被动语态专讲、定语从句专讲

1、被动语态专讲一、引言汉语中对于被动语态的使用简直是小菜一碟，想必大家初次接触到“把”字句、“被”字句时大都不屑一顾。很少有人主动把中文主被动的转换当作大碍。但英文中因为动词时态的复杂，在转换成被动语态时自然容易搅得人头昏脑胀。事实上我们经常用到的一些口语句型就是被动结构，如“Well done”、“The planes been delayed 10 minutes”等等。如何对付被动语态，本文正是对症下药的良方一剂。二、语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，即是主语在做这个动作；而被动语态则表示主语是动作的承

2、受者，即动作的对象，此时，主语是动作的逻辑宾语。例如：My uncle repaired the TV set yesterday. 昨天我叔叔修理了那台电视机。The TV set was repaired (by my uncle) yesterday. 那台电视机昨天被(我叔叔)修理了。三、被动语态的构成   被动语态是由“be动词+(及物动词)过去分词”构成。若要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时，句子后边需接by，译为“被(由)”。不同时态的被动语态主要体现在助动词be的变化上，同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。现已及物动词do为例，其各种时态的被动结构形式

3、如下表所示：时 态结 构 形 式 一般现在时am / is / are + done 一般过去时was / were + done现在进行时am / is / are + being done过去进行时was / were + being done 现在完成时have / has + been done过去完成时had + been done 一般将来时shall / will + be done；am / is / are going to + be done过去将来时would + be done；was / were going to + be done 含有情态动词情态动词 + be

4、done四、被动语态的用法用 法示 例不知道谁是动作的执行者，省略by短语。Look! What an old palace! It looks so great!Yeah, it _ (建造)nearly 800 years ago.Did you go to the his birthday party yesterday?No, I _ (not invite).没有必要说、不想说或众所周知动作的执行者，省略by短语。Drivers shouldnt _ (允许) drive after drinking, or they will break the law.The Chinese m

5、ainland pandas, Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan, _ (送) Taiwan on December 23rd, 2008.强调动作的承受者，句尾加by短语。Thousands of houses _ (destroy) by the floods in Guangxi last month.Haibao was _ (设计) by two artists, one from Shanghai and the other from Taiwan.在上下文中，为了使句子间连接紧密。I have a new motorbike. It was _ (give) to

6、me as abirthday present by my father.在新闻报道中，为了表明报道的客观性而避免主观性的透露。A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men _ (kill), the wounded _ (take) away to hospital at once and the policemen _ (send) there to cope with the event.在科技论文中，强调客观事实。When it is cold enough, water will _ (turn) in

7、to ice.So far, the moon has _ (visit) by earthmen several time.某些习惯用法以被动语态形式出现。I am very interested in _ (看英文电影).She was seated _ (窗边).He is dressed very _ (好).Marcia _ (出生于) in Malaysia in 1995.My teacher must _ (be) satisfied with my behavior, for there was a big smile on his face.五、两种语态互变主动语态变被动语

8、态宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟；谓语主动变被动，be加“过分”来使用；无论时态是那种，都在be上来变动。       1. 把主动语态的宾语当作被动语态的主语，注意代词的宾格要变为主格；       2. 把谓语变成被动结构(be +过去分词)，时态要跟原主动语态一致；       3. 主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，若为代词，要将主格改为宾格。如果不强调动作的执行者，by短语可省略。例如： 

9、0;     主动句：People play football all over the world.       被动句：Football _ (by people) all over the world.被动语态变主动语态宾变主，主变宾，谓语被动变主动；助动词be不再用，主要动词要原形。 被动句：This song was _ (写) by Andy Lau.       主动句：Andy Lau _ (写) this s

10、ong.六、特殊结构的被动语态1. 双宾结构的被动语态       主动结构中如果有两个宾语，变成被动结构时，只将其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个宾语保留不变(即：变一留一)。如果把间接宾语变成主语，原来的直接宾语仍然作宾语；如果把直接宾语变成主语，间接宾语前要加介词to或for。例如： 主动句：I gave Tom a pencil.被动句：Tom was given a pencil (by me).被动句：A pencil was given _ Tom (by me). 主动句：I bought Tom a p

11、encil.被动句：Tom was bought a pencil (by me).被动句：A pencil was bought _ Tom (by me).2. 含复合宾语的被动语态复合宾语变主动，只变宾语“补”不动，原来“宾补”变“主补”，名称变了位不动。 当主动结构中含有复合宾语，即“宾语+宾语补足语”时，变成被动语态时只将宾语变成主语，而宾补原地不动，只不过成了主语补足语。例如：       We all heard the boy crying. The boy _ crying (by us all).

12、0;      The teacher asked the students to come early.      The students _ to come early (by the teacher).       The advertiser (报幕员) always makes the audience happy.         The audienc

13、e is always _ by the advertiser.       The man beat the boy black and blue. The boy _ black and blue (by the man).3. 含有使役、感官动词的被动语态       这类动词常见的有：see, watch, notice, look at, observe(五看)；let, have, make(三使役)；hear, listen to(二听)；feel(一感觉)；h

14、elp(半帮助，因为后面的to可要可不要)。       在主动结构中，其宾补是不带to的不定式，但变成被动语态时，宾补已变成主补，因此不定式的符号to要恢复。例如：       I saw him go there. He _ to go there (by me).       We heard him sing in the next room just now.    

15、  He was heard _ in the next room just now (by us).       She makes her daughter play the piano every day.         Her daughter _ play the piano every day (by her).       He often _ his sister cry but

16、 this time he was _ to cry by his sister. (make)       They observed Jim go home. Jim _ to go home (by them).【记忆口诀】五看加上三使役，二听一感半帮助；动词不定式作宾补，切记to词要删除；如果宾补变主补，注意to词要恢复。【注】  notice，watch和have不常用于被动结构。           let后跟单音节不定式做主语补足语

17、时可不带to。例如：We were let go. 但我们通常说：We were allowed to go.4. 含有短语动词的被动语态       不及物动词不能跟宾语，因此不能用于被动语态，但不及物动词与介词或副词构成的短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以用于被动语态。要注意的是，这样的短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变成被动语态时不可丢掉构成短语的介词或副词，如look at, look for, look after, take care of, take off, send for等。例如：  

18、;     This story was happened in July, 2015. (×)      This story happened in July, 2015. ()       You must take good care of the dictionary. ()     The dictionary must be taken good care of. ()5. 带宾语从

19、句的句子带宾语从句的句子变为被动语态时，应用形式主语it。例如：       People say that water is all around the city. Its said that water is all around the city.七、主动形式表被动意义的几种情况1. 有些不及物动词形式上虽为主动但表示被动意义       此类常见动词有write, grow, sell, wear, cut, drive等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，其

20、主动形式常用来表达被动含义。这些词通常与well, easily等副词连用。例如：       Meat cuts easily. 肉_。       Ripe oranges peel easily. 成熟的橘子很容易_。       The novel reads very well. 这本小说_很有趣。       This shirt will we

21、ar very long. 这件衬衫可以_。       This kind of pen writes very smoothly. 这种钢笔写起来很_。He is a famous writer and his books sell well. 他是一位著名的作家，他的书很_。2. 有些感官动词的主动形式表示被动意义       常见的有taste, smell, feel, look, sound等。例如：     &#

22、160; The music _ very beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美妙。       It will _ better with some milk. 再加些牛奶的话，尝起来将会更好喝。       The boy sitting at the corner looks quite tired. _       Enough sleep is good for health. If you stay u

23、p for your favourite TV programmes, you will _ sleepy. 足够的睡眠对健康有好处。你如果熬夜看最喜欢的电视节目，将会感到困倦。3. be worth + doing和need / require + doing结构形容词worth(意为“值”)和表示“需要做”的need / require后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。例如：This book is so good that it is worth reading _. 这本书很好，值得读两遍。The window needs / requires r_. 窗户需要修理了。4. 有些进行

24、时和介词短语结构       有些进行时，形式上主动，但含被动之意；有些介词短语作表语，主动形式表示被动意义。例如：       The book is printing. = The book is being printed. 这本书正在_中。       The house is building. = The house is being _. 这栋房子正在建造中。   

25、0;   The dire was finally under control. 大火最终被_住了。       The question is now under discussion. 这个问题正在被_。       All these ancient _ are under repairs. 所有这些古庙正在修复中。5. 其他情况       当nice, easy, hard, diffi

26、cult, important, impossible, interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语有时动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这是不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。当动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式也表达被动含义。例如：       The physics problem is not difficult to work out. 这个物理问题并不难弄懂。       They might feel they have

27、 too much work to do sometimes, or think the rules are too strict. 有时候他们会觉得他们有太多的动作要干，或者认为这些规章制度太_。八、被动形式表主动意义的几种情况1. 某些“动词+反身代词”结构，被动结构表示主动意义。例如：       She usually dresses herself in white. = She is usually dressed in white. 她通常穿白色衣服。      

28、; The boy seated himself by the bed. = The boy was seated by the bed. 小男孩坐在床边。2. 有些不及物动词的过去分词如gone, come, returned, fallen, retired, graduated等表示主动意义。例如：       Next year I will be graduated. 明年我将要_了。       My parents have already been retir

29、ed. 我父母已经_了。       Winter is _ and spring is _. 冬天走了，春天来了。九、被动语态与系表结构的区别       过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。故“被动结构”与“系表结构”形式相似，但用法不同。1. 被动语态强调动作，其主语是动作的对象，be动词后的过去分词是行为动词。系表结构说明主语的状态或特征，其中的过去分词用作形容词。例如：    

30、;   The window was broken by his brother. 窗户被他弟弟打破了。(_)The window is now broken. 窗户现在是破的。(_)The work _ already. 我的作业已经完成了。(被动语态)The shop was closed when I got there. 我到商店时，商店_呢。(系表结构)2. 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时；而被动语态除了用于这两种时态外，还可以用于将来时、进行时和完成时。例如：       The shop i

31、s / was opened. 商店在营业。(系表结构)_, the ship was being loaded. 昨天我到达那里时，船正在装货。(被动语态)You will be shown around your room. 有人会带你_。(被动语态)He said the library _ soon _. 他说图书馆很快将会被建起来。(被动语态)3. 系表结构中的过去分词可被very, quite, rather, too, so等副词来修饰，被动语态结构一般不会用这些而用greatly等来修饰。例如：       He is

32、 very interested in the story. 他对这个故事很_。(系表结构)She is so worried about the exam. 她非常_她的考试。(系表结构)I was greatly moved by his speech. 我被他的演讲深深_了。(被动语态)4. be +不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构，如be gone, be learned, be ashamed，这些动词通常是表示状态、智力活动或心态的词。而be +及物动词的过去分词通常是被动语态，如be loved, be encouraged, be praised等。例如： 

33、0;     But if time is gone away, it will never return. 光阴_。(系表结构)       I _ to get there before seven tomorrow, so Ill have to get up early. 我被告知明天7点前要到那里，所以我必须早起。(被动语态)5. 被动语态的宾语常由介词by引起；系表结构的介词常常和过去分词形成固定搭配。例如：      The win

34、dow was broken _ a stone. 窗户是由一块石头打破的。(被动语态)       We are very satisfied _ his work. 我们对他的工作很满意。(系表结构)被动语态自我检测题(40分)I用括号中动词的适当形式填空。1. Some presents _ (buy) by my sister foe me every birthday.2. The treasure box _ (hide) somewhere in the city 100 years ago.3. When she di

35、d some shopping, her money _ (steal).4. Li Ming _ (ask) to attend the meeting yesterday.5. Why _ Australia _ (call) “a country on s sheeps back”?6. All the books on the shelf _ (can not take) out of the reading room.7. There was a sandstorm yesterday and the ground _ (cover) by thick snow.8. I will

36、go with you when my homework _ (finish).9. More than 1,000 English words _ (learn) in the past three years.10. All these books and clothes _ (give) away to the children next week.II. 单项选择。       11.  Some of the plastic bags cant _ after July 1st.Yes, people will u

37、se environment-friendly bags instead.A. use                         B. be use                 &

38、#160;   C. be used                   D. are used       12. Last year, Li Hua, a college student, _ to work for the Olympic Games.       

39、;       A. is choosing              B. is chosen                 C. was choosing       

40、60;  D. was chosen       13. Mary was heard _ just now. What happened?Ken was telling a joke.A. to laugh                          B. to cry&

41、#160;                     C. laugh                       D. cry    

42、60;  14. Attentions, please! All the mobile phones must _ before the meeting starts.              A. turn off                    B. be

43、turned off           C. be turning off           D. turning off       15. A Disneyland Park _ in our city in the near future. Have you heard of it?    

44、;          A. builds               B. has built                  C. will build   

45、0;             D. will be built       16. Have you found your ruler yet?Yes. It _ in my bag two hours ago.A. has found                B

46、. found               C.   was found            D. has been found       17. My story book _. I cant lend it to you.    &

47、#160;         A. has been lost           B. was lost                  C. has lost       &#

48、160;           D. lost       18. Theres too much salt in the Chinese diet.              So there is. The WHO says only 1.5 grams of salt _ for each man eve

49、ry day.              A. needs                      B. will need           &

50、#160;     C. is needed                D. has needed       19. Dont worry. When I leave the room, the door _ by me.          &

51、#160;   A. was locked             B. is locked                 C. will be locked         D. should be locked&#

52、160;      20. Could you please tell me which _ best among the books on sale?              A. is sold                  &#

53、160;  B. are written        C. sells                        D. write       21. Oh, the milk _ strange, do you think

54、 its OK to drink?              A. is tasted                  B. tastes             &#

55、160;        C. is tasting                  D. tasted       22. Some drinks _ to children for free in this restaurant on Childrens Day next month. 

56、;             A. offer                       B. have offered            C.

57、will be offered  D. are offered       23. How clean the window is!Yes. It _ just now.A. is cleaned                B. has been cleaned     C. will be cleaned D. was cleane

58、d       24. Its reported the Underground No. 3 _ in our city in two months.              A. will be built             B. will build  &#

59、160;              C. has been built          D. has build       25. Few students can understand the sentence until it _ twice or three times.   &

60、#160;          A. explains                  B. has explained          C. will be explained     D. is expl

61、ained       26. Did you hear that water in Qin River smelt terrible?Yes, in fact, it _. Thats all because of the people and the factories around.A. was polluted           B. polluted      &#

62、160;            C. has polluted            D. will pollute       27. Ill show you the photos _ in Congtai Park after they _.      

63、        A. were taken; are come out                           B. taken; come out         &

64、#160;    C. were taken; will come out                           D. taken; are come out       28. Can you tell me whom the rad

65、io _ by?Sorry, Ive no idea.A. invents                    B. invented                  C. was invented   &

66、#160;       D. will be invented       29. No one knows how the huge rock _ and _ without modern machines eighthundreds years ago.              A. are cut; moved B. were cut; m

67、ove       C. are cut; moving       D. were cut; moved       30. I dont think sixteen-year-olds should _ to go to the bars.              A. allow&

68、#160;                     B. allowing                  C. be allowed        

69、;      D. be allowingIII. 将下列句子改成被动语态。       31. They should do it at once.              _       32. He is likely to let you down.   &#

70、160;          _       33. We built the bridge last year.              _       34. She has found her lost handbags.  

71、0;           _       35. You may write the letter in pencil.              _       36. My uncle showed me his new photo. 

72、             _       37. People speak English in many countries.              _       38. Women often talk about cl

73、othes and foods.              _39. Her mother told her not to waste time on fishing.              _       40. You must not take these magazi

74、nes out of the reading room.              _一般过去时和现在完成时的区别一 从概念上区别一般过去时与现在完成时 虽然两个时态都是表示过去时间发生的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在有关，表示对现在产生的影响或结果；而一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去，跟现在没有关系。如：I have cleaned our classroom. 我已经打扫了教室。现在教室里很干净，“过去打扫”这一动作对目前产生的结果。（现在完成时）I cle

75、aned our classroom just now. 刚才我打扫了教室。不涉及教室目前是否干净。（一般过去时）二 从时间状语上加以区分现在完成时属于“现在”时间范围。因而不能与表示过去的时间状语连用：一般过去是表示过去时间里发生的动作，不能与表示和现在时间有联系的时间状语连用。如：Danny and Brian have been in China since 2003. Danny and Brian were in China in 2003.并列句的家庭会议  并列句是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来的句子，其结构为“简单句+并列连词+ 简单句”。常见的并列连词有

76、and, but, so 和or。这不, 弟兄四个人聚在一起，煞有介事地开起会来了。那咱们就来听听吧！and 自述我的意思是“和”，有我的并列句表示联合关系。如：彼得踢足球，并踢得很好。Peter plays football, and he is good at it.but 自述我的意思是“但是”，和我在一起的并列句当然是表示转折的关系了。在使用时，千万要注意我有一个冤家，它是though 或although（虽然，尽管），有它没我，有我没它！如：虽然天下着雨，但是我还是去上学了。It rained heavily, but I still went to school.so 自述我的意思

77、是“所以”，有我的并列句表示因果关系。我呢，也有一个不能出现的死对头，because （因为）。在使用时，你可要小心了。如：因为没有车了，所以我不得不走着回家。I had to walk home because there was no bus.There was no bus, so I had to walk home.or 自述我有两个意思，“或者”或“否则”，和我在一起的并列句表示选择关系。如：你可以待在家里，或者跟我们去钓鱼。 You can stay at home, or go fishing with us.好好学习吧，否则你就落后于其他人了。Work hard, or youll fall behind others.怎么样，听完了四兄弟的自述，对并列句掌握的怎么样了呢？来“并列句操练场”大显身手吧！并列句操练场 从方框中所给的并列词中，选出正确的一个，完成句子。and or so but because though1. Open the door_ let