主语从句及非限制定语从句

1、主语从句定义：在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。主语充当主语的句子类型:1. 常规主语从句，即句子在 复合句中充当一个 主语；主语 从句的时态不受主句的时态 影响和限制。(1)(4)That he fini shed writi ng the compo siti on in such a short time surp rised us all.Whether we will go for an out ing tomorrow rema ins unknown.Who will be our mon itor has n't bee n decided yet.Whom w

2、e must study for is a questi on of great imp orta nee.What caused the accide nt rema ins unknown.Whatever you did is right.Who the watch bel ongs to is unknown.(8)What we n eed is time.What we n eed are good doctors.小结:(1)引导 主语从句 连词有 that,whether,who,what,whatever 等;(2)连词位于句首不能省略;(3)主语从句大多数情况下视为 第三人

3、称单数，但也有例外，如例(9)注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。2.为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首位置，真正主语搁置于句末(1)It is certa in that he will win the match.It is true that he has made a very imp orta nt discovery in chemistry.It is very likely that they will hold a meeti ng.(4)It is stra nge that he should do that.It is imp

4、orta nt that we all should atte nd the meet ing.It is stra nge that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.(7) It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.(8)It is still a mystery what caused the accide nt.It is said that he has gone to sha nghai.(=He

5、 is said to have gone to sha nghai)(10)It is known to all that the gun po wder was first inven ted by the Chin ese.(11)It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.(12)It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to bethere)小结:(1 )为避免头重脚轻，常以 形式主语it引导从句。lt+形式主

6、语谓语+从句。(2)由于主语从句一般被认为是单数形式，形式主语的谓语动词、be动词+表语均为单数第三人称形式或过去式.主语从句的用法主语从句 与宾语从句 两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面从它们的各自用法来介绍。一.主语从句主语从句定义：在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做主语从句。 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It作形式主语 和it引导强调句的比较 主语从句常用it作形式主语，一般常用句型为：It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+主语从 句例如：It is still a questi on wheth

7、er she will come or not.It is stra nge that you should like him.It is still unknown which team will win the match.另外，还有一些比较多见的结构:It turned out thatIt has bee n proved thatIt happen ed/occurred thatIt is well-k nown that等等而强调句则不同，它的结构是：lt+be+被强调部分+that+从句强调主语:It is the times that p roduce their heroe

8、s.时势造英雄强调宾语:It is En glish that P rof.L in teaches us.强调状语:It was in sha nghai that I saw the film.判断是否是强调句有一个方法，就是将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看， 缺的是什么成分，再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分，带到你认为缺看有没有缺成分，成分的地方，如果放进去是一句完整的句子了，那就说明是强调句。2.用it作形式主语的结构It is +名词+that从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that非常荣幸It is com mon kn

9、owledge that是常识it is +形容词+that从句It is natural that彳艮自然It is strange that 奇怪的是it +不及物动词+that从句It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧it is+过去分词+that从句It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证实3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1) if引导的主语从句不可居于 复合句句首。It is said , (reported)结构中的 主语从句不可提前。例如:It is said that Preside

10、nt Jingo will visit our school n ext week.It happens,It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:It occurred to him that he failed in the exam in ati on.It doesn t matter how/whether 结构中的 主语从句不可提前。例如:It doesn t matter whether he is wrong or not.(5) 含主语从句的复合句是 疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如:Is it likely that it will rain in the eve

11、 ning?4. What与that在引导主语 从句时的区别What引导主语从句时在从句中充当 句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而that则不然。例如:What you said yesterday is right.宾语从句 用以区分 主语从句的几个特征:1、弓丨导词:whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere2、语序:宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。(名词性从句都是陈述语序)女口： I think that you must work harder.宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移 等现象。补充：从句的 语序永远是陈述句。限制性定语从句的分类(1)who弓I导的非限制

12、性定语从句Our guide , who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。My gardener , who is very pessimistic, says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。(2)whom 引导的非限制性定语从句。关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。女0: Peter, whom you met in London, is now back i

13、n Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Mr Smith , from whom I have learned a lot , is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。(3)whose引导的非限制性定语从句。whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。女0: The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。Above the trees are the mounta

14、ins, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play ，whose style is rigidly formal ， is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。which引导的非限制性定语从句。关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动 词宾语、介词宾语或表语。which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴

15、儿或动物的名词、表示单 数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如0: These apple trees ，which I plan ted three years ago ，have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。She is an artist ，which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。Water，which is a clear liquid ， has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fac

16、t they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。 which指代主句中的形容词。如0: She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。She is always careless , which we should not be.她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。 which指代主句中的某个从句。如0： He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.他说以前从没见过

17、她，这不是真的。which指代整个主句。女0： In the presenee of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。He may have acute appen dicitis , in which case he will have to be op erated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。Whe n dee ply absorbed in work , which he often was , he would forget a

18、ll about eati ng and slee ping.他经常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。如0: He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。(6) where弓I导的非限制性定语从句关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。如0: They went to London , where they lived for

19、six mon ths.他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。They reached there yesterday, where a n egotiatio n of sale will be held.他们昨天抵达那里，有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。（7）as引导的非限制性定语从句as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明但通常用于像 as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as issaid above, as always mentionedabove, as is usual, as

20、is often the case, as isrep orted inthe news paper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其 与主句隔开。as有“正如， 就像”之意。女0: As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语）He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the

21、case.他忘了带笔，这是常事。（as在从句中作主语）He is absorbed in work, as he ofte n was.他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。（as在从句中作表语）Boy as he was ， he was chosen king.他虽是孩子，却被选为国王。（as在从句中作表语）As we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。（as在从句中作宾语）The two brothers were satisfied with this decisi on，as was agreed beforeha nd.两兄弟对此决定都

22、满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。（as在从句中作主语）Taiwan is， as you know ， an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（as在从句中作宾语）（8） “介词+关系代词”弓I导的非限制性定语从句在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。 代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取 决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。关系They were short of sticks to make frames for the climb ing vines，without which

23、 theyield would be halved.他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。They thanked Tom , without whose support they would not have succeeded.他们很感激Tom，没有他的支持他们是不会成功的。(9)"名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句It now has 20， 000 hectares of land， more than two-thirds of which cultivati on.现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。Light is

24、the fast thi ng in the world, the sp eed of which is 300.000 kilometeThere are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。are underwhom areThe textile mill has over 8， 000 workers and staff， eighty per cent of wome n.这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。关系词引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有:when,where 。引

25、导非限定性定语从句的关系代词：as,which.+关系代词注意：不能用that作为关系代词的两种情况：非限定性定语从句；介词区别1、as引导的定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾,which引导的定语从句可置于句中2、或句中。或句尾。当as后面有“ is或was+过去分词”构成的被动语态时，be动词is或was可省略。as有时也可用作关系代词。若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放句中。4、as有正如一样、按照、正像、因为的意思，所以常用于肯定句，而 肯定，否定都可以)which则用于5、在固定结构中使用 as例如：the sameas、asas)例

26、句:1 Dorothy was always sp eak ing highly of her role in the p lay, which , of course, made the others unhappy.（从句部分的意思为：这当然使别人不高兴；而不能译为正如使别人不 高兴故用 which。)2 Chongqing is not the same city as we have see n in other p laces.重庆和我们在其它地方看过的城市不一样)常见易错题目及解答方法1.引导限制性定语从句时，关系代词which可以与that互换；但引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用

27、which )例 1.She heard a terrible no ise.frighte ned her.A. that B. which C. what D. who例 2.She heard a terrible no isefrighte ned her.A. that B. / C. what D. whothat不能用于引导非解析：例1意为：“她听到一个可怕的声音，这使她感到恐惧。”限制性定语从句，故选B。例2意为：“她听到了一个使她恐惧的可怕声音。”引导修饰noise的限制性定语从句可以用which或that来引导，故选A)2.先行词为reason从句则只能用for which

28、时，限制性定语可以用 来弓丨导。why或for which 来引导；非限制性定语例 3.1 had told them the reas on,I didn't attend the meeting.A. for which B. at which C. for whom D. why例 41 had told them the reas onI didn't attend the meeting.于是我没有出席会议。”先行词为reasonA。例4意为：“我已经把为什么没有出席A. whe n B. which C. why D. for that解析：例3意为：“我早已把理由

29、告诉他们，时，非限制性定语从句应用for which引导，故选会议的原因告诉他们。” the reason why.是常见搭配，答案为 C)3. 弓I导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以被省略；但引导非限制性 定语从句的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。he loved and例 5.He was eager to go to the hos pital to see his ste pm other, resp ected as his own mother.A. as B. which C. / D. whom解析：本句意为：“他急于去医院看望他的继母，他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她。

30、” 关系代词whom引导非限制性定语从句并作宾语，不能被省略，故选4 .引导限制性定语从句时并作从句宾语的关系代词whom 可以用who来代替；但在非限制性定语从句中，whom就不能用who替换。例 6.D0 you kn ow Tom,we talked about?A. which B. that C. whom D. who例 7.The America n journ alistthe announcer men ti oned in the n ews broadcastis said to have bee n killed by the gan gsters. Which of

31、the follow ing is wrong?A. who B. whom C. whose D. /解析：例6意为：“你认识汤姆吗？我们谈到过他。”应选 C。例7意为：“播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已遭歹徒杀害。下列哪一项是错误的？ ”关系代词作mentioned的宾语且指人时，可用 who/whom/that，在限制性定语从句中可省略，故C是错的。5 .当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时，其关系代词只能用 时非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。as，不能用which。此I expected, he didn ' t believe me.A. Which B.

32、As C. That D. When解析：本句意为：“正如我所预料的那样，他不相信我的话。”非限制性定语从句修 饰整个主句，应用 as引导，故答案为 B。例 9.Mary was late for school,ofte n happened.A. as B. for which C. that D. why解析：本句意为：“玛丽上学迟到了，这是常有的事。”根据句意，关系代词 导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面的主句，其位置非常灵活，故答案为as引6.由“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代整个主句时，不能用as，只能用which 。his father was angry.例 lO.

33、He bought the car for more than $20,000,A. about that B. with as C. whe n D. with whichwhich 位于解析：本句意为：“他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气。” 介词with的后面，指代前面的主句，故答案为注意事项1. which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。2. as有时也可用作关系代词。as引导非限制性定语从句，若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放句中。例句:As is reported in

34、 the newspaper ，some artistic treasures（ 艺术珍品） will be on show at the exhibiti on （展览品） on the weeke nd.3.在非限定性定语从句中，关系词不能用that 和 those。从句区别1.限定性定语从句:从句不能省略，如果省略整个句子意思不完整。非限定性定语从句:从句可以省略，如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。2.限定性定语从句:先行词可以用that引导。非限定性定语从句:先行词不可以用that引导。3.限定性定语从句:引导词有时可以省略。非限定性定语从句:引导词不可以省略。4.限定性定语从句:主句与从

35、句不需要用逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句:主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。5.限定性定语从句:从句只修饰先行词。非限定性定语从句:从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。6.限定性定语从句:不能修饰一个事件。非限定性定语从句:可以修饰一个事件。功能用途限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉,会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：1.Ra in forests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to sp eed up the econo mic gro

36、wth of the n ati ons in which they are located .为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。2.0cea n curre nts affect the climates of the lands n ear which they flow.洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。3.They explained the reas on to us why they had hated us before.他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点”，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、 修饰的作用，只起补充、 说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句或句中某个 成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语 从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定