绿色物流外文文献翻译最新译文

1、绿色物流外文文献翻译最新译文文献出处：FransooJC.GreenLogistics:EnablersforSustainableDevelopmentJ.Supplychainmanagement:aninternationaljournal,2014,8(2):122-131.原文GREENLOGISTICS:ENABLERSFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTJanC.FransooEindhovenUniversityofTechnology,Netherlands1INTRODUCTIONLogisticsisthebackboneofindustryandcomme

2、rce.Asadiscipline,itdescribesthemanagementandcoordinationofactivitiesalongsupplychains.Theseactivitiesincludefreighttransport,storage,inventorymanagement,materialshandlingandrelatedinformationprocessing.Alargepartoflogisticsactivitiesareoftenoutsourcedtospecializedprovidersthatprovidecost-effectives

3、ervices.Researchhasshownthat,atleastinhighincomeeconomies,thevalueofservicesisnotassessedinmonetaryandservicequalitytermsalone.Inmakingdecisions,logisticsprofessionalsareincreasinglytakingintoconsiderationexternaleffectssuchasemissions,pollution,noise,andaccidents.ThelastLPIreportreleasein2012,forin

4、stance,pointedoutthatinshipmentstoOECDcountries,environmentallyfriendlysolutionsareconsideredfarmoreoftenthanelsewhere.Mountingregulatorypressure,togetherwithchangesincustomerpreferences,arethemaindriversofthisphenomenon.OneofthemorewidelyusedtermstodescribethissetofpreferencesisgreenLogistics,espec

5、iallywhentheactivitiesoflogisticsserviceprovidersareconcerned.Research,includingarecentbookbyAlanMcKinnon,hasestablishedthatgreenLogisticsisanemergingconcernofprivateoperatorsandprovidersandusersoflogistics.Fromapolicystandpoint,andespeciallyfortheglobalenvironment,greenLogisticsispotentiallyamajort

6、opicaswell:estimatesvary,butabout15%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions(GHG)canbetracedtologisticsactivities.GreenLogisticsmaynotbeanindependentpolicyarea.Rather,thesupplychainperspectiveprovidesaframeworktounderstandanddealwithissuesthatareseparatebutultimatelyinterrelated.Importantly,lookingatsupplycha

7、inshelpspolicymakersunderstandtheinterestsandactionsofprivatesectoroperators.GreenLogisticsmaythereforeproposeanumberoftoolsandidentifyemergingsustainablesolutionscontributingtotheoverarchingobjectiveofgreenGrowth.Fromapolicyperspective,logisticscutacrossseveralareasandsectors.Theperformanceofsupply

8、chainsdependsonareasoractivitieswheregovernmentasregulatororcatalystofinvestmentiscritical,suchas:Transportinfrastructure:roadandrailcorridors,portsandairportsTheefficienciesoflogisticsservices:servicesincludenotonlymodalfreighttransport,butalsowarehousingandintermediaryservices,suchasbrokersandforw

9、arders,andrelatedinformation-flowmanagement.Inmoderneconomies,thetrendistowardsintegrationinmulti-activitylogisticsproviders(3PLs,4PLs)towhichindustrialandcommercialfirmsoutsourcetheirsupplychainactivities.Understandingtheregulatorydimensionofservicesisbecomingincreasinglycriticaltothedevelopmentofe

10、ffectivepoliciesinareassuchas:professionalandoperationalstandards,regulationofentryinmarketandprofessions,competition,enforcement.Proceduresapplyingtothemerchandise,suchastradeprocedures(customsandothercontrols).Thesoftinfrastructurethatsupportsinformationorfinancialflowassociatedwiththephysicalmove

11、mentsalongsupplychains:ITinfrastructure,paymentsystems.Theconceptofnationallogisticsperformancecapturingtheoutcomeofthesepoliciesiswidelyrecognizedbypolicymakersandtheprivatesectorworldwideasacriticalcontributiontonationalcompetitiveness.Akeyquestionforsustainabledevelopmentishowtointegratesupplycha

12、inparticipantsconcernwithenvironmentalsustainabilitywiththeconceptofnationallogisticsperformance.Withinlogistics,transportcreatesthelargestenvironmentalfootprint.Butthevolumeofemissionscanvarygreatly,dependingonthemodeoftransport.Thevolumeofemissionpertonperkmincreasesbyanorderofmagnitudefrommaritim

13、etolandtransportationandtoairtransportation.Thisisakeyenvironmentalaspectoflogisticsthatisnottakenintoconsiderationbymostsupplychainoperators.Logisticsexpertstypicallyintegratefreightmodesandotherrelatedactivitiessothatthetransportanddistributionnetworkisusedinthemostefficientmanner,whichisimportant

14、forkeepingemissionsincheck,aswell.Dependingonthetypeofindustryandgeographicalregion,supplychainoperatorscanplacevaryingemphasisonthereliabilityofsupplychains,aswell.Insummary,supplychainchoicestypicallyincludemultiplecriteriaandtrade-offs,andthismakesananalysisoftheirenvironmentalimpactcomplex;themo

15、stenvironmentallyfriendlychoicesdonotonlydependonmodeoftransportation,butalsoonotherelements,suchasefficiencyandreliability.Toreducetheenvironmentalfootprintofasupplychain,thefocusshouldbeonseveraldimensionsandshouldselectthebestmodeoftransport,efficientmovements,andinnovation.Comprehensiveworkongre

16、eningindividualmodesoftransportationisalreadyavailable.Here,thekeydrivershavebeenenergyefficiencyandtheurgetodiminishvarioustypesofemission.Giventheintegratednatureofsupplychains,however,themannerinwhichpricesignalsandincentivescatalyzesupplychainstructureisaratherintricateproblem:lower-emissionmode

17、softransport(maritime,e.g.)aretypicallyalsolessreliableorhaveotherlimitations(suchasmaritimeaccesstoalandlockedcountry).Suchlimitationsmayincludethecostofsuchtechnologies,thetemperaturerangewithinwhichtheycanbeusedortheavailabilityofcertaintypesoffuel.Itisthereforecriticaltocomplementthecurrentknowl

18、edgeaboutemissionsproducedbydifferentmodesoftransportationwithanunderstandingofwhatdrivesthedemandforGreenLogisticswithinsupplychains.Theemergingresponseislikelytotaketheformoftop-downpolicy,suchasmeasuresintheformofstandardsortaxesaddressingemissions(GHSO2,NOx)bymodeoffreight.Forinstance,acaponSO2e

19、missionsonmajormaritimerouteswillgointoeffectattheendof20152.Atleastasimportantistheresponsefromthebottomup.Thesearesupply-chainstrategiescomingfromtheprivatesectorinresponsetopolicyorpricechanges,butalsodemandfromconsumers,clientsandstake-holders.GreenSupplyChainmanagementhastobetakenseriouslybypol

20、icymakers.Anexclusivefocusonpricemechanism(includingtaxes),asisthecurrenttendency,maymisssomeofthemajordriverofchangesinsupplychainmanagement.Anothercomplication,atleastinthecontextofinternationaltrade,isthatthefocusontheimpactoninternationallogisticsdoesnotcapturethefootprintofproductionprocesses.T

21、heseprocessesmayhavedifferentimpactthanthesupplychainitself,asinthecaseoffoodproduction.Thereisalsoevidencethatmuchoftheenvironmentalfootprintoflogisticsoperationsistiedtoshortdistancesanddistribution.GreenLogisticsisintimatelylinkedwithconcernssuchasurbancongestion,andinnovationsinLogisticsarecriti

22、caltosustainablesupplychains.GrassrootsinnovationsinLogisticshaverecentlyflourished,oftenproducingwin-winsolutionsintermsofjobsandtheenvironment.Moregenerally,thereisincreasingawarenessthatgreensupplychainscanbealsocompetitive,eitherbecausetheawarenessoftheenvironmenthelpsproductivityorbecauseconsum

23、ersexpectit,particularlyinwealthycountries.Aconcretecaseinpointisalsotheso-calledsulphuremissionregulationbyIMOthatentersintoforceonJanuary1,2015inmostofNorthSea,BalticSeaandalongwestandeastcoastsofUS&Canada(barAlaska).Shipshavetogooverfromfuelwith1.5%sulphurto0.1%sulphurorinvestinso-calledscrub

24、bers,thatabsorbthesulphurfromexhaustgases;technologythatisstillnascentinthemaritimecontext.ScrubberinvestmentpercargoshipisUSD2millionanduowithmultiplesastheshipenginesizeincreases,withannualmaintenancecostapprox.7-10%ofinvestment.Thisseeminglyinnocentandrathertechnicalchangeisgoingtohaveahugeimpact

25、onshippingandthespillovereffecttoothermodes&SupplychainsaregoingtobesignificantGreenLogisticsalsoencompassespotentiallylonger-termconcerns.Agreenfocuswithinlogisticsanalysiscouldexamineasupplychainvulnerabilitytoclimateeventsortolargeswingsinthepriceoftransportinputs,forinstance.Arecentvolcanice

26、pisodeinIcelandshowedthevulnerabilityofonespecificsupplychainthatreliesheavilyonairfreightfreshproducecomingfromAfricaspoiledwhenflightswerecancelledbecauseofthevolcanicash.Resilienceconcernsandotherformofuncertaintyarelikelytoshapesupplychainchoicesbyregionalandglobaloperators.Giventheimportanceoft

27、radeincomponentsandintra-firmtrade,howlargeoperatorsdevelopgreensupplychainstrategieswillhaveprofoundeconomicimpact.Resilientandgreenersupplychainsarelikelytobelessextendedandleaner,forexample,thoughtheconsequencesfortradeandintegrationoflowincomeeconomiescannotbetreatedfullyhere.Policymakersshouldb

28、econcernedbyboththesupplyanddemandaspectsoflogisticsenvironmentaldimensions.Sofar,thepolicyfocushasbeenonmodalfootprintandhasnottakenintoaccountasupplychainperspective.TherehavenotbeenmajorinitiativesinGreenLogistics,eveninthecountriesmostsensitivetotheissue,suchasthoseinNorthernEurope.Ratherthemost

29、importantchangeshaveoccurredasacombinationoflargelyuncoordinatedpublicandprivateinitiatives:voluntarybehaviorbyshippers,innovationintermsoftechnology,information(environmentallogisticsdashboard)orservices,orcommonpublic-privateobjectivessuchasinmodalshifts.2DEFININGGREENLOGISTICSANDGREENSUPPLYCHAINM

30、ANAGEMENTTherearemanyvariationsintheterminologyregardinggreenlogisticsandgreensupplychainmanagement.Thissectionaimsatprovidingabriefoverviewonsomeofthekeytermsusedintheliterature.Greenlogisticsrefersmainlytoenvironmentalissuesrelatedtotransportation,materialhandlingandstorage,inventorycontrol,wareho

31、using,packaging,andfacilitylocationallocationdecisions(Min&Kim,2012).Gonzalez-BenitoandGonzalez-Benito(2006)usethetermenvironmentallogisticstodescribelogisticspracticesthataredividedintosupply/purchasing,transportation,warehousinganddistribution,andreverselogisticsandwastemanagement.Althoughdist

32、ributionisconsideredtobeoneoftheinterrelatedareasofsupplychainmanagement,thetermgreendistributionhasalsobeenusedtodescribethewholeprocessofintegratingenvironmentalconcernsintotransportation,packaging,labellingandreverselogistics(Shietal.,2012).Reverselogisticsisoftenusedasasynonymtoeffortstoreduceth

33、eenvironmentalimpactofthesupplychainbyrecycling,reusingandremanufacturing.However,originallygreenlogisticswasusedtodescribethemovementofthematerialagainsttheprimaryflowintheformofcommercialreturns,wrongdeliveriesandrecallsetc.,i.e.fromthecustomertowardstheproducer.(Rogers&Tibben-Lembke,2001.)Ina

34、dditiontoreverselogistics,closed-loopsupplychainhasalsobeenusedtoemphasizethatthereverseflowofmaterial(e.g.Zhuetal.,2008).However,theactivitiesmotivatedmainlybyenvironmentalconcernsmightbebetterlabelledasgreenreverselogistics(Hazen,Cegielski&Hanna,2011)orinthemoregeneraltermsofgreenorenvironment

35、allogistics(Rogers&Tibben-Lembke,2001)insteadofreverselogisticsorclosed-loopsupplychains.Theabove-mentionedconceptsaremainlyusedtodescribetheactionstakenbythelogisticsserviceproviderside.Greensupplychainmanagement(GSCM)isamoreextensiveconceptthathasbeengainingincreasinginterestamongpractitioners

36、andacademiaandismainlydirectedtowardsmanufacturingcompanies.Thetermimpliesthatthefocusofenvironmentalmanagementhasshiftedfromafacilityororganizationleveltosupplychainlevel(Lintonetal.,2007).Srivastava(2007)definesthatGSCMisintegratingenvironmentalthinkingintosupplychainmanagement,includingproductdes

37、ign,materialsourcingandselection,manufacturingprocesses,deliveryofthefinalproducttotheconsumersaswellasend-of-lifemanagementoftheproductafteritsusefullife.GSCMisalsoknownasenvironmentalsupplychainmanagement(ESCM)(e.g.Zsidisin&Siferd,2001;Walkeretal.,2008).Someauthors(e.g.Seuring&Meller,2008;

38、Craig&Carter,2008)usesustainablesupplychainmanagement(SSCM)asasynonymofGSCMorESCMalthoughtheymostlyfocusontheenvironmentalaspectofsustainability,therebypayinglessattentiononeconomicandsocialaspects.AccordingtoZhuetal.(2005)GSCMisstronglyrelatedtointer-organisationalactivitiessuchasindustrialecos

39、ystems,industrialecology,productlifecycleanalysis,extendedproducerresponsibilityandproductstewardship.GSCMisoftendescribedtoconsistofgreenpurchasing,greenmanufacturing,greendistribution/greenmarketingandreverselogistics(Hervanietal.,2005).Greenorenvironmentalpurchasingorgreensupplyreferstoeffortstoi

40、mproveenvironmentalperformanceofpurchasedinputsorofsuppliersthatprovidethem(Bowenetal.,2001).Greenmanufacturingistypicallytriedtobeachievedbyvarioustypesofenvironmentalpractices,suchaspollutioncontrol,pollutionpreventionandproductstewardship(Hart,1995).ThedefinitionsofGSCMemphasizethatenvironmentall

41、yconsciouspracticesareevidentinallstagesofthesupplychainandtheproductlife-cycle(Hervanietal.,2005).Furthermore,VachonandKlassen(2006)dividethesegreensupplychainmanagementpracticesintotwosets:oneofthembeingenvironmentalmonitoringandtheotherenvironmentalcollaboration.Intheformerthefocusisonarmlengthtr

42、ansactioninwhichthebuyingorganisationevaluatesandmonitorsitssuppliers,andinthelattertheenvironmentalsolutionsaredevelopedjointly.GSCMactivitiesaimatachievingmarketadvantagesandprofitswhilereducingenvironmentalimpacts.Onegenerallyusedconcepttomeasuretheeffectofsupplychainactivitiesonnaturalenvironmen

43、tistheenvironmentalorecologicalfootprint.Itaccountsforhumandemandonglobalbiologicalresourcesandcomparesthelevelofconsumptionwiththeavailableamountofbioproductivelandandseaareaandhasbeendesignedtoshowwhetherthisustainabilitythresholdisexceeded(Wiedmann&Barrett,2010).Latelytheuseofcarbonfootprinth

44、asincreasedrapidlybutthequestionstillremainswhetheritshouldcontainonlycarbondioxideemissionsorothergreenhousegasemissionsaswell(Wiedmann&Minx,2007).Theincreasinginterestinenvironmentalissueshasledtothedevelopmentofvoluntaryenvironmentalmanagementsystems.Environmentalmanagementsystems(EMS)iscolle

45、ctionofinternaleffortsatformallyarticulatingenvironmentalgoals,makingchoicesthatintegratetheenvironmentintoproductiondecisions,identifyingopportunitiesforpollution(waste)reductionandimplementingplanstomakecontinuousimprovementsinproductionmethodsandenvironmentalperformance(Khanna&Anton,2002).The

46、mostcommonlyusedframeworkforanEMSisdevelopedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)fortheISO14001standard.Inaddition,forexampletheEuropeanParliamenthascreateditsownenvironmentalmanagementsystem,EMAS.(Gonzalezetal.2008.)Inordertoobtainacertificationanenvironmentalauditconductedbyaregist

47、eredexternalauditorisrequired(Rondinelli&Vastag,2000).Differenttypesofactorscanusedifferentapproachestocontributetoenvironmentalsustainability.Theseapproachescanbeviewedfrommacroandmicroperspective.Actionsinthemacrodomainaretakenbygovernmentsandotherlegislativeauthorities,whileinthemicrodomainth

48、eactionsaretakenbythecompanies(Aronsson&Huge-Brodin,2006).Whenviewedfromasupplychainperspective,themicrodomaincanbefurtherdividedintothelogisticsserviceusers(manufacturing,trading)andlogisticsserviceproviders.Thedecisionsconcerningtheactionstobetakencanbemadeatdifferentlevels:strategic,tacticand

49、operational.Eachlevelindicatesdifferentscopeandtimespanofthedecision.Ingeneral,thepolicymakersdecisionsarepreparedforseveralmonthsandevenyearsbeforehand,whereaslogisticsserviceprovidersandusersalsomakeplentyofday-to-daydecisions.FigureX川ustratessomeoftheactionstakenbydifferentactorsthatimpactontheen

50、vironmentalfootprint.Itisnotmeanttobeconclusivebuttoprovidesomeexamplesonwhatkindsofactivitiesaffecttheenvironmentalfootprint.Table1:ActionsTakenbyDifferentActorstoImpacttheEnvironmentalFootprint.Managementcantakeseveralapproachestogreeningthesupplychains.Somefirmschoosetobereactiveandcommitminimalr

51、esources,whilemoreproactivefirmsmaychoosetoseekvaluebystrategicallycommittingtoenvironmentalsustainabilityandbyintegratingenvironmentalpolicyinstrategy.(vanHoek,1999.)Formulatingenvironmentalstrategyisequallyimportantforbothlogisticsserviceusersandproviders.Anenvironmentalmanagementsystem(EMS)canbei

52、mplementedtoaddressenvironmentalpracticeswithintheorganisation.Itisusedtoformallyarticulateenvironmentalgoals,tomakechoicesthatintegratetheenvironmentintoproductiondecisions,andtoidentifyopportunitiesforpollutionreductionandtoimplementplanstomakecontinuousimprovements(Khanna&Anton,2002.)Thetwomo

53、stwidespreadEMSsinEuropeareISO14001andEMAS(Gonzalez,Sarkis&Adenso-Diaz,2008).Greenpurchasingorgreensupplyattemptstoimproveenvironmentalperformanceofpurchasedinputsorofsuppliersthatprovidethem(Bowenetal.,2001).Greenpurchasingenablestospecificissues,suchastoreductionthewasteproduced,tosubstitutema

54、terialthroughenvironmentalsourcingofrawmaterialsandtominimizetheuseofhazardousmaterials(Rao&Holt,2005),e.g.throughmaterialsthatareeitherrecyclableorreusable,orhavealreadybeenrecycled.Supplierselectionisanimportantdecisionatthisstage.(Sarkis,2003.)Supplierevaluationanddevelopmentformsanotherimpor

55、tantpartofgreenpurchasing(Zsidisin&Siferd,2001).ThesurveystudybyHoltandGhobadian(2009)revealedthatover50%ofUKmanufacturersusedinformalsupplierassessmentandevaluationpracticesandover30%usedformalsystems.Greenerproductionistypicallyaddressedthroughvarioustypesofenvironmentalpractices,suchaspolluti

56、oncontrol,pollutionpreventionandproductstewardship(Hart,1995).Itcanbeachievedbyusingrenewableandrecycledmaterialsandbyincorporatingreverselogisticssothatwastedgeneratedintheproductionprocessesareprocessedandrecycledintotheproductionphase(Rao&Holt,2005).Thereisagrowingtrendtooutsourcetransportand

57、logisticsservicestothirdpartylogisticsserviceproviders.Logisticsservicebuyersincreasinglyaskforinformationonenvironmentalperformanceoflogisticsserviceproviders.(Wolf&Seuring,2010.)Networkdesign,planningandmanagementaresomeofthepivotalissuestobeconsideredbylogisticsserviceproviders.Environmentals

58、ustainabilityusuallycallsforfewershipments,lesshandling,shortermovements,moredirectroutesandbetterspaceutilization.Networkdesignhasanimpactonfillrate,e.g.byincreasingthesizeofwarehouses,bycentralizingdistributionandbychangingthelocationofwarehouses.Consolidationisacentralaspecttologisticssystemsonma

59、nylevels,sinceconsolidationoffreightaffectsfleetsize,vehicles,containerandpackagesizes.(Aronsson&Huge-Brodin,2006.)Ocatingandtrainingdriversoneco-drivingleadstoreductionsinfuelconsumption(Helmreich,Bonilla,Akyelken,&Weiss,2009).Althoughthesupplychaintotheretailerswereoptimizedintermsofenvironmentalsustainability,theimportanceofmiledeliveriescannotbeunderestimated.Browne,Rizet,LeonardiandAllen(2008)notethatpersonalshoppingtripscanusemoreenergythanthewholesupplychainbefore,evenifproductionisincluded.Hence,theconsumersshouldbemadeawareoftheenvironme