南开大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和解析

1、南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartIListening Comprehension(略)PartnReading Comprehension (20 points)Passage 1Traffic statistics paint a gloomy picture . To help solve their traffic woes, some rapidly growing U . S. citieshave simply built more roads . But traffic experts say building more roads is a quick-fi

2、x solution that will notalleviated the traffic problem in the long run . Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social andenvironmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to morecars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-styl

3、e construction program .The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treatingthe road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system. Proponents of the advancedtechnology say electronic detection systems, closed-circuit televi

4、sion, radio communication, ramp metering,variable message signing, and other smart-highway technology can now be used at a reasonable cost toimprove communication between drivers and the people who monitor traffic .Pathfinder, a Santa Monica, California-based smart-highway project in which a 14-mile

5、 stretch of theSanta Monica Freeway, making up what is called a“smartcorridor”is ,being instrumented with buried loops inthe pavement. Closed-circuit television cameras survey the flow of traffic, while communication linked toproperty equipped automobiles advise motorists of the least congested rout

6、es or detours.Not all traffic experts, however, look to smart-highway technology as the ultimate solution to trafficgridlock . Some say the high-tech approach is limited and can only offer temporary solutions to a seriousproblem .“Electronics on the highway addresses just one aspect of the problem:

7、how to regulate traffic moreefficiently, exp”lains Michael Renner, senior researcher at the world -watch Institute.“It doesnt deal with thecentral problem of too many cars for roads that cant be built fast enough . It sends people the wrongmessage . They start thinkingYes, there used to be a traffic

8、 congestionproblem, but thats been solved now because we have, advanced high-tech system in place. Larson agrees and adds,“ Smarthighways is just one of the tools that we use to deal with our traffic problems. Its not the solution itself, just part of thepackage. There are different strategies. ”Oth

9、er traffic problem-solving options being studied and experimented with include car pooling, rapid mass-transitsystems, staggered or flexible work hours, and road pricing, a system whereby motorists pay a certain amount for the timethey use a highway .It seems that we need a new, major thrust to deal

10、 with the traffic problems of the next 20 years. There has to be a bigchange.1 What is the appropriate title for the passage?ASmart Highway Projects The Ultimate Solution to Traffic Congestion .BA Quick Fix Solution for the Traffic Problems .CA Venture to Remedy Traffic Woos .D Highways Get Smart Pa

11、rt of the Package to Relieve Traffic Gridlock .2The compound word “ quic-kfix ”in Paragraph 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning toAan optional solutionBan expedient solutionCa ready solutionDan efficient solution3 According to the passage, the smart-highway technology is aimed to _A develop sophisti

12、cated facilities on the interstate highways Bprovide passenger vehicle with a variety of servicesCoptimize the highway capabilitiesD improve communication between driver and the traffic monitors 4 According to Larsen, to redress the trafficproblem, _ .Acar pooling must be studiedBrapid mass transit

13、system must be introduced Cflexible work hours must be experimented D overall strategiesmust be coordinated 5 Which of the following best describes the organization of the whole passage?ATwo contrasting views of a problem are presented .BA problem is examined and complementary solutions are proposed

14、 or offeredCLatest developments are outlined in order of importance . DAn innovation is explained with its importanceemphasized .Passage 2A strange thing about humans is their capacity for blind rage. Rage is presumably an emotion resulting from survivalinstinct, but the surprising thing about it is

15、 that we do not deploy it against other animals. If we encounter a dangerous wildanimal a poisonous snake or a wildcat we do not fly into a temper . If we are unarmed, we show fear and attempt to backaway; if we are suitably armed, we attack, but in a rational manner not in a rage . We reserve rage

16、for our own species. It ishard to see any survival value in attacking ones own, but if we take account of the long competition which must have existedbetween our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal mar indeed others still more remote from us than Neanderthalman man rage becomes more comprehen

17、sible.In our everyday language and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles.We are always using tile words“us a. nd“thOeumr ” ”side is perpetually trying to do down the“ other ”.siIdne games we artificially create other subspecies we can attack. The opposition of “ us ”and “ them ”

18、isthe touchstone of the two -party system of “ democratic po”litics . Although there are no very serious consequences tomany of this modern psychological representation of the “us” and “ them ” emotion, it is as well to remember that theoriginal aim was not to beat the other subspecies in a game but

19、 to exterminate it.The readiness with which human beings allow themselves to be regimented has permitted large armies to be formed,which, taken together with the“us” and “ them ” blind rage, has ledestructive clashes within our subspecies itself . The First World War is an example in which Europe di

20、vided itself into twoimaginary subspecies . And there is a similar extermination battle now in Northern Ireland . The idea that there is a religiousbasis for this clash is illusory, for not even the pope has been able to control it . The clash is much more primitive than theChristian religion, much

21、older in its emotional origin . The conflict in Ireland is unlikely to stop until a greater primitive fear isimposed from outside the community, or until tile combatants become exhausted.6A suitable title for this passage would be _ .A Wily Human Armies Are FormedB Mans Anger Against the WorldCThe H

22、uman Capacity for RageD Early Struggles of Angry Mail7 According to the author, the surprising aspect of human anger is _ .A its lengthy and complex developmentB a conflict such as is now going on in Northern IrelandC that we do not fly into a temper more oftenD that we reserve anger for mankind8 Th

23、e passage suggests that _.A historically, we have created an“ us ” versus “ them ” societyB humans have had a natural disinclination toward formal groupingC the First World War is an example of how man has always avoided dominationD the emotional origin of the war in Ireland is lost in time9 From th

24、e passage we can infer that _ .A the artificial creation of a subspecies unlike us is something that never happensB games are psychologically unhealthyC any artificially created subspecies would be our enemyD the real or imagined existence of an opposing subspecies is inherent in mans activities10 T

25、he author believes that a religious explanation for the war in Northern Ireland isA founded in historical factB deceptiveCapparentD accuratePart 川 Vocabulary (5 points)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part . For each sentence, there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D Choose th

26、e ONE that best completes the sentence.1Most of the young people hold the mistaken belief that goods produced in our own country are_ to imported ones.A inadequateB inappropriateC inferiorD interior2 It is not a question of how much a man knows, but what use he _ what he knows .Amakes forB makes ofC

27、 makes upD makes out3 Throughout the empire of Kublai Khan, money made of paper was used for business_ , something unheard of in Europe .A transformationsB transmissionsC transitionsD transactions4 As the pressure _ the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rockto the earths sur

28、face.A intensifies B magnifiesC heightens D deviates5 The strong scent of Kates perfume _ the air in the small room .A radiated B permeatedC extracted D dispersed6 The scientific and medical prizes have proved to be the least _ , while those forliterature and peace by their very nature have been the

29、 most exposed to critical differences .A radicalB prominentCconfidentialD controversial7 They are _ to industrialists, who need the valuable copper and nickel in them .A temptingB ticklingC tormentingD tricking8 Another popular misconception is the _ that great talent is usually highly specific .A n

30、otionB dilemmaC domainD analogy9 You can _ the loudness of the radio by turning the knob to right or left .A changeB varyC alterD transform10 The distance between the earth and the sun may be said to be _.A enormousB hugeC vastD immensePart IVError Correction (10 points)Directions: In the following

31、passage, there are 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line . You may have to add aword, cross out a word, or change a word . Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided, If youcross out a word, put a slant (/) in the blank .When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought

32、is in faulty or in 1 _some other way does not live to the manufacturers claim for it, the first _ step is to present the warranty or anyother records which might help, at the 2 _store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. _ Moreover,if it does not, there are various means the

33、 consumer may use to gain 3 _ satisfaction.A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager . In general,the“high up”the consumertakes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect to be settled .4_In such case, it is usually settled in the consu

34、mers favor, assumed he_or she has a just claim. Consumers should complain about in person5 _whenever possible, but if it cannot get to the place of purchase, it is_acceptable to phone or write the complaint with a letter .6 _Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but_firmly,

35、and especially when the consumer can demonstrate that is wrong7 _with the item in question ._8_9_10 _PartVWriting (10 points)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic“It pays to behonest .”Your composition should be no less than 150 words based on the given outline

36、 . Remember to write clearly onthe ANSWER SHEET .Outline:1Honest is the best policy .2Give examples to support your point of view .3Conclusion .南开大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析PartIListening Comprehension(略)PartnReading Comprehensionpassage 11【答案】 D【解析】本题中， A 项与第四段第一句话的意思不符； B 项不正确，本文主要讲的不是 修路 ； C 项在文中

37、 未被提及 。 D 项依据文中 倒数第 三段的意 思，点出文中 主旨是 smart-highway ，并且谨慎地把它只作为 “ part ofthepackage ，”因此 D 项为正确答案。2【答案】 B【解析】本题可参照第一段第三句话“ But traffic experts say in the long r 再联系后面的句子可知，quick-fix 的意思是 快速确定的，临时的 ” B 项中的 expedient 的意思是指 行动 ）有用，有助益，可取 （但不一定合理或正当 ） ”；做名词用时，有 “权宜手段 ”的意思。因 此 B 项为正确答案。3【答案】 D【解析】本题可参照第二段的

38、第一句话“ The goal of smarthighway tech no logy is toas anintegral transportation system ”和第二段的最后一句话 “ and other smar-thighway to improve communicationbetween drivers and the people who monitor traffic ”这说明， smart-highway 的 目标就是最大效率地整合道路和交通工具，从而提高司机和监管道路系统的人之间的交流。 因此 D 项为正确答案。4【答案】 D【解析】本题可参照倒数第三段的最后一句话

39、“Larson agrees and add，s Smart highwaysis just one just part of the packagTehere are different strategies ”这说明， Larson 认为应该 采取多种方式解决交通堵塞问题。因此 D 项为正确答案。5【答案】 B【解析】本题中，A、C、D 三项都与文章的意思不符。本文首先提出了交通堵塞问题，接着介绍了解决方法，中心就是介绍了 smart-highway 这种运用高科技的新方法，指出了其 特点和目前的不足。接着谈到了人们正在研究和实验的其他解决方法。B 项中的 a problem是指 smar

40、t-highway ，本文主要讲了解决交通问题其中的一个方法，同时又指出了其他的一 些方法。因此 B 项为正确答案，Passage 26【答案】 C【解析】 本题是要选出适合文章的标题。 总览全文可知， 文章第一段指出 “ A strange thingabout humans is their capacity for blind rage ”随后解释了这个问题。第二段中说，在我们的 语言和行为中有许多词提醒着我们注意到人类早期的斗争，如 “我们 ”和“他们 ”，最初，我们 在游戏中， 会人为制造一个亚群体作为攻击的对象。 第三段讲了愤怒使人们集结成军队， 导 致了人类亚群体之间的破坏性冲突

41、。 这说明，本文主要讲的是人类的 capacity for blind rage ， 因此 C 项为正确答案。7【答案】 D【解析】本题可参照第一段的“Rage is presumablyfor our own species这说明人类盲目的怒气从不指向其他的生物，而是保留在人类自身之间。因此 D 项为正确答案。8【答案】 A【解析】本题可参照第一段的“but if we take account of the long competition existedbetween our own subspecies and others like Neanderthal man”和第二段的 “ I

42、rour everydaylanguage and behavior there are many reminders of those early struggles”to“exterminate it . ”。据此可知，人类从穴居甚至更早的时候就存在着竞争，这种竞争是以我们 消灭他们为目标的。因此 A 项一直以来人类社会都将我们（us）与他们（them）分得很清楚为正确答案。9【答案】 D【解析】 本题可参照文中第二段的第二句话和第三段的第一句话， 从中可知在人类的活 动中，总有与人类相对立的或真实或假想的亚种存在。因此D 项为正确答案。10【答案】 B【解析】本题可参照最后一段的倒数第二

43、句话“The idea that there is a religious basis forthis clash is illusory much older in its emotional origin 据此可知，用宗教原理解释爱尔兰 争端是不牢靠的，是虚假的。因此 B 项为正确答案。Part 川 Vocabulary1【答案】 C【解析】 本题的空格处是说国产货物比进口货物的质地差。 C 项的 be inferior to 比“ 差，下等的符合题意。女口： His work is in ferior to mi ne .他的工作不如我。 其他三项 in adequate “不够的 ”；

44、inappropriate 不合“适的，不成比例的 ”；interior 内“部的 ”都不正确。the original aim2【答案】 B【解析】本题意为 “问题不在于一个人有多少知识，而在于他是如何利用他的知识”。make use of 为固定搭配，意思是利用”。因此正确答案为 B。3【答案】 D【解析】 本题空格处是说用纸制的钱进行商业交易。transactions 的意思是 “交易， 事务 处理 ”； transformations的意思是 “人或事有巨大变化 ”；transmissions 的意思是 “传送， 发射 ”； transitions 的意思是 “转变，转换 ”。四个选项

45、中只有 D 项符合题意。4【答案】 A【解析】 本题中，A 项的 “intensify 加强， 强化， 指程度上的改变 ”符合题意。 如：The scientists have intensifiedtheir search for the new gene by working harder 科学家们更加努力工 作加紧搜寻这种新的基因。其他三项 magnify“放大，扩大 ”，指大小上的改变； heighten “提 高，提升 ”； deviates 偏“离，改变原计划 ”都不正确。5【答案】 B【解析】本题意为 “凯特身上浓郁的香水味道弥漫在小屋的空气中”。 B 项的 permeated“

46、弥漫，渗透，扩散 ”符合题意。如： Water will permeate blotting paper 水能渗透吸水纸。其 他三项 radiated 放“射，辐射 ”； extracted 拔“出，萃取 ”； dispersed 分“散，驱散 ”都不正确。6【答案】 D【解析】本题意为 “结果证明科学奖和医学奖存在很小的争议，而文学奖和和平奖则存 在很大的批评性争论 ”。controversial 的意思是 “有争议的，有争论的 ”； radical 的意思是 “激 进的 ”； prominent 的意思是 “卓越的，显著的 ”；confidential 的意思是 “秘密的，机密的 ”。四

47、个选项中只有 D 项符合题意。7【答案】 A【解析】本题空格处是说它们对企业家们很有吸引力。 A 项的 be tempting to 有“诱惑力 的，促使去做 ”符合题意。 其他三项 tickling 反“馈， 回授 ”；tormenting “折磨人的 ”；tricking 骗“ 人的，使人上当的 ”都不正确。8【答案】 A【解析】本题中， A 项的 notion “概念，观念和想法 ”符合题意，如： He has no notion of what I mean.他不明白我的意思。 其他三项 dilemma进退两难的局面，困难的选择”；domain “领土，领域 ”；analogy 类“似

48、，类推 ”都不正确。9.【答案】 A【解析】本题的空格处是说改变收音机的音量。change 是一般用词，指 改变”。 alter的意思是 改变，更改 （性质、位置、大小、形状 ）”，这里的改变大小指改变衣服的大小而不 是改变声音的大小；vary 的意思是 改变，变化 ”，一般用法是 sth. vary； transform 转换，改变 ”，一般指改变形状。因此本题的正确答案为 A。10【答案】 D【解析】本题意为 “地球和太阳之间的距离可以说是无边的 ”。 immense 的意思是 “极广 大的，无边的 ”；enormous 的意思是 “庞大的 ”，一般指数量或体积庞大； huge 的意思是

49、“巨 大的”一般指数量巨大；vast 的意思是 辽阔的，巨额的”形容面积。四个选项中只有 D 项 为正确答案。Part IV Error Correction1.【答案】去掉 in faulty 中的 in, “ be faulty 是 有缺陷，不完善的意思。2【答案】 live to 改成 live up to ，意思是 “达到标准 ”。3.【答案】 Moreover 改为 However ，表转折关系，前面说在大多数情况下，这种行为 可以得到预期效果，因此下一句应为转折， “然而，如果没有达到效果的话 ”。4.【答案】将 high 改成 higher，因为后面用的是 faster,比较级前

50、后需要对等，形式需 要一致。5.【答案】应该在 expect 和 to 之间加上 it，指期待、指望他们的投诉能尽快得到解决。6.【答案】assumed 改成 assuming,应为主动关系。in such case 是一个固定结构，没有 错误。7.【答案】将 about 去掉, complain 后未加宾语,无需介词。&【答案】but if it 中的 it 改成 they,代指的是前半句中的 consumers。该句的意思是 如 果消费者们不能去购买的地点,他们可以通过电话或写信的方式寻求解决的办法”。9.【答案】将 with a letter 中的 with 改为 in，意为写在信中。10. 【答案】将文中的 that 改成 what, what is wrong with the item in question 构成一个宾 语从句。PartVWriting【参考范文】It Pays to be HonestI have been upholding an opinion that hone