中考英语第2讲词汇

1、第2讲   词   汇复习要点词汇是语言学习的最重要的部分。词汇体现语法，而语法又不能脱离词汇而存在，这两者是紧密联系在一起的。例如：When I take a walk around Washington Square Park, I often see many people walking with dogs. 当我在华盛顿广场公园周围散步时，经常看到许多人牵着狗行走。在以上这句话中，when是从属连词，引导时间状语从句。take a walk是短语动词，在从句中用作谓语。I often see.是主句，其中的many people用作谓语动词se

2、e的宾语，其后的分词短语walking with dogs用作people的定语，句中的often用作状语，表示频度。可见，各种语法现象必须通过词汇（单词和短语）来表现。从应试的角度看，我们在复习所学的词汇时，尤其要注意它们如何使用、通常以何种方式进行考核。例如，有的单词复习重点可能在其词形变化，有的单词可能在其在句中的位置，又有的单词可能在词义的比较，等等。词汇复习的重点是：词形转换、词义理解以及短语，特别要注意某个单词或短语在句中的使用。下面主要介绍词形转换和词义理解。2.1   词形转换词形转换包括词类转化、派生词、合成词三个方面，是英语构成新词的主要手法。2.1.1

3、  词类转化所谓词类转化，是指一个单词不改变词形，即由一种词类转化为另一种词类，并且通常在意义上有一定的联系。例如：work原为名词，可以转化为动词，意思都是“工作”。但是，go用作动词时意为“去”，用作名词时意为“尝试”，它们之间就没有转化关系。在初中英语中，由转化构成的新词不是很多，常见的有以下这些：behind prep 在后面 adv 在后面clean adj 干净的 v 弄干净，打扫empty adj 空的 v 倒空fast adj 快的，迅速的 adv 快，迅速地hard adj 坚硬的 adv 坚硬地，努力地look v 看 n 看，一瞥 （属于这一类的动词还有：cou

4、gh, dance, dream, drink, fight, rest, sleep, swim, try, visit, walk等）open v 打开 adj 开放的stop v 停止 n 停车站 telephone n 电话（机） v 打电话tidy adj 整洁的 v 弄整洁，整理turn v （使）旋转 n 旋转，轮流water n 水 v （给）浇水2.1.2          派生所谓派生，是指在原词上添加前缀或后缀，构成新词（叫做派生词），派生词通常与原词具有不同的词性。例如：happy

5、 adj 高兴的 unhappy adj 不高兴的 happily adv 兴奋地 happiness n 快乐，幸福。前缀通常改变词义，个别前缀（如en-）也可能改变词性。常见的前缀有：bi-                  二，双                 

6、              bicycleen-                 使处于状态                 enjoy, endan

7、ger (危及)kilo-               千                                 

8、60;     kilometermid-               中间，中部                        midday (正午), mid-autumnmi

9、s-               错误，不当                         mistake, misunderstanding (误解)re-     

10、            重新，再次                         return, retell, rewritetele-         &

11、#160;     远（距离）                         telephone, televisionun-                否定，相反

12、                         unhappy, unlike, untrue后缀通常改变词性或构成各种语法形式，常见的后缀有：-able               可被的  &#

13、160;                      enjoyable, -an, -ian         某国人（的），语言（的）  American, Russian-ed          &

14、#160;      具有（特征）的           glass-topped, kind-hearted-en                 由制成的           

15、          wooden, woolen-er, -or           施动的人或物                     worker, computer, visitor-ese 

16、               某国人（的），语言（的）  Chinese, Japanese-ful                充满的             

17、60;           careful, helpful, thankful-ion                行为，状态                  &#

18、160;      revision, operation-ish                某国人（的），语言（的）  English, Swedish-less               缺乏的    

19、;                     careless-ly                  以方式（构成副词）    slowly, easily, truly  

20、60;                  像样的（构成形容词）friendly-ness              性质，状态              

21、60;          goodness, kindness-ous               具有的                      

22、   dangerous, delicious-teen              基数词10                         fourteen, fifteen-th, -eth &

23、#160;        构成序数词                         seventh, twelfth, twentieth-ty            

24、     基数词×10                         forty, sixty, ninety-ward(s)         向着某方向      &

25、#160;                  backward (向后), northwards (向北)2.1.3  复合所谓复合，是指由两个或更多个单词合在一起构成一个新词（叫做复合词）。许多复合词意思固定，并被收入词典，例如：homework, classroom, glass-topped, ready-to-eat (即可食用的)。但是，还有一些复合词是说话人临时造的，不可能被收入词典。例如：Remembe

26、r that shes only a four-year-old little girl. 注意：句中的four-year-old不能写成four-years-old。2.2  词义理解词义理解包括英语释义、同义词和反义词，都是常考的内容。2.2.1  英语释义我们经常看到，有的学生会写出这样一些病句：I dont want to go to there with you.Have you heard from his letter?If you come tomorrow, please take your dictionary with you.What was the

27、 number of the population of the city last year?在第一句中，go to there是错误的。如果学生知道there的意思是to that place（意思中已含有to），他就不会多用一个to了。正确说法是：I dont want to go there with you.在第二句中，短语hear from后面误用了his letter。动词短语hear from的意思是receive a letter from someone，很明显，hear from后面要跟“人”，而不是“物”。正确说法是：Have you heard from him?在第

28、三句中，由于前半句用了come，后半句就不能用take（意思是go with），否则会造成逻辑上的混乱。正确的说法应当是：If you come tomorrow, please bring your dictionary with you. 其中bring的意思是come with。在第四句中，the number of the population是错误的，因为population的意思是the number of people living in a country, city, etc（居住在一个国家、城市等地的人的总数），其词义中已含有“数量”的意思，因此，不可再重复使用number

29、这个词。正确说法是：What was the population of the city last year?以上这些病句的主要病因，就是对英语单词的意思没有一个准确的了解。要想对英语单词或短语的意思有准确的了解，从而正确地使用它们，就要了解其英语释义。英语释义可以在一本较好的英汉双解词典上找到1。2.2.2  同义词我们在说话或写作时，有时需要重复同一个概念。如果我们仅仅重复使用同一个单词或短语，就会让人觉得枯燥无味。还有的时候，我们会在几个单词中选择最能准确表达我们所要表达的意思的一个词。这些词义相近的词就是同义词。使用同义词，可以丰富自己的语言表达，也有助于我们以“滚雪球”的

30、方式来记忆和掌握更多的词汇。例如：Do you know the famous pianist from Poland?  你知道那位著名的波兰钢琴家吗？（本句中的famous可以用well-known来代替。）Are you pleased with your work here?  你对这里的工作满意吗？（本句中的pleased可以用happy来代替。）同义词虽然意思相同或相近，但是，它们在用法上仍有差别。例如：There arent any living things on the rock.  岩石上没有生物生长。Both of my grandparen

31、ts are still alive now.  我的祖父母现在都还健在。living和alive都是“活着的”意思。living一般用作定语形容词，即放在名词前用作定语；alive用作表语形容词，即放在连系动词后用作表语。The teacher has a lot of work to do at school.  老师在学校有许多工作要做。He has got a safe job in the citys library.  他在市图书馆得到了一份安稳的工作。       work和job都是“工作

32、”的意思。work是不可数名词，指“通过体力或脑力而付出的劳动”，相对于休息和娱乐；job是可数名词，指“获得定期报酬的职位或职业”。It began to blow quite hard, just before midnight.  就在午夜之前，风开始刮大了。The task before us is not an easy one.  我们面临的任务不轻。The bus stopped right in front of our house.  公共汽车正好停在我们房前。before和in front of都是“在之前”的意思。before通常指时间，有时

33、也可指地点（比较正式或带有比喻用法），如以上第二句。in front of总是指地点。I received a present this afternoon, but I didnt want to accept it  今天下午我收到一件礼物，但是我不想收下它。receive是指“收到（别人赠送、邮寄的物品）”，具有被动性；accept是指“欣然接受（别人赠送、提供的物品）”，具有主动性。The teacher spoke to us about the travel in the holiday, then we talked about it for nearly two ho

34、urs.  老师跟我们说了假期中旅行的事情，然后我们就此谈了将近两个小时。speak和talk意思非常接近，都是“谈话”。但是，talk通常指“相互交谈”，而speak多指“一个人独自叙述”。You can see the door of our classroom even if you stand at the school gate.  即使你站在学校大门口，你也能看到我们教室的门。door和gate都是“门”，但是，door是指“（开在建筑物、房间、橱柜等入口处的）门”，而gate是指“（开在篱笆、围墙等入口处的）的门”。2.2.3  反义词记忆词汇的另一

35、个好方法是了解它们的反义词。一般来说，反义词并不完全是一一对应的，有时，由于词性和词义的不同，一个单词可能会有好几个反义词。例如：answer用作名词时，其反义词是question；用作动词时，其反义词是ask。又如：miss作“未击中”讲时，其反义词是hit；作“未赶上”讲时，其反义词是catch；作“未得到”讲时，其反义词是find；作“失败”讲时，其反义词是succeed。反义词大致有以下几种情况： 性质上绝对相反的反义词，例如：good bad            

36、   same different     living dead          friend enemy 性别上相对的反义词，例如：boy girl                 man woman      &

37、#160; waiter waitress   king queen 位置上相对的反义词，例如：north south           up down             right left             sky land 时间及

38、顺序上相对的反义词，例如：early late               day night            first last 情感及人体感觉上相对的反义词，例如：happy sad             angry

39、 calm          laugh cry            tired refreshed （人体、物体等的）状态及形态上相对的反义词，例如：strong weak          ill healthy       

40、0;    open close(d)      whole part 温度及色彩上相对的反义词，例如：warm cool            hot cold             light dark       

41、0;    white black 部分词缀（前缀、后缀）也可以构成反义词，例如：like dislike        fair unfair       understand misunderstand       careful careless 考题分析1完成单词Class One is q _ but Class Two is full of noise.分析

42、0; 本题要求根据句意完成单词，单词的首字母已给出。句中full of noise其实就是noisy的意思，据此我们可以推断：这个以q开头的单词一定是quiet. 答案  quiet2释义选择Mary has gone shopping with her aunt for about two hours. Shell be back in a minute.  A. very soon      B. in one minute     C. fast   

43、;           D. quick分析  in a minute意思是“一会儿（就）”（= very soon），表示时间非常短暂。in one minute中用了数词one, 表示“在一分钟内”，并非“过一会儿”的意思。fast, quick表示速度上很快，并且，quick没有用副词形式。 答案  A3选择填空The window is broken. Try to _ who broke it.       

44、0;                   A. find out             B. find                 &

45、#160; C. look                  D. look for分析  根据句意，C和D不合适，答案只有在A和B之间进行选择。find指的是“找到（具体的人或物）”，如：find the lost boy; find my key。find out是指“查出（一件事或与某件事有关的人）”，如：Have you found out why he was late? 答案  A4选择填空&#

46、160;  The headmaster stopped _ to me because there was a call for him.                                A. talking     

47、60;         B. to talk                C. saying               D. to say分析  本题除了要求在动名词和不定式之间进行选择之外，还要求在talk和say两个动词之间进行选择。talk

48、指“连续性的谈话”，并不涉及到说话的内容，是不及物动词，常常用talk to sb和talk about sth/sb的结构。say侧重于“说话的内容”，是及物动词，常常用say sth (to sb)的结构。根据上下文，本题强调的是“谈话”这个动作本身。 答案  A巩固练习 初中英语总复习专题复习题2词汇一、写出句中划线单词的词性和词义：1.   Unlike his brother, John likes to swim in the river.        (   

49、                     )2.   Chinese names are different from English names.         (           

50、             )3.       My father used to work in a company in that city.        (               

51、0;        )4.       Has she got used to the life in the country?                  (           &

52、#160;            )5.       Id be interested to know if he has passed the exam.    (                   

53、60;    )6.       He would be very happy if his friends won the game.   (                        )7.    &#

54、160;  Well, you may go and ask your teacher.                      (                     &#

55、160;  )8.       Do you think this colour goes well with that one?        (                        )二、用所给单词的适当形

56、式填空：1.    We went much            than we had planned.  (far)2.    The little boy is too            that he often makes mistakes in his homework.  (ca

57、re)3.    That was such an            story that everyone was            in it.  (interest)4.    Mr Crane lived by        

58、;  and nobody came to help          when          was ill. (he)5.    They are the best            in their town.  (play)6.

59、60;   China is developing            than before.  (quick)7.    Of the two buildings the one on the left is the           , but it is not the     

60、0;      in the city.  (tall)8.    This word can be found in the            lesson.  (twelve)9.    Fish cannot live long           

61、 water.  (with)10.   At           , the doctor asked him to take the medicine            a day.  (one)11.           , sh

62、e didnt fall behind.  (luck)12.   The weather here is very            in April.  (change)13.   He has been to Beijing           .  (two)14.   More

63、60;          have been            since five years ago.  (build)15.   Which of these do you think is the            tool?

64、0; (use)16.   She does everything            than her elder sisters.  (care)17.   Its my            to help you out.  (please)18.   Dont leave your mi

65、stake           . Do it today!  (correct)19.   We visited those            places from time to time.  (interest)20.   I didnt help      

66、0;    . They did that all by           .  (they)三、用句中划线单词的反义词填空：1.    Mr White always wears clean clothes, but he            washes them himself.2.  D

67、o you like to live in a quiet place or in a            one?3.               work will become easy if only you do it very carefully.4.    He has stayed here for only

68、five days, and nobody knows when he will           .5.    Did you            something else because I saw you only hit one?6.    He didnt want his cup to be  &#

69、160;        , instead, he made it full.7.    Part of the building was rebuilt after the fire. Now the            of the building looks even better.8.    I know the   

70、;        , but I dont know where the exit is.9.    They work very hard on _, not even knowing what to do on holiday.四、根据英语释义写出单词或短语（首字母已给出）：1.    p              

71、0;    = something you give someone to thank him for something2.    f                   = making you laugh3.    n         

72、60;        = someone who lives next to you or near you4.    p                   = ones father and mother5.    t       &#

73、160;            = needing to drink or feeling that you want a drink6.    n                   = not once or not at any time7.    q 

74、                  = not making much noise8.    p                   = like someone or something more than someone or some

75、thing else9.    a                   = start to be seen or suddenly be seen10.   f                   = ver

76、y well known11.   c                   = come from behind and reach someone in front by going faster12.   k               

77、0;   = make a living thing die13.   l                    = take care of14.   t                  

78、;  = rise into the air at the beginning of a flight15.   s                   = more than a few but not very many16.   w            

79、0;     = have something such as clothes or shoes on your body17.   g                   = stop doing something or having something18.   s      

80、60;            = say something very loudly五、选择意思接近的选项替换句中的划线部分：1.    Her sister is good at speaking English.A. studies well in      B. is well in            

81、60;  C. does good with    D. does well in2.    You should do something instead of just talking about it.A. but do not           B. and also               

82、C. without               D. in order to3.    I asked him to pass her a message, but he failed to do so.A. didnt hope to      B. didnt           &

83、#160;       C. remembered to     D. forgot4.    These three boys are different from the others.A. not the same as    B. not the same from  C. the same as         D. as the same as5

84、.    How can we get rid of all these flies in the kitchen?A. make use of         B. give up                 C. free from         

85、  D. kill6.    Just a moment. Ill find her address for you right now.A. a short time ago   B. a moment before    C. at once               D. at a time7.    None of them went i

86、n for the marathon last year.A. joined for            B. took part in           C. joined into           D. ran for8.    During that period

87、of time, they came to see us from time to time.A. very often           B. seldom                  C. sometimes           D. all th

88、e time9.    Last summer it rained all the time here.A. sometimes           B. from time to time   C. very often           D. much often10.   They didnt leave their office unti

89、l the meeting was over.A. end                     B. ended                   C. finish     

90、;             D. finishing11.   I do the washing at home every Sunday morning.A. wash myself        B. wash dirty clothes  C. wash vegetables   D. wash everything12.   The teachers keep

91、 busy all day long.A. whole day           B. all in the day          C. the whole day      D. all their day13.   She went on and on about the weather.A. kept talking   &#

92、160;      B. talked a lot            C. went away          D. keeps talking14.   I was told that smoking would be harmful to my health.A. do harm for    &#

93、160;    B. be bad for             C. make trouble to    D. not be safe to15.   Mr Jones hardly ever speaks to his workmates.A. never           &#

94、160;      B. always                  C. sometimes           D. almost never16.   Ill hold on for another few minutes if you like.A. stand