英语定语从句的结构和用法

1、英语定语从句的结构和用法一. 概念定义、位置、译法关于定语从句的概念，要掌握其定义、位置和译法等。定义 在复合句中，用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。位置 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放于所修饰的先行词 之后。即先行词+定语从句。译法 含有定语从句的英语句子，译成汉语时大多把定语从句译为“的放于所 修饰的名词或代词之前，融汇于整个复合句中；但在一些非正式的说法中也可 以把定语从句单独译成一句话，尤其是见于非限制性定语从句。例如：1This is the black pen that he likes very much.可译为：这就是他非常喜欢的那支黑色钢笔。或译为：这

2、就是那支黑色钢笔，他非常喜欢它。2My brother, whom you e met before, is a policeman.我的兄弟是一个警察，你以前曾经见过他。二. 结构定语从句就像其它曾从句一样，一般都是陈述句结构。即：关系代词或关系副词+主语+谓语v. +其它说明：当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，定语从句的结构那么变为：关系代词即主语+谓语v. +其它。三. 关系代词关系副词位置、分类、作用、选择、转换、省略、译法关于定语从句的关系词，要掌握其位置、分类、作用、选择、转换、省略和译法等。位置 关系词一般是放于定语从句的开头。见上面例句中的that和who。分类关系词可分为关系代词

3、和关系副词2大类。见下表。作用 关系词作用有2个：引导定语从句连接主句和从句；代替先行词作定语从 句的一个成分。各关系词的具体用法如下：关系词在定语从句的作用who指人；作主语或宾语关 系 代whom指人；作宾语whose指人或指物作定语词that指人或指物；作主语或宾语which指物；作主语或宾语关where表地点；作地点状语系副词whe n表时间；作时间状语why表原因；作原因状语选择 因为关系词实质上就是代替先行词的词，因此关系词的选择依据是先行词，即 根据先行词指人、指物，还是表地点、时间、原因；逻辑上在定语从句中 作何成分。见下表：指人、指物，还是表地点、时间、原因关系词先行词逻辑上

4、在定语从句中作何成分-具体例子见第四局部各例句。转换关于关系词的转换问题见第五局部的规定(主要指关系副词和关系代词的转换)。省略关于关系词的省略问题见第三局部的规定译法引导定语从句的关系词一般不可按照字面翻译！一般不需要译出！(有时也可结合先行词和定语从句翻译。)见第四局部各例。四各关系代词和关系副词的用法举例1) Who the man ( whom/that ) we saw just now ?2) The man who/that works in the office is a math teacher?3) Mary is the student whose handwriting

5、 is the best in our class.4) The desk whose leg is broke n is Jim desk.5) This is the student whose bike Tom borrowed.比拟： This is the student whom/that Tom borrowed the bike from .6) A bookshop is a shop that/which sells books . 比拟： A bookshop is a shop where books are sold.7) I never forget the day

6、s when I studied there.比拟：I never forget the days that/which were exciting .=I ll never forget the exciting days.8) I want to go to a place where the weather is warm.比拟：I want to go to a place that is warm .= I want to go to a warm place.9) We want to know the reason why he helps us.比拟： We want to k

7、now the reason that/which is right .=We want to know the right reason.五值得注意的问题定语从句的时态和主句的时态可以不一致，即定语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制(这与宾语从句不同)。例如上述第四局部例1)。又如：The man you sawyesterday will come here aga in tomorrow.关系代词 whom、which、that在定语从句中作宾语时才可省略，作主语时不可省 略！其它关系词一般不可省略！见第四局部的例子。关系代词 whom、which作定语从句中介词的宾语时， 有时介词可提到 w

8、hom、which之前。 而关系代词 who (代替whom )、that也可作定语从句介词的宾语，但介词却不可提到who、that之前。例: 1) Who is the man (whom/who/that) you talked with just now?=Who is the man with whom(who X ,that X ) you talked just now ?2) The room (which/that) she lives 吐 is a large one.=The room in. which(that X ) she lives is a large one.

9、关系代词 who、that、which在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词在人称和数上要和先行词一致，而不是和关系代词一致!(因为关系词实质上就是代替先行词的词)例：1) I know the girl who/that is singing .比拟：I know the girls who/that are singing .2) In the river, there is a boat that/which look like a goose .比拟：In the river, there are some boats that/which look like geese定语从句中要

10、防止出现与先行词、关系词在意义和作用上重复的成分。例：1) This is the book ( that ) I like L x2) This is the man who/that he. helped me. x3) This is the man whose his name is Bob. x也不可说：This is the man that his name is Bob . x(关系词选错了，不 该用that。)说明：以上三个例子去掉划线的词就正确了。定语从句一般都是紧挨着先行词之后，但有时在先行词和定语从句之间也会插入其他成分。这种情况往往在插入的成分和定语从句之间用逗号隔开

11、。要注意理解。例: 1) There are many thousands of stars in the sky, that are(is x)like the sun.2) 比拟： There are many nice pictures in the book, that I like.在那本书里有许多我喜欢的漂亮图片。丰 There are many nice pictures in the book that I like .在那本我喜欢的书里有许多漂亮图片。关系代词that与which指物时的比拟指物时两者常可通用，但以下情况不可以换用：1.先行词为 all, someth in

12、g(a nything, everyth ing, nothin g), few, little, many, much, one of等不定代词时，常只可用that。例：1) That all ( that ) I know .2 ) Is there anything ( that ) I can do for you ?3 ) This is one of the prese nts ( that ) my friends gave me on my birthday.2 .先行词被 only、no、any、few、little、many、much、all、just、very 等修饰时，

13、多用that)例: 1) The only thing ( that ) we can do is to wait .2) In the book, there are no stories that are exciting .3 .先行词是序数词、adj.最高级时，或者先行词被序数词、adj.最高级修饰时，常只用that)例: 1) The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.2) This is the most interesting book ( that ) I have read .4 .先行词既有人又有物时，只

14、可用 that)例: The writer and his book that you talked about is really well-known.5.非限制性定语从句不可用that引导，只可用which (指人时，用who或whom )。见第六局部。关系副词与关系代词的转换(这实质上是也是属于先行词的选择问题)关系代词和关系代词一般是不能直接转换的，但有时可以间接转换。例: 1) This is the house ( that/which ) he lives in.=This is the house in which he lives .=This is the house w

15、here he lives.2) I ll never forget the day when they came here.=1 never forget the day on which they came here.3) This is the reason why he is often late.=This is the reason for which he is often late .小结：关系副词(when、where、why)=介词 +关系代词 which 定语从句与adj.、分词、短语作定语的转换情况 定语从句有时常可与adj.、分词、短语作定语转换。例: 1) Ever

16、y one likes books that are in teresti ng .=Everyone likes interesting books.2) The boy who is running is Jim.=The running boy is Jim.3) The boy who is running on the playground is Jim.=The boy running on the playground is Jim.4) The girl who is under the tree is Lucy.=The girl under the tree is Lucy

17、.六. 定语从句的分类根据和主句的关系，定语从句可分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，起着修饰限制作用。如果去掉，主句的意思就会受到影响，它和主句的关系密切， 一般不可用逗号与主句隔开。 非限制性定语从句 是先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，不会影响主句的意思。它和主句之间常用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句译成汉语时常常可单独译成一句话。例: 1) This is the best movie that I have seen.这是我看过的最好的一部电影。比拟： Last night, I saw a good movie, which(that X ) w

18、as about Lei Feng .昨天晚上，我们看了一部电影。这部电影是关于雷锋的故事。2) She has a brother who/that is a policeman .她有一个当警察的哥哥。(她可能不止有一个哥哥)比拟： She has a brother, who(that X)is a policeman.她有一个哥哥，(他)是当警察的。(她只有一个哥哥)【注】非限制性定语从句不可用that引导，指人时 who, whom，指物用which。而且who(m), which作宾语时不可省略(见第一局部例2)。两种定语从句的译法常常不同。七. 定语从句与同位语从句的比拟：类别作用被修饰的词引导词定语 从句修饰限定逻辑上充当从句的 一个成分引导定语从句从的引导词有who,whom,whose,that,which,where,when,why 等8个，而且关系代词有时可以省略。同位语 从句说明内容逻辑上不充当从句 的任何成分引导同位语从句的引导词只有that (不能用which), when, where, which 等 4个，而且没 有省略的情况。例： 1