英美文学资料

1、（ 03119）复习大纲第一部分英国文学1、 课程简介本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派 ,主要作家 ; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想 ,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力， 即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。2、 课程重点章节简介：第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学1. <<贝尔武夫 >>2. 乔叟及其代表作第二章 : 文艺复兴时期1. 文艺复兴的定义2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗3. 培根的代表作第三章 : 十七世

2、纪英国文学1. 弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园 >> 、 诗剧 <<力士参孙>> 的主要内容及<<失乐园>>选短第四章 : 启蒙运动时期1.新古典主义2. 伤感主义3. 笛福及代表作4. 蒲伯及代表作第五章 : 浪漫主义时期1. 浪漫主义时期文学的特点2. 彭斯的创作特点及代表作3. 华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作4. 拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作第六章 : 维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 布朗蒂姐妹的代表作第七章 : 现代时期1. 现代主义文学2. 汤姆斯 .哈代创作特点及代表作3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作三、本课

3、程重点和难点内容简介第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学：1 <<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。2乔叟及其代表作坎特伯雷故事集对英国文学做出的贡献。3 名词解释“骑士抒情诗”第二章 : 文艺复兴时期：1. 文艺复兴时期的时间界定2. “文艺复兴” 的名词解释3. “人文主义” 的名词解释4. 莎士比亚的 “Sonnet 18的主题”5. 哈姆雷特的性格分析6. 英语解释论学习中的句子第三章 : 十七世纪英国文学：1. 英语解释弥尔顿失乐园选段中的句子2. 失乐园的主要内容和意义3. 失乐园中撒旦的人物分析第四章 : 启蒙运动时期：1. 启蒙运动时期的界定2. 新古典主

4、义的基本主张和特色3. 伤感主义的名词解释4. 鲁滨逊漂流记中鲁滨逊的人物分析5. 蒲伯的论批评的主题6. 英文解释论批评第五章 : 浪漫主义时期：1. 浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点2. 彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作 “红玫瑰 ”3. 华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的抒情歌谣集的重要意义4. 华兹华斯的诗歌特点5. 英文解释华兹华斯 “我如行云独自游” 中的句子6. 拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子7. 雪莱“西风颂” 的主题并用英语解释其中句子第六章 : 维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 艾米莉。布朗特的呼啸山庄的主题3. 夏洛特。布朗特的简。爱中简。爱的人物分析第七章 : 现代时期

5、1. 现代主义文学的特点2. 哈代的代表作及写作特点3. 劳伦斯小说的主题及人物分析四、课程内容疏理及应用领域、应用讲解方法I. Old and Medieval Period1. The Anglo-Saxon Period （5th century 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of English ）Beowulf ： It is the first long poem in English, which is considered the national epic of the English people. Although Beowu

6、lf is a national epic of the English people, but it is a story of the Scandinavians 2.The Anglo Norman Period1）The most prevailing （主要的） of literature in the feudal Englandis Romance®奇士抒情诗）.名词解释： RomanceRomance is a literature form in middle English literature means a long composition in verse

7、or prose form dealing with the life and adventures of a noble hero, generally a knight（骑士）.The knights are unfailingly devoted to the king and the church. They are commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, involving in a large amount of fighting for their lords and always encountering r

8、omantic love affairs. In romances, loyalty to king and lord is repeatedly emphasized. Romance as a form of literature, is the upper class literature.2） Geoffrey Chaucer - "thefather of English poetry ”and “thefather of English fictionHis masterpiece - Canterbury Tale is regarded as one of the m

9、onumental works in English literature.论述题：Briefly introduce the significance of Chaucer in his Canterbury Tale.(1) His contribution to English literature can be seen in two aspects:a. Realism:All kinds of people except the highest (king and the top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor laboring pe

10、ople) are represented by these 30 pilgrims. Besides being the typical representative of her or his own class, each character has her or his own individual qualities. Therefore it gives a true picture of Chaucer s time.b. Humanism:He highly praises man s energy, quick wit and love of life, thus he re

11、veals his ideas of humanism.(2) His contribution to English language:Ever since Norman Conquest, French and Latin were the languages used by the upper classes. Chaucer chose to use the London dialect of his day in his masterpiece. In doing so, he did much in making the London dialect the standard fo

12、r the Modern English speech.II 、 The Renaissance Period (14th to mid-17 th) 名词解释：means revival, especially1 、 Renaissance :The word “ Renaissancebetween the 14th and mid-17th century, revival of interest in ancient Greekand Roman culture. Renaissance,therefore, in essence,was a historicalperiod in w

13、hich the European humanist thinkers made attempts to get rideof conservatism (保守主义) in feudalist Europe and introduce newideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissa

14、nce.2 .Humanism: Humanism is both the keynote of the Renaissanceand the intellectual liberation movement, associatewith new attitude toancient Greek and Latin literature. The humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the neeew feeling of admiration for human b

15、eauty, human achievement.3 . ShakespeareHis plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romantic tragi-comedies.Shakespeare s four greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Ma1) . Hamlet,例题：论述题：What are the main themes in Shakespeare s tragedies, and

16、analysis the ch- Hamlet.( What s the themHeamoflet? Analyze the image of Hamlet.)His tagedies often portray some noble hero who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a diffult situation whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whloe nation. The heroes have some weaknesses in

17、 their characters, which finally lead their tragic falls.Shakespear puts forward the image of Hamlet as a humanist of the Renaissance. He has an unbounded love for the world, nature and man; he loves good, hates evil, an is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions, he shows a contempt for ran

18、k and wealth; he is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated; he is a scholar, soldi and statesman.His image reflects the versatility of the man of the Renaissance.His weakness is his melancholy, but in spite of his melancholy and delay in action, Ham;et still retains his active energy. His

19、 learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 1th6and 17th centuries.2) Sonnet 18It is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, the poet holds that the poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves. A nice summer

20、s day issuually short, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poety.3) Sonnet 29In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves. 记住这两首诗及注释。 例题：red

21、 such wealth brings,1. “ For thy sweet love remembThat then I scorn to change my statewith kings.1) Identify the poem and the poet.2) What does the word “ state ” mean?3) What is the poem about?Answer:1) Snonnet 29 by Shakespeare2) Throne3) In this poem, the poem first complains of his own miseries

22、and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves.4) Francis Bacon(1561 - 1626) is regarded “Fatheof English Essays ”.He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than as a basis for obt

23、aining knowledge.His works : Advancement of Learning ， The great Instauration, New Atlantics, £$52丫$论说文集)Of the 58 essaysin Essays , “OfStudy ” is the better known and widely read. In this essay, Bacon tries to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one s s

24、tudies, and alsthe effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.记熟此文的名句及注释例题： “ some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made o

25、f them by others; ”1) .What does “ curiously ” mean?2) What does “ deputy ” refer to?3) .From which essay does the above sentense come, what is the easy mainly about?Answer:1) .carefully, attentively2) .person appointed to act for another3) .This essay is from Bacon s “of studies ” . Inctohnistreies

26、say, Ba to discuss the use and abuse of studies, the proper and improper ways to pursue one s studies, and also the effect of the different kinds of studies upon human character.III. The Seventeenth CenturyI John MiltonHis major literary works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agoniste,sall

27、of which are based on the biblical legend.记熟Paradise Lost选段及注释例题： Give a brief comment on John Milton Par adsise Lost, and anaylze Satan, the hero in this poem.Answer: The poet points out at the beginning of the poem that the purpose of the epic is to“ assert eternal Providence and justify the wayso

28、f God to man. ” However, the main idea of the poem shown by the image of Satan, is a revolt against the tyranny austhority. The defiant spirit of Satan simply shows the proud and sombre political passions of the persecuted revolutionaries after Restoration. In the image of the first two human beings

29、, Adam and Eve, Milton shows his belief in the power of man, and the love between Adam and Eve voices Milton oswn enthusiasm for humanistic elements.Though the purpose of this poem is, in Miltonto “s jwusotridfys,the ways of God to man ” , yet as Satan tries to justify himself by posing as a rebel a

30、gainst tyrnny, Milton apparently unconsciously makes the devil serves as his own mouthpiece. In this part Satan tells his followers never to submit, but to fight for the bright future. The fiery utterance of Satan to his followers exposes Satan as a revolutionary who is against depression and tyrann

31、y and longing for fr eedom, and shows Milton s intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of a bourgeois revolutionary. To Milton, the proud and sobre Saton represented the rebellious spirit against unjust authority.IV. The Age of Enlightenment名词解释：1 EnlightenmentIt prevailed the whole 18 th century.

32、 Its aim was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners put great emphasis on reason, equality and science. They insisted that reason should be the only and the final cause of any human thoughts and activities. They call for order, reason

33、 and rules. Moreover, they cherished universal education as an important means of enlightening human beings. They believed that human beings were limited, imperfect, and yet capable of reason and perfection through education.2 Sentimentalism:There were the writers and poets in 18 th century who stro

34、ve for something natural and spontaneous in thought and language. In their literature creation, emotions and sentiments began to play a leading part again. An interest in nature as well as natural relations between man and man was awaken in their literature creation.3简答题What are the characteristics

35、of Neoclassicism?Answer: 书上P103。4 Daniel Defoe(1) He is regarded by many as the first true novelist, and hisRobinson Crusoehas a claim to be the first English novel.(2) The analysis of Robinson:Robinson represents the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stage of its development. He is most practical

36、and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend to his will. In describing R obinson s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labour. Labour saves Robinson from despair and is a source of pride and happiness. He toils

37、 for the sake of subsistence, and the fruits of his labour are his own. His every voyage is connected with some commercial enterprise, eg: he labours for his own existence, but as soon as a native makes his appearance, Robinson assumes the role of a master. Here lies colonialism in germ.5 Alexander

38、Pope6 “ Essay on Criticism ” is didactiIct dpeopelmor.es the depth of true taste among the critics of his time, and tells the poets and critics how to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old Greek and Roman writers: go to nature, follow the ancient critics.The excer

39、pt in our textbook is taken from the second part of the long poem “ Essayon Criticism”It .demonstrates the danger of “alittlelearning a”nd of the self-conceitednessof some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively.记熟该诗及注释。例题： those attain d, we tremble

40、to surveyThe growing labours of the lengthen way, dTh increasing prospect tires our wand ring eyes,Hills peep o er hills, and Alps on Alps1) . Identify the poem and the poet.2) . What does “ survey ” mean?3) . What does these lines imply?Answer: 1) Alexander Pope s. “ Essay on Criticism ”2).find2) I

41、t demonstrates the danger of “ alittle learning a”nd of the self-conceitedness of some people in learning and emphasizes the importance of learning intensively and extensively.V. The Romantic Period (这一章是重点章节，注意所选诗歌的注释及主题)1 .General features of Romanticism这一部分可能出论述题 或简答题 (论述题 要答约 200 个字 ， 简答题 50-80

42、个字 ) 参见书上 P171-174 。例题： How is Romanticism different from the Neoclassicism?Answer: 先 论 述 Romanticism 的 特 点 P171-174 ， 然 后 论 述 Neoclassicism 特 点 P103-105 。1) Robert Burns记熟“ Red red rose ”例题（诗歌这种形式出这样的题比较多）Till a the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun!And I will luve thee still, my

43、 dear,While the sands o life shall run. ”(1) Identify the poem and the poet.(2) Interpret the meaning of this stanza.(3) From the characteristics of this stanza, we can deduce which period it belongs to.Answer:(1) Burns “ A Red, Red Rose ”(2) The theme of it is permanent love, which itself is deep,

44、genuine and natural(3) Romanticism2) Wordsworth: the representative poet of passive romanticism, Poet Laureate桂冠诗人)of England.The publication of the“ Lyrical Ballads ” marked the break with thconventional poetical tradition of the 18 th century, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England.W

45、ordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “ Lake poets ”.记熟 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud及注释、主题“ IWandered Lonely as a Cloud ” is regarded as the mostanthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth s poetic belifs.3) Byron:(1) H

46、e created “ Byronic Hero ” in his works.(2) “The Isles of Greece ”In this poem, the poet describes Greece with deep passion. He laments her fallen state and speaks of her foreman s glory and power,brave men and heroic deeds. With strong passion he tries to arouse the Greek people psatriotic feelings

47、 so that they might rise against the Turkish invasion.记熟“The Isles of Greece 及注释4) Shelley“ Odeto the West Wind ” is one of the most prized of Shelley s shorter lyrics.In this poem, Shelly eulogizes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. T

48、he main theme of the poem is his call for political and social reform.记熟 “Ode to the West Wind 及注释”5) The major novelists of the English Romantic Period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.VI. The Victorian Period( 这一章着重于小说， 注意小说的主题是什么，主角是谁，主角的人物分析)1 .Characteristics of this age:1) an age of proseSince

49、 the wide spread of education, the number of readers has increased and it is the age of newspapers, magazines, and modern novels.Newspapers, magazines are about the world s daily life, and novelsare the most pleasant form of literature entertainment, as well as the most successful method of presenti

50、ng modern problems and modern ideals.2) an age emphasized the moral purposeThe prose seems to depart from the purely artistic standard of art forart s sake and to be actetudaby a definite moral purpose, and the novel seems to sweep away error and to reveal the underlying truth of human life. So Vict

51、orian Age is emphatically an age of realism rather than of romance, which strives to tell the whole truth, showing moral and physical diseases as they are, and holding up health and hope as the normal conditions of humanity.3) an age of doubt and pessimismBecause the scientific discovery and especia

52、lly the Evolution give people a new conception of man and of the universe, it is customary to speak of this age as an age of doubt and pessimism.2. Charles Dickens: He is one of the greatest critical realist writers of theVictorian Age.The theme of his novelsHe has a serious intention to expose and

53、criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. In his work, he attempts to call people ' s attention to the existing social problem and thus bring about some reform or amelioration.P293Oliver Twist: In this noval,Dickens gives a truthful presentation of t

54、he sufferance of the poor,and makes a complete exposure of the terrible conditions in the English workhouse of the time and the brutality and corruption of the oppressors under the mask of philanthropy.1) The BrontesCharlotte wrote The Professor and Jane Eyre, Anne wrote Agnes Grey., and Emily wrote

55、 Wuthering Heights.The analysis of Eyre:Eyre herself is Charlotte, little, long-suffering, shy, repressed, a smouldering volcano of passion beneath. This heroin represent the middle-class working woman who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being, moreover,

56、Jane maintains that woman should have equal rights with woman. The novel severely criticized the limited options open to educated but impoverished women, and the idea that women "ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags

57、." Jane's passionate desire for a wider life, her need to be loved, and her rebellious questioning of conventions, also reflectedCharlotte's own dreams. Jane is an "Ugly Duckling", who fulfills all the teenage romantic dreams of passion that breaks all obstacles.VII The 20th C

58、entury Literature1 . The major changes in attitude and technique in the modern novel:1) The public values of the Victorian novel gave way to more personally conceived notions of value, dependent on the novelist own intuitions and sensibilities rather than on public agreement.2) Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented by continuou