云南财经大学英语思辨复习资料

1、UnitlPart 11. Criticalthinkinginvolvesthinkingaboutthinking2. Theavailabilityheuristicinvolvesunconsciouslyassigningaprobabilitytoatypeofeventbasedonhowoftenonethinksofeventsofthattype.3. Anissuesimplyraisesaquestion.4. Thepartofanargumentthatprovidesareasonforacceptingtheotherpartiscalledthepremise

2、.5. Ageneralruleweunconsciouslyfollowinestimatingprobabilitiesiscalledaheuristic.Part 21. Theconclusionofanargumentiswhatthepremisesupposedlysupportsordemonstrates.2. Thetendencytoweighnegativeevidencemoreheavilythanpositiveevidenceiscalledanegativitybias.3. A(n)argumentpresentsaconsiderationforacce

3、ptingaclaim.4. Assumingthatsocietyingeneralsharestheviewsheldbyusandthepeopleweknowisthefalseconsensuseffect.Part 31. “PresidentLincolnwasthefinestU.S.Presidentinhistory”isanobjectiveclaim.(F)2. Whetheranobjectiveclaimistrueorfalsedependsonwhetherpeoplethinkitistrueorfalse.(F)3. Criticalthinkingshou

4、ldincludebiasesoremotions.(F)4. Experiencedphilosophersorotherspecialistsintheirfieldsrarelymakemistakesinreasoning.(F)Part 41. Educatedguessesorrulesofthumbareoftencalledheuristics2. Emotion,greed,andbiasareallfactorsthatcanunderminecriticalthinking.3. Whataretheultimateobjectivesofthinkingcritical

5、ly?(Checkallthatapply.)(C,D)A.TomakevisedecisionsB.TocometocorrectconclusionsC.TomakehastygeneralizationD.Todevelopadversarythinking4. AllDobermansaredogs.Somedogsliketobark.ThereforesomeDobermansliketobark.Thetendencytoacceptthisargumentatfirstglancemaybedueto.(D)A.self-servingbiasB.negativitybiasC

6、.confirmationbiasD.beliefbias5. Thisbiasispresentwhenmostmembersofagroupthinktheyarebetteratsomethingthanmostothermembersofthegroup.(A)A.Better-than-averageillusionB.FundamentalattributionerrorC.BeliefbiasD.Bandwagoneffect6. Whatbiasisineffectwhenyouassumethatthecandidatewhosenameyouseethemostofteni

7、sprobablythemostpopularcandidate?(B)A.ObediencetoauthorityB.AvailabilityheuristicC.MajorityrulesD.BandwagoneffectPart 51. Anargumentconsistsof,atminimum,B.A.aconclusionB.onepremiseandaconclusionC.twoormorepremisesandconclusionD.apremise2. Whataretheultimateobjectivesofthinkingcritically?(Checkalltha

8、tapply.)(A,D)A.TocometocorrectconclusionsB.TodevelopadversarythinkingC.TomakehastygeneralizationsD.Tomakewisedecisions3. Suzanneis99%certainmostofhertestanswersarecorrect.Inreality,mostofheranswersarenotcorrect.WhattypeofbiasmightSuzannebedemonstrating?(A)A.OverconfidenceeffectB.PoorestimationC.Beli

9、efbias4. CharlesandhiscolleagueMikeschildrenattendclassesatthesameschool.Charlesbelievesthathischildrensexceptionalperformanceatschoolisduetotheirsuperiorintelligence.Healwaysattributestheiroccasionalfailurestobadluck.Ontheotherhand,hebelievesthatMikeschildrenachievehightestscoresduetosheerluckandte

10、ndstoattributetheirfailurestoapossiblelackofhardworkanddedication.Whichofthefollowingisillustratedinthisscenario?(A)A.In-groupbiasB.AvailabilityheuristicC.BandwagoneffectD.Selectionbias5. AcriticalthinkertriestoB.A.overstateconclusionsB.evaluateargumentsC.understateconclusionsD.persuadeanaudience6.

11、Afterseeinganumberofreportsconcerningsharkattacks,youdecidenottovisitthebeachforspringbreak.Whichcognitivebiasisatplay?(C)A.In-groupbiasB.BandwagoneffectC.AvailabilityheuristicPart 61. Thisisthetendencytocarryoutordersfromasuperiorwithoutquestion.A.NegativityBiasB.BandwagoneffectC.Fundamentalattribu

12、tionerrorD.Obediencetoauthohty2. ThemethodusedtocometocorrectconclusionsistoevaluateourthinkingbystandardsofB_.A.informationaltheoryB.logicandcommonsenseC.statistics,history,andresearch3. Whattypesofargumentsshouldyouavoid?(A)A.Weak,invalidandirrelevantB.Strong,invalid,andrelevantC.Weak,valid,andrel

13、evantD.Strong,valid,andrelevant4. Cistheideathatifapersonthinkssomethingismorallywrong,thenitismorallywrongforthatpersonandhe/shedoesnotneedtoconsideranyfurthertruth.A.MoralabsolutismB.MoralobjectivismC.Moralsubjectivism5. Whatistheresultofexpressingabelief,judgment,oropinioninadeclarativesentence?

14、A. A claim Unit 2(A)B. A questionC. An exclamationParti1. Everyargumentmusthaveatleastonepremiseandaconclusion2. Whenthereisanunstatedpremise,youshouldusethecontextandcontenttoclarifyiftheargumentisdeductiveorinductive.3. Whenthepremisesofavalidargumentaretrue,thentheargumentissound.4. Themoresuppor

15、tthepremiseprovidestotheconclusionofaninductiveargument,thestrongertheargument.Part 21. Whichoftheseisanargument?(B)A.Iamagreatthinker.B.Ithink.ThereforeIam.C.IbelievethatIexist2. Whatarethetwopartsofanargument?(B)A.StatementandconclusionB.PremiseandconclusionC.PremiseandreasoningD.Premiseandstateme

16、nt3. S)newasoutlatelastnightwhichledto2)herbeingoverlytiredthismorning.3)So,shewontshowupforclass.Howwouldyoumapthis?A.1-2-3B.2-1-3C.3-2-14. Trueorfalse:Commonsenseandbackgroundknowledgeareimportantcomponentsofcriticalthinking.(B)A.FalseB.TruePart 31. “Thefinancialcostofthedeathpenaltyislessthatofli

17、feinprison.Also,itdoesnotdetercrime.Whatisneededtomakethisintoanargument?(A)A.AconclusionB.Apremise(C)(A)This is an example ofWhat is2. Whichwordorwordsindicateaconclusionisabouttofollow?A.HoweverB.ThereasonisC.Consequently3. Whichofthesewordsindicatesapremise?(B)A.ThereforeB.SinceC.ConsequentlyD.He

18、nce4. Whichtypeofpersuasionreliesoninformationorarguments?A.LogosB.PathosC.Ethos5. “Ihavetovoteforhim.Heisfrommyhometown.(A)A.EthosB.PathosC.LogosPart 41. TheconclusionofanargumentisalsocalledtheA.A.thesisB.answerC.argumentD.premise2. Haroldisatwin.Therefore,Haroldhasasibling.theunstatedpremise?(A)A

19、.Alltwinshavesiblings.B.Haroldisnotanonlychild.3. Inadeductiveargument,thepremisesB_theconclusion.A.supportB.demonstrate4. Whattypeofreasoninginvolvesweighingconsiderationsfororagainstmakingacertaindecision?(D)A.RationalAdjudicationB.InferencetotheBestExplanationC.CommonSenseD.Balanceofconsideration

20、s5. Thistypeofreasoningcomparesalternativehypothesestofindtheonewiththebestpredictiveaccuracy.(B)A. CommonSenseExplanationB. InferencetotheBestExplanationC.BalanceofConsiderationsPart51. ThefirstandessentialstepinunderstandinganargumentistoA.A.spottheconclusionB.identifythepremiseC.determinewhetheri

21、tistrueD.determinewhetheritisvalid2. Amoviecanbeconsideredasa/an:(A)A.noneoftheoptionsB.conclusionC.argumentD.premise3. Identifyatruestatementaboutpremises.(A)A. Theyareabsentinapieceofpurerhetoric.B. Allthepremisesbeingusedtojustifyaconclusionmustbestatedexplicitly.C. Allthepremisesbeingusedtojusti

22、fyaconclusionmustbecommonlyknowntruths.D.Theyareabsentinanargument4. Trueorfalse:Anif-thenphrasecanbeconsideredanargumerA.TrueB.False5. Inaninductiveargument,whenthepremisesdonotadequatelysupporttheconclusion,theargumentisC_.A.invalidB.unsoundC.weakPart61. AnargumentissoundB_theargumentisvalidandthe

23、premisesaretrue.A.generallywhenB.ifandonlyif2. Adeductiveargument(B)A. triestosupporttheconclusion.B. provesordemonstratestheconclusion.3. Whenthinkingcritically,“argumentm(BnsA.aviolentconflictB.attempttosupportorprovesomething.C.aheatedexchange4. Whichlistofwordsindicateaconclusionwillfollow?(A)A.

24、 Accordingly,consequently,thereforeB. Giventhat,because,sinceC. Accordingly,because,thereforeD. Hence,giventhat,because5. “IhavenallergicreactiontonutssoIcouldnetatthecake.Further,Idontlikechocolate.Hence,Iskippeddessert.Whatwordindicatedtheconclusion?A.SoB.HenceC.FurtherUnit3Parti1. Awordorphraseth

25、athasmultiplemeaningsisambiguous2. Syntacticambiguityresultswhenthereisastructuralproblemintheclaim.3. A(n)analyticaldefinitionspecifiesthefeaturesathingmusthaveinorderforthetermbeingdefinedtoapplytoit.4. Adefinitionbyexampleisalsocalleda(n)ostensivedefinition.5. Semanticambiguityariseswhenawordorph

26、rasehasmorethanonemeaning.Part21. Whenwritinganessay,youshouldstrivetobeAinyourtreatmentofthetopic.A.completeB.biasedC.haphazard2. Identifytheprinciplesofpersuasivewriting.(Checkallthatapply.)A. Personalconsiderationsshouldbeincludedinthediscussion.B. Strongestargumentsshouldbepresentedfirst.C. Ever

27、ylastcriticismofonepositionshouldberefuted,evenifspaceortimeislimited.D. Ifanopponentsargumentisgood,oneshouldconcedethatitisgood.3. Whatprincipleisinvolvedwhenensuringthatallpointsinanessaypertaintotheissueunderdiscussion?(C)A.OutliningtheessayB.LogicalsequencingC.Stickingtotheissue4. Whichofthefol

28、lowingisacomponentofanargumentativeessay?A. RhetoricalflourishestoaddinterestB. Rebuttalofargumentsthatsupportcontrarypositions5. “Secretariemakemoremoneythanphysicians.Joesthisclaimsufferfromgroupingambiguity?(A)A.YesB.No6. AgooddefinitionstrivestobeC.A.PersuasiveB.ConvincingC.NeutralPart31. Whicho

29、fthefollowingisnotavagueterm?(D)A.SpicyB.PassionateC.HotD.100C2. Whataresomeoftheemotionsthatcanariseduetoavagueclaim?A.AnnoyanceB.FrustrationC.AngerD.Alloftheabove3. ThesecrettogoodwritingisC.A.persuasionB.verbosityC.revisionD.ambiguity4. Whenanissueisburiedwithinahistoricalordescriptivediscussion,

30、whattypeoferroriscommitted?(A)A.GlancingblowB.Kneejerkreaction5. Whenwritingyourintroduction,whatshouldyoutrytoavoid?(B)A.AthesisstatementB.AwindypreambleC.Athoroughstatementofthetopic6. Whatprinciplerequiresthatallpointsinanessayareclarifiedinanorderlyfashion?(A)A.LogicalsequencingB.Stickingtotheis

31、suePart41. “AaronsawBenafterhisBarMitzvah.Whattypeofambiguityisthis?(A)A.PronounreferenceB.Noambiguity2. ADdefinitioniswhatisusuallyfoundinadictionary.A.precisingB.persuasiveC.stipulativeD.lexical3. Inthecase,the“defendantwillrefertoProfessorPlum.Whattypeonfdefinitthis?(C)A.RhetoricalB.LegalC.Stipul

32、ative4. Whatisthepurposeofrhetoricaldefinitions?(A)A.PersuadeB.DefineC.Stipulate5. A(n)Creferstogivinganotherwordorphrasethatmeansthesameasthetermbeingdefined.A.analyticaldefinitionB.lexicaldefinitionC.definitionbysynonymD.definitionbyexample6. “WhenIspeakofanimals,Imreferhinmannonmals.Whpetofdefini

33、tionisthis?(C)A.LexicalB.AnalyticalC.PrecisingPart51. Whenanauthorfailstoorganizethoughtsintheessay,whattypeofproblemcanarise?(C)A.BurdenofproofB.LengthypreambleC.Streamofconsciousness2. Whatisnotacomponentofanargumentativeessay?(A)A.Emotionallychargedclaims.B.Arebuttalofcounterclaims.C.Astatementof

34、theissue.3. Whatarepossibleexplanationsastowhyapassagemightbeunclear?(D)A.IncorrectworduseB.VaguelanguageC.IntentionallyabstruseD.Alloftheabove4. Trueorfalse:Takingabreakfromanessayisoftenagoodwaytocatchproofreadingerrors.(A)A.TrueB.False5. “Theparentsscoldedthechildrenandtheyscreamedalot.Whattypeof

35、ambiguisthis?(B)A.GroupingB.PronounreferenceC.Modifyambiguity6. Whichismoregeneral?(A)A. SuelivesinalargebluehouseB. Suelivesinathreestorybluehouse.Unit4Parti1. Sometimespowerfulhopesanddesiresinfluenceourjudgmentwhenweengageinwishfulthinking.2. Conditionsthatmayundermineourabilitytotrustourownobser

36、vationsasasourceoftruthcanbephysicalormental.3. Aclaimthatcomesfromthemostauthoritativesourcemaystillbewrong.4. Backgroundknowledgeisacrucialpartofbecomingacriticalthinker.Part21. AsourcesexpertiseshouldbedirectlyrelatedtOsthee.2. AsourcesaccomplishmentsarerelevanttohisoeXeertiseiftheys interestsdac

37、oncerns are atarerelatedtothequestionathand.3. Itistooeasytoloseobjectivitywhenonestake.4.Becauseourhopesandexpectationscanaffectourperceptions,wemustmonitortheirabilitytoaffecttheaccuracyofourobservations.Part31. Simplybeingtaller,speakinglouder,orseemingmoreassertivecanoftenmakeapersonappearmorecr

38、edible.(T)2. Credibilityisanall-or-nothingfeature;aclaimeitherhasitoritdoesnt.(F)“,3. Aclaimthatfitswithourbackgroundinformationislikelytobeassignedalowerdegreeofinitialplausibilitythanonethatdoesnotfitaswell.(F)4. Thecontentofaclaimcanbejudgedindependentlyofwhereitcamefrom.(F)Part41. Identifytheirr

39、elevantfeaturesthataresometimesusedojudgeapersonscredibility.(Checkallthatapply.)(C,D,E,F,G)A.EducationalqualificationsB.ExperienceC.AgeD.AccentE.EthnicityF.GenderG.Mannerisms2. BeliefsbasedonourobservationsareonlyasgoodasourB_A.Abilitytointerpretourobservations.B.Memory.C.Abilitytoarticulateourobse

40、rvations3. Therearetwogroundsforsuspicionwhencredibilityistheissue.Whatarethey?(D)A.TheclaimandyourownintuitionB.TheclaimandyourreactionC.CommonsenseandthemediaD.Theclaimitselfanditssource4. Whichoftheseisnotusuallyanimportantfactorinasourcecredibility?(A)A.AppearanceB.ReputationC.PositionD.Educatio

41、n5. Whichisgenerallytrueoftalkradiohosts?(D)A. TheyoftenlieB. TheydonotdocumentassertedfactsC. TheydontpresentinterestingnewD. TheyoftenreflectapoliticalideologyPart51. ThelargebodyofjustifiedbeliefswehaveaccumulatedfromourobservationsandfrominformationreceivedfromothersisourC.A.expertiseB.foundatio

42、nalinformationC.backgroundknowledgeD.intellectualheritage2. Weshouldbeskepticalofaclaimitselfwhenacredibilityproblemispresentedbyits_C.A.vaguenessB.forcefullanguageC.content3. Whichoftheseisthemostimportantfactorinconsideringawebsitescredibility?(A)A. WhoarethesourcesbehinditsinformationB. Howmanype

43、opleaccessitdailyC. HowlongithasbeeninexistenceD. Whatcompaniessupportitwiththeirmoney4. Whichofthesesourcesisdedicatedtofactchecking?(C)A.TheEconomistB.CNNC.SD.WallStreetJournal5. Whichistrue?(B)A. Themajormetropolitannewspapersareteemingwithfactualerrors.B. Themajormetropolitannewspaperssometimesm

44、akemistakeinreporting.C. Themajormetropolitannewspapersnevermakemistakeinreporting.Part61.Accordingtothetext,aclaimlacksinherentcredibilitywhenitconflictswithanyofthreethings.Whichoftheseisnotoneofthosethreethings?(D)A. OthercredibleclaimsB. WhatwehaveourselvesobservedC. OurbackgroundinformationD. T

45、hebeliefsofpeoplewelikeandadmire2. WhichofthesewouldprobablyNOTnegativelyinfluenceourobservationsandrecollectionsofanevent?(B)A.TirednessB.AttentionC.DistractionD.Emotions3. Whichoneoftheseprofessionsoftencarriesanegativebiasduetoanunkemptappearance?(B)A.PoliticianB.ArtistC.LawyerD.Doctor4. Whichone

46、oftheseisnotagoodreasonforstereotypestobeignoredwhenjudgingaperson?(A)A. TheyprovidebackgroundinformationB. TheycreateaninitialbiasC. TheycreatefalsereputationsD. Theycloudpossiblegoodjudgment5. Conservativesaccusethenewsmediaofhavingwhatkindofaslant?A.ModerateB.LiberalC.AtheistD.Religious6. Whatper

47、centofthecommentsfromprofessionalwebsiteevaluatorsarefocusedonawebsitesvisualdesign?(B)A.Morethan80%B.Lessthan20%C.Morethan50%Unit5Part11 .Aeuphemismisaneutralorpositiveexpressionusedinplaceofanexpressionthatusuallyhasnegativeassociations.2 .A(n)innuendoisasubtleorindirectderogatoryremarkthatisoften

48、maskedwithpositivephrasing.3 .Astereotypeisaculturalbelieforidea,usuallysimplifiedorexaggerated,aboutasocialgroupsattributes.4 .Aproofsurrogatesuggeststhereisevidenceforaclaimbutdoesnotactuallycitetheevidence.Part21. Adysphemismisanegativeexpressionusedinplaceofanexpressionthatusuallycarriespositive

49、associations.2. Hyperboleisoverstatementorexaggeration3. Arhetoricalanalogylikensonethingtoanotherinordertomakeoneofthemappearbetterorworsethantheother.4. Anexplanationusedtoexpressandinfluenceattitudesisa(n)rhetoricalexplanation.Part31. Aslanterisarhetoricaldevicethatgivesaclaimapositiveornegativec

50、onnotation.2. Thetechniqueofrepetitionmakesthesamepoint,overandoveragain,todrivehomeapoint.3. Ademagogueusesextremerhetoricandpropagandatoargueforfalseideasandpreposteroustheories.4. Rhetoricisusedtopersuadewhilelogicisusedtodemonstrateaclaimorsupportaclaim.Part41. Whichofthefollowingfallaciesisarhe

51、toricaldevice?(C)A.FalsedichotomyB.ArgumentumadBaculumC.HyperboleD.SlipperySlope2. “Capitalpunishmentisthejustpunishmentofaheinouscrime.Whattypeofdefinitionisthis?(A)A.RhetoricalB.HyperboleC.AnalogyD.Lexical3. “AndyvotedfromSenatorAbadiscauseeveryoneatthecountryclubsupportedAbadandAndyfollowsthecrow

52、d.Whattypeofrhetoricaldeviceisthis?(A)A.RhetoricalexplanationB.RhetoricaldefinitionC.AdhominemD.Rhetoricalanalogy4. Whatdowecallthepowerwordsorexpressionsthatelicitvariouspsychologicalandemotiveresponses?(A)A.RhetoricalforceB.EthosC.LogosD.Criticalforce5. Whencandidatessaturatetheairwaveswithcampaig

53、nadvertisements,thetechniquetheyareusingisknownasA.A.RepetitionB.RhetoricalanalogyC.IngroupbiasD.HyperbolePart51. Whatisarhetoricaldevicethatisawordorphrasewitheitherapositiveornegativeconnotation?(C)A.WeaselerB.LogosC.SlanterD.Bias2. Whichoftheseismockery?(C)A.PigsnortB.CowtowC.Horselaugh3. “Whowas

54、themostinfluentialcomposerofthe20thnCury?FewexpertswillsayitwasAlbanBerg.Whattypeofrhetoricaldeviceisthis?(D)A.RhetoricalexplanationB.RepetitionC.RhetoricalanalogyD.Proofsurrogate4. Whichrhetoricaldeviceinsinuatesorusesthepowerofsuggestiontosaysomethingnegativeaboutsomeoneorsomething?(D)A.AdhominemB

55、.DysphemismC.PerjuryD.Innuendo5. Whatisthesourceofthepersuasivepowerofrhetoric?(B)A.LogicB.PsychologyC.Neurophysiology6. Whatisasynonymforrhetoricalforce?(B)A.CriticalthinkingB.EmotivemeaningC.LogicalanalysisPart61. Trueorfalse:Stereotypesareallnegative.(B)A.TrueB.False2. Whichofthefollowingisadysph

56、emismforsomeoneoldinage.A.MatureB.DinosaurC.AdvancedinyearsD.Elder3. “Ihaveamountainofhomeworktodo.Whattypeofrhetoricaldeviceisthis?(A)A.HyperboleB.HorselaughC.EuphemismD.Innuendo4. “PresidentObamaisjustlikeAbrahamLincolninhisleadershipstyle.Whatrhetoricaldeviceisthis?(D)A.RhetoricaldefinitionB.Rhet

57、oricalexplanationC.RhetoricalcomparisonD.Rhetoricalanalogy5. “Capitalpunishmentisthejustpunishmentofaheinouscrime.Whattypeofdefinitionisthis?(C)A.AnalogyB.LexicalC.RhetoricalD.Hyperbole6. Whichofthefollowingisaeuphemismforoverweight?(B)A.ObeseB.FullfiguredC.ChunkD.FattyUnit6Part11. Mistakesinreasoningarecalledfallacies.2. Anargumentthatissupportedbyappealstopersonalf