英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析

1、1英语词汇学教 程（2004年版） 练习答案Chapter 17. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left.a. tart: loose womanb. bloke: fellowc. gat: pistold. swell: greate. chicken: cowardf. blue: fightg. smoky: policeh. full: drunki. dame: womanj. beaver: girl8. Give th

2、e modern equivalents for the following archaic words.haply = perhapsalbeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere =before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid12. Categorize the following borrowed words intodenizens,

3、aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans.Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenuTranslation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dreamChapter 21. Why should students of English lexicology study th

4、e Indo-European Language Family?The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is madeup of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the othermembers of the Indo-European have more or less influenc

5、e on English vocabulary. Knowledge of theIndo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them moreappropriately.2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-SlavicIndo-IranianCelticItalia

6、nHellenicGermanicRoumanianHindiBretonSpanishGreekEnglishLithuanianPersianScottishFrenchSwedishPrussianIrishItalianGermanPolishPortugueseNorweigianSlavenianIcelandicRussianDanishBulgarian Dutch6. Here is a text chosen from theDeclaration of Independence.“When in the course of human events, it becomes

7、 necessary for one people to dissolve the politicalbonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate andequal station to which the laws of nature and of natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions ofmankind requires that they should dec

8、lare the causes which impel them to the separation.”Pick out all the words of Greek or Latin origin from the text and see of what origin are the words left. Whatinsight does this exercise give you with reference to the borrowings from Greek and Latin?2“When in the course of human events , it becomes

9、 necessary for one people to dissolve the political bondswhich have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equalstation to which the laws of nature and of natures Godentitle them, a decent respect to the opinions ofmankind requires that they should decl

10、are the causes which impel them to the separation .”Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. Thisshows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. Tell the different elements that make up the following

11、hybrids.eventful Latin + Englishfalsehood Latin + English saxophone German + Greek joss house Portuguese + English hydroplaneGreek + Latin pacifist Latin + Greek heirloom French + English television Greek + Latin9. Put the following French loan words into two groups, one being early borrowings and t

12、he other late ones.amateur (late)finace(late)empire (early)peace (E)courage (E)garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L) grace (E) servant (E) routine (L) jealous (E)savate(L) genre (L) gender (E) debut (L) morale (L) state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11. Match the Italian musical terms with the prope

13、r definitons. allegro, f. in fast tempo轻 快andante, j. in moderate tempo行板diminuendo, g. decreasing in volume渐 弱largo, d. in a slow statelymanner缓 慢pianoforte, a. soft and loud轻转 强alto, i. lowest singing boice for woman女低音crescendo, b. increasing in volume渐 强forte, e. loud强piano, h. soft轻soprano, c.

14、highest singing voicefor women女高音12. Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which eachhas been borrowed.cherub (Hebrew) coolie (Hindi) lasso (Sp) shampoo (Indian) tepee (Am Ind) kibitz (G) chipmunk (Am Ind)cotton (Arab) loot (Hindi) snorkel (G) tulip (Turk) wok (Ch) choco

15、late (Mex) jubilee (Gr) Sabbath (Heb)tamale (Mex)voodoo (Afr)sauerbraten (G)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources. Choose a word to fill in each space.a. A crocodile much resembles an _ in appearance.b.“To give up a young lady like that,”said Andy.“A man would have to be plumbc. Ther

16、e was a big increase this summer in the number of competitors in calf roping at the annualheldin Three Forks.d. This duke ranch we have developed has done well so far, but it promises next year to be a real,enough to make us all rich.e. Some Eskimos build a winter shelter from snow called an _ .f. T

17、he Germans perfected a type of motorized attack in the Second World War that they called a.g. The Algonquin Indian in eastern and central NorthAmerica lived in a domed3shelter they called a _ .h. Columbus in 1493 used a Carib Indian word _ to describe the small boats thenative used.i. In the West In

18、dies the local name fro a violent tropical cyclone is a _ .j. The Australian aborigines use a throwing stick that they call a _ .k.“Look like rain, boy,”sang out Luke.“Better get out your _.”a. alligator b. loco c. rodeo d. bonanza e. igloo f. blitzkrieg g. wigwam h. canoe i. hurricanej. boomerang k

19、. panchosChapter 31. Write the term in the blanks accoding to the definitions.a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ()b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a moepheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ()d. a morpheme that can stand alone ()e. a morpheme attached to a b

20、ase, stem or root ()f.an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ()g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ()h. what ratains of a word after the removalof all affies ()i.that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ()j.a form to which affixes of any kind can be ad

21、ded ()a. morpheme b. allomorph c. bound morpheme d. free morpheme e. affix f. informational affix g.derivational affix h. root i. stem j. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic stem, base individual + ist stem, base4individu + al stem, base in + dividu root, stem, baseundesirablesun + desirable st

22、em, base desir + able root, stem, base4. Organize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships.morpheme-free morpheme = free root-bound morpheme-bo und root- affix-inflectional affix- derivational affix-prefix- suffixChapter 4Affixation5. Form negatives with each of the

23、following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.non-smoker disobey immature unwillingness illogical non-athletic incapable insecurity inability/disability illegaldisloyal unofficially disagreement inconvenient impractical irrelevant6.Turn the following nouns and ad

24、jectives into verbs with-en, -ify, -ize and then choose them to fill in theblanks in the sentences that follow.harden memorize deepen lengthen fatten horrify falsify glorify intensify sympathize modernize apologizesterilize beautifya. apologized b. beautify c. lengthening d. sympathized e. fatten f.

25、 falsify g. memorizing h. Sterilize7. Each of the following sentences contains a word printed in italics. Complete the sentence by using this wordto form a noun to refer to a person.a. If you areemployedby a company, you are one of its _ .b. A _ is someone whose job ispolitics.c. The _ in a discussi

26、on are the people whoparticipatein it.d. A woman who works as a _ does the same job as awaiter.e. The person whoconductsan orchestra or choir is called the _ .f.Your _ is the person whoteachesyou.g. A _ is someone who earns their living by playing thepiano.h. If someoneexamninesyou, you are the _ an

27、d he or she is the _ .a. employee b. politician c. participant d. waitress e. conductor f. teacher g. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. Match Colume A with Colume B and give two examples for each.affix morphemederivational affixbound root prefixbound morphemefree rootinflectional affixfree morpheme5tra

28、ns- = across: transcontinental, trans-world trans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculture super- = over,above: superstructure, supernatural auto- = self: autobiography, automobile sub- = bad, badly: malpractice,malnutrition mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar pre- = before: prehistorical, pr

29、eelection ex- = former:ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding2.Analyse the following compound words and explain their internal grammatical relationship.heartbeat S + V movie-goer place + V far- reaching V + Adv lion-hearted adv + a boyfriend S +complement snap decision V + O on-coming V +adv brainwashing

30、V + O baking powder V +advdog-tired adv + a love-sick adv + a peace-loving V +O easy chair a + n tax-free adv +a light-blue a +a goings-on V +adv4. Form compounds using the following either as the first or the second element of the compound as indicatedand translate the words into Chinese.well-bred

31、/ well-behaved, needle work / homework, bar-woman / sportswoman, clear-minded /strong-minded, self-control / self-respect, water-proof / fire-proof, news-film / news-letter, sister-in-law /father-in-law, half-way / half-done, age-conscious / status-conscious, culture-bound / homebound,praiseworthy /

32、 respectworthy, nation-wide / college-wide, military-style / newstyle, budget-related /politics-related,once-fashionable/ once-powerful,mock-attack/ mock-sadness,home-baked/ home-produced,ever-lasting /ever-green,campus-based/market-based Conversion7. Pick out the words which you think are converted

33、 in the following sentences and tell how they are converted.a. We cant stomach such an insult.b. Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.c. he wolfed down his lunchd. There is no come and go with her.e. Imone of his familiars.f. Poor innocents!g. She flatted her last note.h. The engineers ahed and ou

34、ched at the new machines.i. Come to the fire and have a warm.j. Is Bill Jackson a has-been or a might-have-been?k. He Hamleted at the chance and then he regretted for it.l. These shoes were an excellent buy.m. He turned his head and smoothed back the hair over one temple.a. stomach n v b. room n v c

35、. wolf n vd. come/go v n e. familiaraTnf. innocent aTn g. flat aTnh. ah / ouch intTv i. warm aTnj. has-been / might-have- been finite vtnk. Hamlet prope r ntvl. buy vtnm. smooth atvBlendingAnalyse the blends and translate them into Chinese.motel (motor + hotel)汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence)谍报6adv

36、ertisetics (advertisement + statistics)广告 统计学psywarrior (psychological warrior)心理 战专 家hoverport (hovercraft + port)气垫 船 码头chunnel (channel + tunnel)海 峡隧道hi-fi (high + fidelity)高保真录 音设备cinemactress (cinema + actress)电 影女演 员ClippingRestore the full forms of the following words and see how these clippe

37、d words are formed.copter (helicopter)ab (laboratory)gas (gasoline)scope (telescope)sarge (sergeant)ad (advertisement)dorm (dormitory)prefab (prefabricated house)prof (professor)champ (champion)mike (microphone)tec (detective)Acronymy2. What do the short forms stand for?kg = kilogram cm = centimeter

38、 ibid = ibidem ft = foot $ = dollar etc. = et cetera cf = confer VIP = very importantperson OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries TOEFL = teaching of English as a foreignlanguage3. Choose a word from the list to fill in each of the blanks.a. There was a wide coverage of the _ talks in

39、 the press.b. There are enemy aircraft on the _ screen.c._ is still an incurable disease.d. If one knows _ language, one will find it easy to learn how to use computers.e._ has long been applied to surgery in medicine.f._ is an international agency of the United Nations which is concerned withimprov

40、ing health standards and services throughout the world.g. Passive _ listens for noises emanating from a submarine.h. The person who works for the Federal Bureau of Investigation is called a _ .a. SALT b. radar c. AIDS d. BASIC e. Laser f. WHO g. sonar h. G-man Backformation2. Give the original words

41、 from which the following words are back-formed. lase (laser) escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) orate (orator) commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper NamesStudy the following sentences and pick out the words which used to be proper names and explain themeanings in relation

42、to their origins.a. tantalizeTantalusb. Argus-eyedArgusc. narcissismNarcissus7d. sabotagesabotse. martinetMartinetf. yahooYahoog. ShylockShylockh. hooveringHooveri. utopiaUtopiaj. Uncle TommismUncle TomChapter 56. Match the words in Colume A with those in Colume B.A Bapesbcattlemdovescgeesekwolvesgp

43、igslturkeysdbirdsacricketnfoxesjsheepfmonkeysehyenashswansi9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positiveassociations with“atomic”, such as“benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at th

44、e end of World War II, might haveall the negative associations with“atomic”, such as“suffering,killing, death, horror, etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics,“atomic”might be associated with“mystery, science, knowledge”,etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neu

45、tral) articulate: expressing oneselfeasily and clearly (positive) gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative) rambling:talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively(positive) mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in

46、 a rude way (negative)11. NoAppreciativeNeutralPejorative1particularfastidious / fussy82criticalfault-finding / picky3style/voguefad4artfulcunning / sly5unstablefickle / capricious6developingunderdeveloped /backward7encourage / promoteinstigate8groupclique / gang914. bull -HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + BOV

47、INEcow -HUMAN -MALE + ADULT + BOVINE calf -HUMAN + MALE - ADULT + BOVINErooster -HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINEhen -HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINEchicke n -HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE-HUMANbullcowcalf+BOVINEroosterhenchicke n+GALLINE+ MALE-MALE+ADULTChapter 6Polysemyboardapiece of timbertabledi ning

48、 tablecouncil tableeno ugh money for ones n eeds”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonymsmeatandmeetto make a pun .It makes a proper an swer to the ladys questi on. (1)Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make bothends meet (If they

49、 made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn eno ugh money tosurvive.) (2) Don t compla in. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages withbread.2)Swallowis a bird which is see n in summer. But by oneswallowwe see, we cannotdeduce that it is

50、 already summer time.Swallowcan also mea n a mouthful of wine. Ona cold win ter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3)Armshas two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since“a cannon balltook off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he“laid down his arms”, which m

51、eans“surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyema ncipate: set free customary: usual width: breadth adversary: opp onent gullible: deceived rema in der:residueinnocent: sinl essobstacle: obstructionvexation: annoyance5. a. identifiab

52、lefood served at the table;meal supplied by the week or monthcouncilors;commmake both ends meetwhich mea ns“have10b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestigeh. perspirei. accomplishmentj. silentk. impressivel. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. steadb. gee-geec

53、. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, childrenh. tired, kidsi. declinedj. refusedk. rancidl. addledm. Penaltiesn. fineso. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar / sameb. safec. sharp / smartd. sende. stingy / selfishf. significant / sensibleg. skeptical / suspicioush. simplei. surej. s

54、lipshod / slovenly / sloppyk. sleepiness / sleep / slumberl. smoothm. subjective11n. sob / scowl6. a. old-fashionedb. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocenth. rigidi. loosenj. clarityk. desertedl. fruitfulm. peremptoryn. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feedstarve, cold-feve

55、rb. wisdomfolliesc. hasteleisured. pennypound, wisefoolishe. speechsilencef. absencepresenceg. admonishpraiseh. youngoldi. wise menfools saintdevilj. mindbodyk. foulfairl. dangersecuritym. deliberate-promptn. childrenparentso. bullycowardp. headtail8. rightwrong drysweet strongfaint lightdark highlow / deep privatepublic singlereturnhardeasy roughcalm coldwarm12Hyponymy3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedblanket6. In Sentence 1,got, furniture, recentlyare superordinates because they are general and convey avery vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively b