2017高中英语语法考点一遍过第3辑专题十三句子结构和基本句型

1、1.名词2.代词3.数词4.不定式5.动名词7.名词化的形容词（如the rich)在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时,句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。On the desk are some books.(主语是books,所以用are）Down jumps the boy .(主语是the boy，所以用Gone are the days .(主语是the days，所以用jumps )are)谓语J VI f谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下:简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices runnin

2、g every morni ng.jTf * *He reads newspapers every day.复合谓语:由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.My sister is crying over there.I have bee n wait ing for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.Has he come back?专题十三句子结构和基本句型I.句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语

3、、定语、状语和补语。主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有表语和同位语的说法。属于主语或宾语的一部分。主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构:（可以熟记为:6.主语从句等表示。23He did nt attend the meeting yesterday.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如:Weare stude nts.Your idea sounds great.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become,等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、

4、分词、数词、 不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。三、宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为 动词宾语 和介词宾语。四、宾语补足语形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。五、主语补足语对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态,get, look, grow, turn, seem宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、宾语作主语时，4成了主语补足语。介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under

5、 the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our classis Joh n.（我们班最高的那个男孩）现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have somethingto say .（直译：我有要说的话）The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）七、状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully

6、. He walks slowly .（认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语）This material isen vir onmen tallyfrie ndly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.He was electedmonitor.She was foundsinging inHe was advisedto teach the lazy boy a less on.六、定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、 限定作用的词、短语或句子, 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。汉语中常用的表示。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，

7、也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况:副词用作定语一般要后置。People there are very friendly.（那儿的人们）He didnt like the man downstairs .（楼下的那个人）单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist.The man n ext to meis a scie ntist.（我旁边的那个人）5（修饰副词slowly,因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortun ately, he lost all of his mo

8、n ey.（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式T地点T时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式T地点T时间。如：I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning .He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。I in vited him to watch a movieat 5 p.m. on Thursday, August

9、 28th, 2015I was bor nat 6 a.m., March 16, 2000.He lives at 1120 GreenStreet, Lo ndon频度副词often, always,usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后，实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.6状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个

10、成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。 因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、 结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词,Its goo d to us studentsII.句子基本句型考点一陈述句陈述句主要分为肯定句和否定句。一、陈述句的肯定句式主要有五种基本句型：1.主语+谓语（不及物动词）The rain stopped.雨停了2.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语Childre n are playi ng basketball.孩子们在打篮球。/3.主语+连系动词+表语Leaves turn yellow in autu mn.秋天树叶变黄

11、。*4.主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语My father bought me a computer.我爸爸给我买了台电脑。5.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语He made his sister cried just now.他刚刚把他妹妹弄哭了。二、陈述句的否定句式1.若句中有连系动词be、情态动词或助动词，则分别在它们的后面加上not。His mother has already called the police for help.他的母亲已经报警求助了。THis mother hasn t called the police for help yet.他的母亲还没有

12、报警求助。2.原句中没有连系动词be、 助动词或情态对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如:Westude nts should study hard. (stude nts是we的同位语,都是指同一批学生）7动词时，要在行为动词前加助动词（do,does,did）与否定副词not。并且要注意这时的行为动词要用原形。另外，还需要将原句中的some改为any, too改为either,already改为yet。The old man hurt his leg last Wed nesday.TThe old man didn t hurt his leg last Wednesday.这位老人上周三

13、腿没有受伤。3.英语中有些肯定句与not连用只表示部分否定，所以在变为否定句时，只需将其中的某一（些）词语变为否定词即可。常见的这类词有bothTneither , allTnone, both. and.Tn either. n or.,every on e/eachTno one/no body,each/eitherTn either,a fewTfew,a littleTlittle。All the students are listening carefully.TNone of the stude nts is/are liste ning carefully.Both Joy a

14、nd Sam like singing Beiji ng Opera.TNeither Joy nor Sam likes singing Beiji ng Opera.考点二疑问句一、一般疑问句英语中的疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种。所谓一般疑问句，就是可以用yes或no来回答的疑问句。1.肯定形式的一般疑问句此类一般疑问句的结构为连系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他？”。Is he a good student?他是一个好学生吗？Yes, he is.是的，他是。/ No, he isnt.不，他不是。Does he go to school

15、by bike?他骑自行车去上学吗？Yes, he does.是的，他骑。/ No, he doesnt.不，他不骑。Do you have anything good to suggest?_ .If I have, I will put it on the QQ message.A. Yes, I haveB. No, I haventC. Yes, I doD. No, I dont这位老人上周三腿受伤了。8【参考答案】D【详细解析】句意：一一你有什么好的建议吗？一一没有。如果有的话，我就给你QQ留言。根据句意可知，用No作否定回答，另外，have是实义动词，回答时要借助于助动词do,即

16、No, I don t，故选Do92.否定形式的一般疑问句此类一般疑问句主要表示反问或惊讶，通常在连系动词be,情态动词或助动词后加not的缩略式nt，并放在句首。Arent you a writer?难道你不是作家吗？No, Im not.是的，我不是。【详细解析】Thats all right没关系；Not at all不用谢；No problem没问题；No , thanks不，谢谢。根据You can come to my office every Saturday.可知可以帮忙。故选C。、特殊疑问句以疑问词开头的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句的基本结构是疑问词+一般疑问 句。常见的疑

17、问词有what,who, whose,which,when,where,how,what time,what color,how much,how many,how long,how often,how soon等。1.特殊疑问句的语序疑问词作主语时，句子的语序与陈述句的语序相同。当疑问词作句子的宾语、状语等时,应用疑问词+一般疑问句结构。Who will give us a talk?谁将给我们做报告？ （who作主语）【注意】在这样的句子中，要注意句子的翻译,yes翻译成不，no翻译成是的。3.用yes,no之外的词回答的一般疑问句 一般疑问句也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词回答,so,all

18、right,certainly not,not atall女口：certainly,sure,of course,I think,never,sorry,not yet,Im afraid notWould you mi nd my joi ning your talk?Of course not.当然不介意。我加入你们的讨论，你们介意吗?Would you please help me with my writing skills?_ . You can come to my office every Saturday.IA. Thats all rightB. Not at allC. N

19、o problem【参考答案】CD. No, tha nks10When do you get up every day?你每天什么时候起床？（whe n作时间状语）2.否定形式的特殊疑问句否定形式的特殊疑问句由疑问词+一般疑问句的否定形式构成，主要表示劝告、建议或责备等。Why didn t you tell me earlier?你为什么不早点告诉我呢？When cant he come?他什么时候不能来？3.对画线部分提问这类题实际上就是将所给的陈述句变为特殊疑问句。解这类题时通常分三步完成：首先选准疑问词；然后改为疑问句语序；最后抄写剩余的部分。当对句子的主语提问时，其语序是疑问词 +

20、谓语+其他成分？”。Jack is over there.TWho is over there?He comes to China once a year.THow ofte n does he come to China?三、选择疑问句要求对方对两种或两种以上的情况进行选择的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句的最后两个供选择部分用or连接。选择疑问句有两种：一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句。Do you like Tom or Jerry?你喜欢汤姆还是杰瑞？I like Jerry.我喜欢杰瑞。Which do you like best, apples, oran ges or banan as

21、?你最喜欢哪样，苹果、橘子还是香蕉？I like即ples best.我最喜欢苹果。【注意】选择疑问句不能用yes或no来回答。四、反意疑问句1.反意疑问句的特点反意疑问句是由两部分构成的：前一部分是对事物的陈述，后一部分是简短的提问。即陈述句+附加疑问句。反意疑问句前后两部分必须遵循的原则是三同一反，即：人 称相同，动词相同，时态相同，前肯后否，前否后肯。11Mary is a worker, isnt she?玛丽是工人，是不是？You wont go to the Summer Palace tomorrow, will you?明天你不去颐和园，是吗？2.反意疑问句的答语12是否定的，

22、就用no回答。注意在前否后肯的反意疑问句的答语中，yes意为不，no意为是。He isnt going to the meeting, is he?他不去参加会议，是吗？Yes, he is.不，他要去。/ No, he isnt.对，他不去。3.常考的反意疑问句当陈述部分的主语是I，而句子又用来征询对方的意见时，附加疑问句中的主语用 如：I find English very interesting, dont you?I dont like that film, do you?(2)当陈述部分的主语是everybody, every one, some one, n obody, no o

23、ne, somebody成代词时，附加疑问句中的主语通常用they。但亦可用he,尤其是nobody, no one等作主语，具有否定概念时。如：Somebody phoned while I was out, didnt they?Every one enjoyed the party, did n t they?I 0Nobody wants to go there, does he?(3)当陈述部分的主语是不定代词everything,nothing, anything, something时，附加疑冋句中的主语一般用it,不用they。如：Everything seems all ri

24、ght now, doesnt it?Noth ing is kept i n good order, is it?Something must be done to stop pollution, isnt it?当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this, that或these, those时，附加疑问句中的主语分别用it和they。如：This is important, isnt it?That isnt correct, is it?These are your friends Tom and Jack, arent they?如果陈述部分是以代词one作主语，附加疑问句中的主语在正式场合用

25、one,非正式场合用you,在美国英语中，在非正式场合还可以用he。如：对反意疑问句的回答，不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的，就用yes回答；若事实you。等合13One cant be too careful, can one?或can you?One should do his duty, should n如果陈述部分用Im结构，附加疑问部分一般用arent I。如：I am strong and healthy arent I。7.当陈述句为there be结构时，附加疑问句中的主语也用there。如：Theres no help for it, is there?Theres som

26、ething wrong, isnt there?(8)陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时，附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如：Bob rarely got drunk, did he?Few people know him, do they?She seldom goes to the cinema, does she?如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀， 那么， 该陈述部分作肯定处理， 附加疑问部分一 般仍用否定形式。如：He was unsuccessful, wasnt he

27、?Tom dislikes the book, doesnt he?(9)当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。如：She says that I did it, doesnt she?I told them not everybody could do it ,didnt I?但当陈述部分的主语是I，谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。I suppose that hes serious isnt he?I dont think s

28、he cares, does she?(10)当陈述部分是并列句，附加疑问句则需和就近的分句的主语和谓语一致。如：Xiao Lin has been writing letters all afternoon buthe should finish them now,t he?14shouldnt he?(11)在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, wont you, would you,有时也可用can you, cant you, why dont you, could you等。 如：Dont open the door, will you?G

29、ive me some cigarettes, can you?Take a rest, why don t you?但是，以lets开头的祈使句，附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句,如果含义是allow us，不包括听话人在内，疑问部分用will you。如:Lets have a basketball match this after noon, shall we?Let us go out for a rest, will you?(12)当陈述部分带有情态动词must表示必须”时，疑问部分用mustnt。如:You must work hard next ter

30、m, mustn t you?I must answer the letter, mustnt I?但若表推测这层含义时，不能用must，而要根据陈述部分的不定式结构(即must之后的动词)以及含义采用相应的动词形式。如：You must have made a mistake, have nt you?They must have seen the film last week, didnt they?He must be in the library, isnt he?(13)当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时，疑问部分可用usednt或didnt。如：The old man used

31、 to smoke, didn t he?或usedn t he?Tom used to live here, usednt he?或didnt he?(14)当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，疑问部分用oughtnt或shouldnt。如：He ought to know the answer, oughtn t he?We ought to read this book, oughtn t we?或shouldn t we?(15)当陈述部分含有had better时，疑问部分用had。女1丨：You；d better finish your homework now, hadnt

32、 you?(16)感叹句后的附加疑问句的谓语动词需用be的现在时，且常用否定形式。如：What a clever boy, isn t he?What a lovely day, isnt it?15(17)陈述句子中的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语或其他短语时，疑问部分的主语通常 用it。如:Learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesnBetween six and seven will suit you, wont it?Where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has

33、it?(18)在口语和非正式文体中，为了加强语气，只是表示某种惊奇、怀疑、反感、讽刺等感情而并不是为了寻求回答，这时前后两部分的肯定、否定是一致的。如:Oh, he is a writer, is he?You II not go, wont you?（2014重庆）I spent two weeks in London last summer. Then you must have visited the British Museum duri ng your stay,_ you?A. mustntB. havent C. didntD. hadnt【参考答案】C【详细解析】题意：逗留伦敦

34、期间肯定去看过大英博物馆。题中last summer表示的是一个确定的过去时间，可认定must have visited是对过去的推断。故C项正确。考点三感叹句一、感叹句的基本用法用来表示说话人强烈的喜、怒、哀、乐等感情的句子，叫感叹句。感叹句由what或how引导，具体用法如下表：类别结构例句What + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词（+主语+谓语）！What a kind girl ( she is )!个多么善良的女孩啊！（她是）一what弓1导What +形容词+复数可数名 词/不可数名词（+主语+谓 语）！What beautiful flowers ( they are)!么漂

35、亮的花！What bad weather ( it is )!天气！多多么糟糕的How +主语+谓语！How time flies!时间飞逝！how弓丨导How+形容词/副词（+主语+谓语）！How brave ( the hero is )!(这个英雄)真勇敢！How slowly he walks!他走得多慢啊！How +形容词+ a/an +单数How clever ( a boy he is )!（他是）一t it?16可数名词（+主语+谓语）！个多么聪明的男孩啊！1. _excitingnews! we ve never had_long vacation before.A. Wha

36、t;such aB. What an;such aC. How;such aD. What;so【参考答案】A17检测训练基础过关【详细解析】句意：多么令人兴奋的消息！以前我们从来没有这么长的假期。此题考查What+adj.+名词！和such a +adj.+名词结构。故选A。二、陈述句改感叹句陈述句变为感叹句时，常使用一断二加三换位的方法:1. 一断，即在谓语后边断开，使句子分为两部分。She is II a beautiful girl.她是一位美丽的姑娘。He works II hard.他工作努力。2.二加，即如果第二部分为副词、形容词，就加上how;如果是加上what。She is

37、II (what) a beautiful girl.He works II (how) hard.3.三换位，即把第一部分与第二部分互换位置，同时把句号换为感叹号。What a beautiful girl she is!How hard he works!、方法技巧感叹句，并不难，what与how应在前。形容词、副词跟着how,what后面名词连。名词若是可数单，前带冠词a或an。主语、谓语放后面，省略它们也常见个名词（词感叹句记忆口诀18I.完成句子1._ These days, are not uncommon causing serious harm to life andthe e

38、nvironment.最近，违反交通规则和乱丢垃圾已是司空见惯，给人们的生活和环境都带来了严重的危害。2. Since then，math_，and I have also made rapid progress in it.从那时起，数学成了我最喜欢的学科之一，并且我在数学上也取得了巨大的进步。3.To learn English well_，we should findopportunities.为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地找听英语的机会。4._，I became the focus of the whole class and was full of great prideand confidence.在那一时刻，我成为全班的焦