英语初高中衔接专题汇总

1、初高中英语衔接专题一：名词考点集汇，讲解和训练【名师点睛】1 .单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾F构成，其主要变法如下：(1) 一般情况在词尾加-s,例如：booQbooks,girl-girlsboyfboy§penfpens,doctor-doctors(2)以s,x,ch,sh,结尾白词加-es,例如:busfbuse§classfclassesboxfboxe§watchfwatche§brush-blushes(3)以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orangeorangey（4）以辅音

2、母加y结尾的词变一yifei再加-es,例如：cityfcities,factoryffactories,countryfcountries,familyffamilies注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只力口s,如：bo尸boys,day-days（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero-heroes,potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-so例如：zo»zoos,radioradios还有某些外来词也只加-s,例如：photonphotos,pianofpianos。（6）以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-

3、es,例如：knifefknivegleaffleaves,half-halves复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法如下表所示。复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法情况读法例词在ptkf等清辅音后scups,hats,cakes在sztd3F回glasses,pages等音后oranges,buses,watches,faces在bdgv等"虫辅音后zbeds,dogs,cities,knives(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：manrmen,womanswomen,toothfteethfootffeetchildfchildrenmousesmicegoose-geese【注意】与

4、man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；man,woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：menworkers,womenteachers有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。Personapoliceman(9)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，

5、中间加连字符。例如an-year-oldgirl,aten-milewalk。(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers,clothes,chopsticksglassesgoods,ashe§scissorcompasses(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics,mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名词：theUnitedStates,NiagaraFalls其他名词：news,falls2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”，可以用以下两种方法：(1)用much,alittle,alotof

6、/lotsof,some,any,agreatdealof等表示多少,例如：Many,afew,agreatnumberofTherichmanhasalotofmoney.Thereissomemilkinthebottle.Isthereanywaterintheglass?Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice.(2)用apieceof这类定语,例如：apieceofpaper,apieceofwood,apieceofbreadabottleoforange,aglassofwater(milk),acupofte

7、a如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：abagofrice,threebagsofricetwocupsofteafourpiecesofpaperthreeglassesofwater不可数名词也可用alotof,lotsof,some,any,much等来修饰。二、名词的所有格名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s',例如：astudent'sroom,students'rooms,father'sshoes2 .如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加'

8、s,如：Children'sDay。Teachers'day,theStudents'Union3 .在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用s,例如：atwentyminutes'walk,tenmiles'journey,aboat'slength,twopounds'weight,tendollars'wortho4 .无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecoloroftheflower

9、s。5 .双重所有格，例如：afriendofmyfather's。如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's,则表示修另U有II,例如：John'sandMary'srooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Tom'sandMary'sbikes（两人各自的自行车）。John'sandMary'srooms_are（be）big.两个名词并列，只有一个's,则表示“共有”，例如：JohnandMary'sroom（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；TomandMary'smother（即Tom与Mary是兄妹）。Johnand

10、Mary'sroomis（be）inthethirdfloor.【演练】1. -Wherehaveyoubeen,Tim?-I'vebeento.A.theHenryhouse.theHenryfamilyC.TheHenry'shomeD.Henry's2. InEngland,ifisinthemiddleoftheday,theeveningmealiscalledsupper.A.food.lunchC.breakfastD.dinner3. Youlookedforittwice,butyouhaventfoundWhynottry.A.threeti

11、mes.athirdtimeC.thethirdtimeD.once4. -Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem?-Certainly.somebottlesofA.somebottlesofwaterswaterC.somebottleofwaterD.somebottleofwaters5. Mikehurtoneofhisintheaccidentyesterday.A.tooth.feetC.handD.ear6. Thereissomeontheplate.A.cakes.meatC.potatoD.pears7.ThehastwoA.boys;w

12、atches.boy;watchC.boy;watchesD.boys;watch.Thelittlebabyhastwoalready.A.tooth9.utIthinkweshouldletgoout.toothsC.teethD.teethsIt'sdangeroushere.We'dbettergooutquickly.first.A.womanandchildren.womenandchildC.womanandchildD.womenandchildren10.Aretheygoingtohaveapicnicon?A.Children'sDayB.Chil

13、drens'sDayC.ChildrensDayD.ChildrenDay(friend).11 .Jimisoneofhisfriends12 .Therearemany_oxen(ox)onthefarm.13 .Mary'sdressissimilarinappearancetohereldersisters(sister).14 .Therearetwoimportant_reasons(reason)whyweofferyouthegoodsnow.15 .Shehastwo_babies(baby).Lastweek,shetookthem_totakemany_p

14、hotos(photo).【练习答案】1.D2.B3.B4.B5.6.7.C8.C9.D10.Michellehasfinallyrealizedoneofherlifelong(dream).Shealwayswantedtoattendthecooking(school)thatheradviser,Mr.rown,attended.Theschool,whichisinParis,acceptsonly(student)every(year).ThestudentswhoareTherownsacceptedgenerallyhaveatleastthree(year)ofcooking

15、(experience).Michellehasfiveyearsofpaidexperience.(project)whichattractedMr.(attention),however,wasacakeMichellemadeforawedding.Mr.BrownhadnevertastedacakethatwasashighandcreamyastheoneMichellemade.HegaveMichellehiscardandinvitedhertobake_cakes(cake)athisrestaurantsbeginningthenextmonth.Itwashisinvi

16、tationthatbeganhercareerbakingforalargerestaurant.Nowsheiswaitingforthe(plane)toParis.、名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxeswatc

17、h-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再力口-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves加-schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henry

18、s6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,pat

19、h-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,po

20、pulation,team,public,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs侮关）,times（时代）,spirits（情绪）,drinks（饮料）,sands眇滩）,papers（文件报纸）,100ks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens倩菜）7表示国人加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数so

21、ns-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches秒表）将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表.示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加构成,是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.'所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加'stheboy'sfather,Jackbook,herson-in-law

22、9;sphot复数名词一般在末尾加'theteachers'room,thetwins'mother,不规则复数名词后加s以s结尾的人名所有格加或者表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sDickens'novels,Charlesjob,theSmithshouseJapan'sandAmerica'problems,Janebikes'sandMary'sthechildrenstoys,womensrights,表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末力口S表示u某人家uU店铺u,所有格后名词省略表示时间表示自然现象表示国家城市等地

23、方的名词表示工作群sviewJapanandAmerica'sproblems,JaneandMaryfatherthedoctor's,thebarberthetailor's,myuncle2；'所有格的用法：today'snewspaper,fiveweeholidaytheearth'satmosphere,thetree'sbranchesthecountry'splan,theworlpopulation,China'sindustrytheship'screw,majority体theteam'

24、;svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile'sjourney,fivedollarsworthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife'stime,theplay7某些固定词组abird'seyeview,astonethrow（一箭之遥）,atone'send（不知所措）3.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheop

25、pressed专题二：形容词、副词考点集汇，讲解和训练【名师点睛】1.形容词的用法(1)形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语补足语。例如：Ourcountryisabeautifulcountry.(作定语)Thefishwentbad.(作表语)Wekeepourclassroom,cleanandtidy.(作宾(2)形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词时，形容词放在名词后面。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Isthereanythinginterestinginthefilm.(3)用and或or连接起

26、来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。Everybody,manandwoman,oldandyoung,shouldattendthemeeting.Youcantakeanyboxaway,bigorsmall.(4)the+形容词表示一类人或物Therichshouldhelpthepoor.2.副词的用法（1）副词在句中可作状语，表语和定语。Hestudiesveryhard.（作状语）Lifehereisfullofjoy.（作定语）Whenwillyoubeback?（作表语）副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：1）时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作

27、的时间。常见的时间副词有：nowtoday,tomorrow,yesterday,before,late,early,never,seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always等。例如：Heoftencomestoschoollate.Whatarewegoingtodotomorrow?HeisneverbeentoBeijing.2）地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here,there,inside,outside,home,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewh

28、ere,down,up,off,on,in,out等。例如：Imetanoldfriendofmineonmywayhome.Hewentupstairs.Putdownyournamehere.3)方式副词方式副词一般都是回答TS样的？口这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的，有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly,它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：anxiously,badly,bravely,calmly,carefully,proudly,rapidly,suddenly,successfully,angrily(angry),happily,slowly,warmly,w

29、ell,hard,等。例如：Theoldmanwalkedhomeslowly.Pleaselistentotheteachercarefully.Thebirdsareflyinghigh.speakhighlyofDeepdeeplyHerunsveryfast.4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much,(a)little,abit,very,so,too,enough,quite,rather,pretty,greatly,completely,nearly,almost,deeply,hardly,partly等。例如：He

30、rpronunciationisverygood.Shesingsquitewell.Icanhardlyagreewithyou.5）疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how,when,where,why等。例如：Howareyougettingalongwithyourstudies?Wherewereyouyesterday?Whydidyoudothat?（2）副词在句中的位置1）多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：MrSmithworksveryhard.ShespeaksEnglishwell.2）频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为

31、动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。例如：Heusuallygetsupearly.I'veneverheardhimsinging.Sheisseldomill.3）程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面，但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如：Itisaratherdifficultjob.Herunsveryfast.Hedidn'tworkhardenough.4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：Onmywayhome,Imetmyuncle.Thestudentstherehavealottimetodotheirownrese

32、archwork.(3)部分常用副词的用法1) very,much这两个副词都可表示T艮II,但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：SheisaverynicegirlI'mfeelingmuchbetternow.IamtallerthanTom.Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：Idon'tliketheideamuch.Theydidnottalkmuch.2) also,too,either这两个副词都表示也II,(0too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：Shecandance,andIcan

33、dance,too.Ihaven'teadthebookandmybrotherhasn'teither.3) already,yetalready一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：Hehasalreadyleft.Haveyouheardfromhimyet?Hehasn'tansweredyet.4) so,neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句，但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。例如：MybrotherlikesfootballandsodoI.Mybrotherdoesn'tlikedancingandneitherdoI.3

34、.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(1)两个人或事物的比较时(不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物)，用比较级。Ourteacheristallerthanweare.Theboysinherclassaretallerthantheboysinyourclass.(2) most同形容词连用而不用the,表示“极，很,非常，十分”。It'smostdangeroustobehere.在这儿太危险。(3) “The+形容词比较级.,the+形容词比较级.”表示“越.就越.”。Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.Theharderyoustudy,thegreaterp

35、rogressyouwillmake.(4) “形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级”，表示“越来越.”。It'sgettinghotterandhotter.Moreandmore+adj(5)主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。Thisboxisasbigasmine.(6)the+形容词，表示某种人。Healwayshelpsthepoor.(7)形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较。ShanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesinChina.sidesofthe【演练】1.Therearemanyyoungtre

36、esonroad.A.every.eachC.both2.-Yes,it，sA.morecoldthanitwasyesterday.morecolderC.muchcolderD.cold3.LittleTomhasfriends,soheoftenplaysalone.A.more.alittleC.D.allcoldtoday.manyD.few4.Sheisn'ots_atmathsasyouare.begoodatA.well.goodC.betterD.best5.Peterwritesofthethree.A.better.bestC.good6.HeisD.wellen

37、oughtocarrytheheavybox.A.strongerstrong7.Ibought.muchstrongerC.D.thestrongestexercise-bookswithA.afew;afewlittleC.alittle;afewlittlemoney.afew;aD.alittle;a.Theboxisheavyforthegirlcarry.too+adj+todosthA.too;tothatD.no;to.to;tooC.so;9.Theiceinthelakeisaboutonemeter.It'sstrongenoughtoskateon.A.long

38、thickD.wide10. WuLinranfasterthantheotherboysinthesportsmeeting.A.so.highC.muchC.veryD.too11.Jonelookssotodaybecauseshehasgotan-AA.happyinhermathstest.happilyC.angryD.angrily12.Thesmileonmyfather'faceshowedthathewasA.sadwithme.；.pleasedC.angryD.sorry13.-Mum,couldyoubuymeadresslikethis?-Certainly

39、,wecanbuybutthis.A.abetter;betterthanonethanthis,.aworse;asgoodasC.acheaper;asgoodasD.amoreimportant;goodas14.-Thisdigitalcameraisreallycheap!Thethebetter.I'nshortofmoney,yousee.A.cheapexpensive.cheaperC.expensiveD.more15.IfyouwanttolearnEnglishwell,youmustuseitasA.oftenaspossible.longC.hardD.so

40、on16.Paulhasfriendsexceptme,andsometimeshefeelslonely.A.many.someC.fewD.more17.EnglishpeopleuseMr.eforeaman'sfirstname.A.never.usuallyC.oftenD.sometimes18.-OnemoresatellitewassentupintospaceinChinainMay.-Right.Thegovernmentspokethat.A.highlyforC.wellof.highofD.highlyofcarefulyouare,mistakesyouwi

41、llmake.19.-Rememberthis,children.Thefewer;-Weknow,MissGao.D.Theless;A.Themore;themorethemoreC.Themore;thefewertheless20.Ihavetodotoday.A.anythingimportantimportantC.importantnothingsomething21.Therearemanyfactory.Theyare_workers,.somethingD.important(Frenchman)inthe(work)whomakedifferentkindsof_watc

42、hes(watch)22.Lastweeksome(child)wenttotheparktoseethe_beaiiful(beauty)flowers.Theyplayed_happily(happy)togetherthere.【练习答案】1.C2.C3.D4.B5.B6.C7.B8.A9.C10.B11.A12.B13.C14.B15.A16.C17.A18.D19.C20.B专题三：动词考点集汇，讲解和训练VtViIsitonthechair1.动词的时态英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成

43、时和过去将来时。S+do/does+oS+don't/doesn1+丫原+。Do/does+s+V+（1） 一般现在时的基本用法1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：usually,often,always,sometimes,onSunday,every,at,1 leavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3）表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.【注意】此用法如果出现

44、在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Idon'twantsomuch.5)某些动词如come,go,move,stop,leave,arrive,be,finish,continue,start等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。Thetraincomesat3o'clock.6)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。I'llhelpyouassoonasyouhaveproblem.TellXiaoLi

45、aboutitifyoumeethim(2) 一般过去时的用法：S+V-ed+oS+didnt+V+Did+s+V+表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句，如yesterday,thedaybeforelast,lastweek,twodaysago等，上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。Iworkedinthatfactorylastyear.Ididn'tworkinDidyouworkin.【注意】UsedtodosthBe/getusedtodoingsthBeusedtodosth1)过去经常反复发生的动作，也可用use

46、dt诫would加动词原形来表达，例如：IusedtogofishingonSundays.2) “usedto'也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如：Thisriverusedtobeclean.(3) 一般将来时的用法S+be(am,is,are)goingto+do+S+will/shall+do+.S+be(am,is,are)+not+goingto+do+S+will/shall+not+do+.1)表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ishallattendthemeetingtomorrow.2)表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：Hewillgotoseehismot

47、hereverySaturdays.3)表示将来的意愿，决心，许诺，命令等时常用will,征求对方意见，主语是第一人称时，常用shall。Iwilldomybesttocatchupwiththem.ShallIopenthedoor?4) be+going+动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型，表示打算，计划，最近或将来要作的某事。IamgoingtoBeijingnextweek.5) be+动词不定式。表示有职责，义务，可能，约定，意图等。betodosthThereistobeameetingthisafternoon.Wearetomeettheguestsatthestation.6)

48、beabout+动词不定式，表示马上，很快作某事。beabouttodosthwhen.Theyareabouttoleavewhenitrainsheavily.(4)现在进行时的用法S+be(am/is/are)doingsthS+be(am/is/are)+not+doingsthedoingsthwhen.Heiswatchingthefilmwhenthelightisoff.1）现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作，它注重现在正在进行的动作，而不管动作从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。Whatareyoudoingnow?Iamlookingformykey.2）现

49、在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作（但说话时这个动作不一定在进行）。Thestudentsarepreparingfortheexamination.3）某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有arrive,come,leave,sta詹。Theyareleavingforshanghai.TheyaregoingtoHongKongtomorrow.【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be,have表示认识、知觉和情感的动词，如：know,think,hear,find,see,like,want,wish,prefer等。(5)现在

50、完成时的用法S+have/has+done+S+have/has+not+done+Have/has+S+done+1)现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。Ihaveboughtabicycle.Theyhavecleanedtheclassroom.2)现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在，或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。现在完成时常与for和since引导的短语或从句连用。already,yet,eversinceWehavelivedheresince1976.Theyhavewaitedformorethantwohours.【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别过去时表

51、示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响；般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用。试比较：seesawseenIsawthisfilmyesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了，不涉及现在)Ihaveseenthisfilm.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)(6)过去进行时的用法S+be(was/were)+doing+S+be(was/were)+not+doing+Was/were+S+doing+表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。例如：IwaswatchingTVwhenshecametoseeme.【注意】

52、过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情，但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态，强调动作的连续进行，而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实，例如：Theywerebuildingahouselastmonth.（上个月正在建造，建造好与否不知）Theybuiltanewhouselastmonth.（上个月建造好了，动作已经完成）（7）过去完成时的用法S+haddone+S+had+not+done+Had+S+done+过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态，过去完成时常和by,before等词组成的短语和从句连用。Wehadalreadylearne

53、dtwothousandwordsbytheendoflastyear.Whenwearrivedatthestation,theyhadwaitedformorethantwentyminutes.(8)过去将来时的用法S+was/were+goingto+doS+would/should+doS+was/were+not+goingto+doS+would/should+not+do过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态，过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句中。例如：Theyweregoingtohaveameeting.ItoldhimthatIwouldseehimoff

54、atthestation.2 .动词的语态语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。(1)被动语态1）被动语态最基本的句型结构是：be+及物动词过去分词2）被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者，某些短语动词如lookafter,thinkof,takecareof,workout,laughat等，也可用于被动语态。Thechildrenweretakengoodcareofbyher.Ilookafterthekid.不可遗漏。Thekidislookedafterbyme.短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时3）主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词，如：feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watch等。例如：makeletTheteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).Iheardhersingasong