the readers memory if there is something that you want the reader
21、 to do, but keep the closing short and friendly.1.6 Complimentary close The complimentary close is simply a polite way to end a letter. The expression for the complimentary close should match the salutation. It appears in the middle of the page and two lines below the closing sentence for indented l
22、ayout while it starts at the left- hand margin for fully blocked letters. Only the initial letter in the first word of any complimentary close is capitalized.1.7 SignatureThe signature is the signed name or seal of the writer. It is generally put two lines below the complimentary close. It should be
23、 signed by hand and in ink. Under the handwritten signature, the signers name and his or her position are usually followed. 2. The writing principles of Business English lettersBusiness English letters play an important role in the development of goodwill and friendly trade relationship. They should
24、 be friendly and courteous, easy to read and easy to understand. In writing a business letter, there are certain principles for you to follow. Called “7Cs, they are: conciseness, clarity, completeness, concreteness, courtesy, correctness and consideration.2.1 ConcisenessConciseness means to write th
25、e fewest possible words without sacrificing completeness and courtesy. A concise business English letter saves time and expense for both sender and receiver. Conciseness contributes to emphasis. By eliminating unnecessary words, you help make important ideas stand out. To achieve conciseness, try to
26、 observe the following suggestions: 2. Shorten or Omit Words or Expressions As few words as possible should be used to give complete and clear meanings. The expression of the long-winded plays no role in the sentence. For example, “at the present time, we can use "now" to express the same
27、meaning .As is clearly the latter better reflect the principle of conciseness.2.1.2 Avoid Unnecessary Repetition Sometimes repetition is necessary for emphasis. But if the same thing is said several times without reason, the Business English letter becomes boring. For example , “Will you ship us any
28、 time during the month of December,or even November if you are rushed,for November would suit us just as well. In this sentence, what the writer want to express is the reader can ship by the end of November shipment, so we put the sentences into" Please ship us by the end of November", tha
29、t will be able to clearly express the writer 's intention, and not have to constantly repeat.2.2 Clarity Clarity means your purpose and the words are clear to your readers so that the reader will not misunderstand what you are trying to convey. Clarity is the most important principle of English
30、Business Letter Writing. A business letter is effective only when it communicates the necessary ideas to its readers with clarity. Be certain about what you wish to say, express it in plain, simple words, and present it in well-constructed sentences and paragraphs, if necessary, in tables or graphs.
31、 Avoid ambiguity and expressions that are liable to misunderstand. Accurate, straight-forward, and simple English is preferred in business letters.2.3 CompletenessCompleteness means your message contains all facts that the receiver needs for the reaction you desire, so Business English letters are c
32、omplete when they contain all the necessary information. The letters were sent before audit expression information integrity is the most basic requirement. Keeping the following guidelines in mind will help you achieve completeness: Make all point detailed Evidence must be precisely stated .The sign
33、ificance of the facts in relation to the problem must be shown. The treatment of each section of the article must be complete or the reader may misunderstand that particular sections. The analysis is a basis for the conclusions, and the conclusions are a basis for the recommendations. 2.3.2 Answer a
34、ll questions asked If you need to reply to an inquiry containing one or more questions, answer all questions clearly stated and implied. If you have no information on a particular question, you must say so clearly, instead of omitting an answer. If you have unfavorable information in answer one or m
35、ore questions, handle our reply tactfully.2.4 Concreteness Concreteness means being specific, definite, and vivid rather than vague and general. Concreteness is always stressed, especially for business letters calling for a specific reply, such as trade terms, shipment, packaging, specifications and
36、 characters of goods, figures and dates.The following guidelines can help us write concretely:· Use specific facts and figures,· Put action in verbs,· Prefer active voice to passive voice,· Choose vivid, image-building words,· Pay attention to word order,· Putting modif
37、iers in right place.For example, Poor: Please send your proposal to us as soon as possible. Better: Please send your proposal to us before October 10. 2.5 Courtesy Courtesy is not merely politeness with mechanical insertions of “please and “thank you. Rather, true courtesy needs to use tactful tone
38、and respectful expression to show the honest attitude, and sincere politeness.Answer letters promptly, for punctuality will please your recipient who hates waiting for days for a reply.Adopt the right tone in the writing. Before you begin to write, think carefully about the way in which you want to
39、influence your customer, and then express yourself accordingly, being persuasive, firm, or apologetic.Avoid courtesy blunders in your letters. Discrepancy often occurs in business, but it should be handled and settled with diplomacy and tact without ill with on either side. Never show your anger in
40、a business letter. Avoid suspicion, accusation and talking down. Never use irritating, offensive and belittling statements. For example,Poor: We are sorry you have misunderstood us.Better: We are sorry we did not make ourselves understood clearly. 2.6 Correctness The term correctness, in addition to
41、 proper grammar, punctuation and spelling, also means appropriate tone and accuracy of information. Using the right level of language can help convey the real message without causing offence even if it is a letter of complaint or an answer to such a letter. For example, “Ill, were seems too colloqui
42、al and no formal, we should change it as “I will, we are in business letters. Accurate information is of primary concern to business writers since business letters involve the rights, the duties, and the interest of both parties. Accurate figures and exact terms are particularly important as they ar
43、e the basis of all kind of business documents. Therefore, we should neither overstate nor understate, because overstatement might throw you in an awkward position while understatement would lead to less confidence and hold up trade development.2.7 Consideration The interrelationship between the send
44、er and the receiver profoundly affects communicative effectiveness. Consideration means the writer prepares the writing with the reader in mind and tries to put yourself in his or her place. To indicate you are considerate, you can use the followings:2. Focus on “You Instead of “I and “We Your reade
45、rs are usually more concerned about themselves than about you. They are more interested in your writing when they see the pronoun “you rather than “I, we. Try to give the consideration to the receivers wishes, demands, interest and difficulties by adopting their viewpoint. For example,Poor: I am hap
46、py to tell you Better: You will be happy to know 2. Use “Positive sentence instead of “Negative sentence Usually, negation tends to sound critical of the reader and disappointed on the part of the writer, while positivism sounds encouraging to both parties. It would serve the function of effective c
47、ommunication if we sometimes turn negative messages into positive ones. Compare the following:Poor: We hope you wont be dissatisfied with the new range of our electric products. Better: We are sure you will be satisfied with the new range of our electric products.3. The writing techniques of Busines
48、s English letters Business letters are letters written between one firm and another to convey and exchange information, news, ideas or opinions. But a business letter is effective only if it reflects in the mind of the receiver a true image of the thought conveyed by the writer. We should be skilled
49、 in using some writing skills except certain writing principles. The following guidelines will help us write effectively:3.1 Simple words bestMore simple and common words, less lengthy and uncommon words, in order to reduce misunderstandings. And the readers can quickly understand the meaning what y
50、ou want to express. For example, “never instead of “under the no circumstances, “as you requested instead of “as per your requested, “expedite “speed up instead.3.2 Adopt the right toneIf a business letter is t achieve its purpose, its tone must be right. Before beginning to write think carefully ab
51、out the way in which you want to influence your reader. Ask yourself, “What do I want this letter to do? and then express yourself accordingly, being persuasive, apologetic, obliging, firm and so on, depending on the effect you want to produce. As we all know, people would like to hear that somethin
52、g could be done and what they could get.3.3 Note the use of jargonThe frequent use of the jargon and acronyms is a major feature of the English Business Letter Writing. In order to avoid resulting in serious losses, we should be skilled in using the terms. There are many Business English terminologi
53、es. For example, insurance policy, premium, letter of credit or L / C, CIF, FOB, container, bill of lading.3.4 Use active voice rather than passive voice Generally, active voice produces a more concise and powerful sentence than passive voice. An active construction immediately identifies the senten
54、ces subject so readers can quickly understand and visualize who is doing what. Because of this clarity, the active voice is almost the best choice in composing documents that are intended primarily to exchange information, such as foreign trade letters and memos.In business writing, the passive sentence is usually used to state something unpleasant or something that has been done improperly by the reader to make the writing more obj
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