2019-2020年高考英语虚拟语气表示法归纳与对比

1、2019-2020年高考英语虚拟语气表示法归纳与对比虚拟语气表示法是英语学习中的一个难点。但笔者认为，通过归纳与对比，英语学习者可以比较容 易地掌握这一语言现象。我们知道，按照谓语动词的不同形式，英语可分为三种语气：祈使语气(the Imperative Mood,以下简称IPM )、陈述语气(the Indicative Mood,以下简称IDM )虚拟语气(the Subjunctive Mood,以下简称 SJM )例如：IPM : ( 1 ) Shout for help if you are in danger in the lake.(2 ) Don' t touch it

2、 unless you are told to.IDM ： ( 3 ) Is your new car going OK ?(The speaker doesn ' t know but wants to know if it is going OK.)(4 ) Ican' t speak English without making mistakes.(The speaker wants to express that his / her spoken English is not good.)(5 ) She hoped her father had recovered a

3、lready.(She hoped so but she didn ' t know if her father had recovered already.)SJM : (6) How he wishes he had worked hard in his schooldays !(But he didn ' t work hard in his schooldays.)(7 ) If Tomwere here now, he would help me out of the trouble.(The speaker is very sorry that Tom isn &#

4、39; t here and that he / she can' t gethelp from him.)在IPM中，句子无主语，谓语动词只能用原形，表示吩咐、命令、请求、劝告等；在IDM中，谓语动词时态形式分为三大类，即：“过去”、“现在”和“将来”，每大类中又有几种形式：“一般”、“完成”，有时还有“进行”或“完成进行”，用来询问或陈述事实；而在SJM中，谓语动词只是用原形或“过去”的几种时态形式，用来表示怀疑、愿望、选择、建议或改变说话口气等。SJM动词be的过去式在SJM中，动词"be”的过去式任何人称与数都可用were,不过单数一、三人称也可用 was,但用wer

5、e则更常见。此外，在“ if I were you ”和“as it were ” （插入语，好象'、仿佛'）两个固定结 构中以及在表示将来不（太）可能实现的虚拟条件句谓语的其中一种表达形式“ were to + 原形动词” 中，不可用"was"替换"were"。例如：SJM： ( 8 ) I wish Iwere / was a bird and could fly to her right away. ( But I' m not abird and I can' t fly there right away.)IDM

6、: ( 9 ) She told me that shewas the secretary of the company.SJM: (10) If I were you, I would refuse her request. ( But I' m not you.)SJM:(11) He is my best friend,my second self, as it were.( But he isn ' t my second self.)IDM: (12) I had thought things would get better, but as itwas(置句首，“根

7、据这时的情况看”),they were getting worse.SJM: (13) If itwere to_rain tomorrow, the sports meet would have to be put off. ( Butit is not likely that it will rain tomorrow.)IDM:(14) If it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will have to be put off. ( It is not certainwhether it will rain tomorrow.)SJM的五种表示法虽然SJM

8、的表示法比较复杂，但只要我们对其稍加研究便不难找出其中的一些规律。概括起来,的谓语动词形式大致可归纳为以下五种。为了便于英语学习者理解、掌握与区分，以下几乎每个 句后都提供了相应的IDM例句，以供读者对比。SJMSJM例用原形动词当“may是实义动词，作“祝愿”解时，其后面的宾语从句谓语用原形动词。例如:SJM:(15) May the Congress of the Red International success!IDM:(16) We believe the Congress of the Red Internationalbe a completewill be a complete

9、 success.SJM:(17) May your dreamIDM:(18) I hope your dreamcometrue!will come true.注：在非正式英语中，可省去“ Ma，；在省去May”后，有时还可将主谓全部倒装。例如:SJM: (19) God bless you ! ( =May God bless you ! )IDM: (20) Bob loves you, you know.SJM: (21) Long live the PLA ! ( =May the PLA live long ! ) 、用过去式动词A.在would rather后的从句中。例如：S

10、JM: (22) I would rather hedidn ' t go with me next Saturday.IDM: (23) I guess hewon' t go with me next Saturday.B .在“It is/was time (that) ”后面的从句中。例如：SJM: (24) It is high time that the problemwere / was settled now.IDM: (25) It is no wonder that more saltis needed in that area.注：此句型也可用"

11、should+原形动词”表示。例如：(26) It is high time that the problem should be settled now.will, can, may 的过去式。C.为了表示说话口气婉转与和缓或更加不肯定，可使用情态动词 例如：SJM: (27) How could you be so stupid ?IDM: (28 Canyou spare me a few minutes ?SJM: (29) Wouldyou please tell me how to get to the tube ?IDM: (30) Will you please repeat

12、it ?SJM: (31) You might like to glance around my place .IDM: (32) The baby may have some fever now .三. 用“should+原形动词"(should可以省略)A.在 order / demand / require / desire / ask(要求)/ insist( 坚决要求 )/ request / advise/ suggest(建议)等动词后that引导的宾语从句中。例如：JM:(33) She requested that the doctor(should) examin

13、e her once again.DM:(34) She explained that the doctorwould examine her once again.注：1.如果以上所列动词使用被动式，其主语从句也用同样谓语动词形式表示虚拟语气。例如：SJM:(35) It was ordered that the bridge (should) be destroyed right away.2. 如果ask作"问"解、insist作“坚持(认为)"解、suggest作“暗示”、“表明”解时，其后面的宾语从句则用陈述语气。例如：SJM: (36) The man

14、ager insisted that he be told everything.IDM: (37) The manager insisted that he was right. B.在名词order, suggestion等后面的同位语从句中。例如:SJM: (38) He made the suggestion that theyshould carry on their conversation in French.iDm : (39) He made a promise that they would carry on their conversation in French .C

15、''在主句 的主语是从句"what sb. suggested / demanded等”或主句的主语是名词order,suggestion等后面的表语从句中。例如：SJM: (40) What they demanded was that the right to votebe given to every adult man.- IDM: (41) What the experiment demonstrated was that energy is required to produce a change of state.SJM:(42) The order t

16、he governor gave was that they bowbefore his hat whenever they passed.-IDM: (43) The news that is exciting the whole nation is that our teamhas won 28 goldmedals so far in Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.D . 在 "It is important / necessary / strange /unusual / natural / impossible that” 后面的主语从句中。例如：SJ

17、M: (44) It is natural that beginnersshould make some grammar mistakes while speakingEnglish.IDM: (45) It is clear that his wifeknows nothing about it .注：如果这种虚拟语气主语从句的谓语动词是说明一个正在进行的动作则用“(should ) be +现在分词”表示；如果这种虚拟语气主语从句的谓语动作或状态发生在主句谓语之前则用“ (should) have +过去分词”表示。例如：SJM:(46)It is strange that he shou

18、ld be sleeping in the room with allthe windows closed in such hot weather. ( He is sleeping inthe room with all the windows closed )SJM:(47) It is unusual that he ( should ) not have passed the exam. (He didn ' t pass the exam.)四.按其陈述语气时态形式往“过去”推移一步。(如同直接引语转为间接引语那样改变时态形式)A.在动词wish后面的宾语从句中。例如：<

19、;SJM: (48) HowI wish she knewmy phone number ! ( But she doesn' t know my phone number.) IDM:(49) I hope she knows my phone number. ( I hope so, but Idon' t know whether she knows it.)注：当动词wish是过去时态时，其后面的宾语从句的虚拟语气时态形式与陈述语气时态形式相同， 不必往“过去”推移一步。例如：/ SJM: (50) I wish she had known myphone number

20、. ( But I know she didn ' t know my phone number at that time.)SJM: (51) I wished that she knew my phone number. ( But I knew she didn ' t know my phone number at that time.)IDM: (52) I hoped that she knew my phone number. ( I hoped so, but I didn ' t knowif she knew it at that time.)B.在

21、as if / though 所引导的从句中。例如：SJM:(53) He walks as though hewere / was drunk.<(But the speaker knows that he isn ' t drunk.)IDM:(54) He walks as if hejs_ drunk.(The speaker doesn ' t know if he is drunk.)注：当主句谓语是过去时态时，as if/though从句谓语的虚拟语气时态形式与陈述语气时态形式相同，不必往“过去”推移一步。例如：SJM: (55)He walked past

22、 the pole and the soldiers as if they didn ' t exist. ( But they existed there.)IDM: (56) She looked a bit queer, as though she knew something.(But the speaker was not sure whether she knew something.)C.在“ If only”的句式中。例如：SJM : (57) If only she had had more courage !(=If she had only had more co

23、urage ! OR: I wish she had had more courage.) ( But she didn' t have enough courage.)D.在if虚拟条件从句中。例如：SJM: (58) If the carbroke down on the way to the next town, I wouldring you up for help. ( It is not likely that the car will beak down .)IDM (59) If the carbreaks down on the way to the next tow

24、n, I will ringyou up for help. ( I don ' t know whether the car will break down.)SJM: (60) If I had been less cautious, I might have been more wise.(But I was too cautious.)IDM: (61) In my childhood, my elder brother would come and help me if Iwas in trouble.注：1。对将来虚拟的if条件句谓语可以像例句(58)那样用过去式表 示，也

25、可以用"were to + 原形动词" 或"should + 原形动 词”表示：例如：SJM : (62 If we were to / should fail,we wouldn' t lose heart. ( It is not likelythat we will fail.)2 .当if虚拟条件句谓语含有should, were或had时，去掉if, 而 把should, were 或had移到虚拟条件句的主语之前。例如，例 句(60) (62)可改写为：SJM : I might have been more wise had I been l

26、ess cautious.SJM: Were we to fail ( OR : Should we fail ), we wouldn ' t lose heart.3 .在IDM中，unless引导的从句可代替if引导的否定式句，但在SJM 中，不能用unless从句代替if引导的否定式从句。例如：/ SJM: (63) I wouldn ' t write to him if he didn 1 write first( It is likely that hewill write to me first.).DM: (64) I won ' t write to

27、 him unless he writes first.=I won ' t write to him if he doesn' t write first. ( I don ' t know if h e will write to me first.)五.用 would(should)/could/might+do sth.(与现在或将来相反)/be doing sth.(与正在进行相反)/have done sth.(与过去相反)A .在明含虚拟条件从句的主句中。例如：SJM (65) Had it not been for the doctor ' s care, I should / would not be speaking to you right now.IDM: (66) I ' m speaking to you now on account of the doctor ' s care.注：1。在含有虚拟条件从句的主句中，第一人称也可用 should代替would.例如，例句