高中英语语法综合整理(定语从句)

1、定语从句(Attributive clauses在句中修饰名词或代词的从句, 因其修饰作用相当于形容词, 故称形容词性从句, 即通常所 说的定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的有:1关系代词:先行词为人:who, whom, that, whose先行词为物:which, that, whose2关系副词:when, where, why注意:关系词起三个作用: 连接先行词和定于从句 替代先行词 在从句中担任成分 what 不能引导定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后,但有时也被一个短语隔开。例如:I was the only person in my office who w

2、as invited.I. 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。定语从句的构成 : 先行词 + 关系词 + 从句人 物主格 Who/ that Which/ that宾格 Whom/ that/ who Which/ that定语 w hose Whose: of which1 who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词, 在从句中作主语和宾语。 关系代词充当宾语可以省 略。例如:Is he the man who/that want

3、s to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗 ?(who/that在从句中作主语 He is the man (whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。 (whom/that在从句中 作宾语2 whose 用来指人或物,在定语从句中作定语, 。 例如:Please pass me the book whose cover is red.(指物The lawyer whose name is Wang Jin lives in Nanjing.(指人3 which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可做主语、宾语等。例如: Great

4、changes which / that have never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作主语The package (which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。 (which / that在句中作宾语II. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词 when, where, why在从句中充当状语,分别可表时间、地点或原因。I will never forget the day when I first came to

5、 Beijing.This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.I know the reason why he came late.注:先行词是 the way时,其后的定语从句关系词有三种,例如:I like the way in which / (that the teacher gives his lessons.从句缺少的是主语、 宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。 也就是说要看先 行词在定语从句中担任什么成分试比较:I will never forget the day (which/that I spent in Hongkon

6、g.( spent是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略 I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.(从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 The reason (that/which he gave for not coming to school yesterday is unbelievable.( gave是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略 The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday i

7、s unbelievable.(从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 . 关系代词引导的限制性与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用, 去掉后主句意义就变得不明确, 它与主句之间没有逗 号分隔。例如:The watch that I bought yesterday works well.非限制性定语从句与主句之间的关系相对松散一些, 它对先行词起补充说明作用, 去掉后不 影响主句意义。 因此, 一些具有区别意义的专有名词及一些表示 “ 唯一 ” 概念的人或物后面常 用此类从句。这类从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。例如:My father, who is a doc

8、tor, often encourages me to work hard. . 介词 +关系代词的用法关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,不能用 that ,也不能省略,常用 which 或 whom 。介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定, 该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前, 也可放在从 句之尾。例如:The man (who/whom/that I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.但

9、遇到固定词组时,介词一般紧跟词组主体,不作前置。如:Is this the book (which/that you are looking for? ( 这里介词 for 一般不提前,因为 look for是 固定词组,意为 “ 寻找 ” ,介词 for 若被提前,单个的 look 意为 “ 看 ” ,句意不符。 巩固练习I. 单项选择1. Youd better not drink water _ has not been boiled.A. which B. whom C. whose D. who2. The director and his movie _ you have just

10、 talked is really popular.A. that B. which C. about which D. of whom3. His dog, _ was now very old, became ill and died.A. who B. that C. whose D. which4. This is the house _ I was born on a rainy evening.A. which B. that C. in which D. at which5. She is my former classmate _ handwriting is very goo

11、d.A. whom B. whose C. of whom D. which6. Is the girl your friend _ you shook hands just now?A. which B. that C. to whom D. with whom7. In fact the Sweden did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.A. where B. who C. in which D. which8. Didnt you see the man _ I nodded to just now?

12、A. which B. whom C. whose D. to which9. I cant find the gold ring _ I spent 100 dollars.A. that B. on which C. which D. in which10. The radio set _ I bought last week has gone wrong.A. / B. for which C. over which D. whatAnswers: ACDCB, DDBBA定语从句(Attributive clauses Part2I. 关系代词 that 与 which ; that

13、与 who 的一些特殊用法:指物时,关系代词 that 和 which 一般情况下可换用,但以下几种情况下一般用 that ,不用 which :1先行词是 all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词; 或是先行词被 all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时:Is there anything (that I can do for you in town?I have read all the books (that you gave me.注

14、:当 something 确指某物或某事时,用 that 或 which 都可以,如:There is something that/which keeps worrying me. “ 有一件事一直令我不安。 ”2 先行词被形容词最高级或有序数词 the first, the second, the last修饰时:This is the best film (that I have ever seen.The first place (that well visit is the Great Wall.3 先行词被 the only, the very修饰时:The only thing

15、that matters is to find our way home.This is the very book (that Ive been looking for.4 先行词既有人又有物时:They talked about the persons and things (that they remembered in the school.5 当主句是由 who 或 which 引导的特殊问句时,为避免重复,定语从句中常用 that : Who is the man that is standing by the door?Which is the dictionary (that

16、you bought yesterday?只能用 which 的两种情况1 非限制性定语从句 , 先行词为物e.g. Yangtze river, which is the third longest river, lies in China.2 整句话当先行词It rained a lot, which made a flood happened只能用 as, 不能用 which, that, who 的两种情况1 先行词被 such, the same 修饰时e.g. Ive never heard of such a terrible earthquake as you told me.

17、Y ou are using the same pen as I lost yesterday. (像,两支 Y ou are using the same pen that I lost yesterday.(正是,同一支2 非限制性定语从句提前 , 关系词用 as,“ 正如 所知道 , 所期望 的一样 ”e.g. As we know, Taiwan belongs to China,当先行词是 anyone, those, these, he, she等代词表 “ 人 ” 时,一般用 who 而不用 that :Anyone who wants a ticket please sign

18、your name here.Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,通常用 that 而不用 who :He is no longer the man that he used to be.II. 关系代词 whose 的特殊用法(只用作定语 , 若指物,它还可以同 of which互换 , of which可置于其所修饰的名词前或后

19、; 若指人 , 可以同 of whom互换 。例如:Please pass me the book whose cover is green.(指物=Please pass me the book the cover of which (of which the cover is green.The doctor, whose name was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England.(指人 = The doctor, the name of whom was Johnson, lived in a small town i

20、n the north of England. III. 一种特殊的非限制性定语从句在非限制性定语从句中,有时根据句子意思,常把 some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、分数或百分比与 of whom或 of which连用。He has five children, two of whom are abroad.(比较:He has five children, and two of them are abroad.We have tested three hundred types of boot

21、s, none of which is/are completely waterproof.(比较:We have tested three hundred types of boots, but none of them is/are completely waterproof. . 定语从句中易犯的错误1. 在定语从句中加了多余的定语e.g. Some of the boys I invited them didnt come. (them2. 把定语从句谓语动词的单复数弄错e.g. Anyone who break the rules will be punished. (breaksT

22、hose who has finished may go home. (haveHe is the only one of the teachers who know English in our school. (knowsThis is one of the rooms that is free now. (are3. 误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词e.g. Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth. (who / that4. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词a. The house where he lives in nee

23、ds repairing. ( where he lives 或 that he lives inb I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing. ( the day when 或 the day on which 5. 在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用关系代词或关系副词I still remember the day when we spent together. (that / whichThis is the house where we lived in last year. (that /which6. 在先行

24、词 reason 后错用关系副词 whyI dont believe the reason why he has given for his being late. (that /which7. 主句不完整 , 首先要补充完整This factory is that I worked in. (the one 8. what 引导的名词性从句做主语 , 宾语 , 表语That can be done has already been done. (what9. 误将强调句型当定语从句I was in the kitchen where the fire broke out. (thatCorr

25、ect the mistakes1. This is the last lesson which Mr. Smith taught me.2. I have read all the books which you lent me.3. Is there anything else which I can do for you?4. Tom and his dog which were here a moment ago have disappeared.5. He lives in the room, the window of that faces the south.6. Do you

26、still remember the day when we first spent together?7. He is the only one of the experts who know a little Chinese.8. Who is the man who shook hands with you just now?9. Is this museum that they visited yesterday?10. His father died last year, who made him sad.11. All what you should do now is to ta

27、ke a good rest.12. Do you know the teacher whom I think will come to teach us English?.13. The sun heats the earth, which make it possible for plants to grow.14. I had never heard such an interesting story like he told.15. People who has eyes can sometimes act just as foolishly as the blind men.经典例析

28、典型例题分析高考题1. All _ is needed is a supply of oil. ( 89 A. the thing B. that C. what D. which点拨:本题考查引导定语从句的关系词, what 只能用于名词性从句,因此 A/D可以排除, 又因先行词为不定代词 all ,所以答案为 B 。2. He paid the boys $10 for washing ten windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. ( 90 A. these B. those C. that D. which点

29、拨:本题考查非限制性定语从句。从句子结构上看,两句之间用的是逗号,无连词连接, 故确定为从属句,介词后面的关系代词代物,只能用 which ,答案为 D 。3. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. ( 92 A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom点拨:本题考查定语从句中介词加关系代词的用法。根据句意 “ 向某人求助 ” 是 turn tosb. for help, 其中介词 to 可提前, 故答案为 D 。 本句也可以如下表达:In the d

30、ark street, there wasnt a single person (who/whom/that she could turn to for help.4. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made theothers unhappy. ( 2000 A .who B. which C. this D. what点拨:本题考查非限制性定语从句指代整个句子的用法,意为 “ 老是自赞她在剧中表演 的角色,这件事当然令他人不快。 ” 指代前面所说的整句话,用 which 。

31、故答案为 B 。从句 中插入 of course增加了考测难度,解题时可先把它忽略。易混题 (15. John is the only one of the students who _ French. John is one of the students who _ French.A . know B. knows C. knowing D. known点拨:答案是 B A 。在句 中的句意是 “ 约翰是学生中唯一懂法语的那个学生 ” ,其重心是 the only one故从句谓语动词应与 one 一致。在句 中的句意是 “ 约翰是懂法语的学生中的一 个 ” ,也就是 “ 懂法语的学生不止

32、一个,约翰只是其中之一 ” ,其重心是 the students ,故从句句中谓语动词应与 students 一致。 6This is the knife _ I usually cut my pencil This is the knife _ I usually use to cut my pencil Awith which Bwhich Cby which Dwith that 点拨：答案是AB。在句中，定语从句的句式是 cut my pencil with the knife，故用 with which 引导定语从句。 在句中， 定语从句的结构是 use the knife to c

33、ut my pencil， 故用 which 引导定语从句。 7Who lives in the house _ windows face south？ Who lives in the house _ the windows face south？ Awhose Bwhich Cof which Dthat 点拨：答案是AC。在句中 windows 前没有定冠词，它所缺的是定语形容词，而 whose 的用法就是在定语从句中作定语且既可指人也可指物。在句中 windows 前有定冠词，所 以要填的内容不能作前置定语，又因为“房子的窗户”用英语表达是“the windows of the hou

34、se”，故可用 of which 引导定语从句。 8Is this factory _ you visited last year？ Is this the factory _ you visited last year？ Athat Bof which Cthe one Dwhere 点拨：答案是CA。在句中 factory 前没有定冠词，这说明 this 是作它的定语。这样， 句中就缺少表语，也就是说定语从句缺少先行词，故选 C（the one 后省略了 that） 。在句 中 this 作主语，the factory 作表语，其后带一个 that 引导的定语从句，故选 A。 9When

35、I have trouble，he is the only one _I can ask for help When I have trouble，he is the only one _ I can go for help Awhom Bto whom Cwhich Dto who 点拨：答案是AB。句中，在结构上所要添的内容在从句中作 ask 的宾语其句式是 ask sbfor sth ，故用 whom 引导定语从句。在句中，go 是不及物动词其句式是 go to sbfor sth ，故用 to whom 引导定语从句。 10The reason _ he gave us was tha

36、t his car broke down on the way The reason _he was late was that his car broke down on the way Afor which Bwhich Chow Dwhat 点拨：答案是BA。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中应作 gave 的宾语，故应填关 系代词 which。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中作原因状语，故应填关系副词 for which(=why。 易混题(2 一定语从句与并列句（注意用标点符号和连接词 and, but 等来区别。 ） 1.Mr Li has three daughters, none

37、 of_ is an engineer. 2.Mr Li has three daughters, but none of_ is a dancer. 3.Mr Li has three daughters; _ are doctors. 答案：1.whom 2. them 3. None/They 二. 定语从句与地点状语从句（看是否有先行词，如果有，就是定语从句，如果没有，就是 状语从句） 1.Rice doesnt grow well _ there is not enough water. 2.I still remember the farm_ my parents worked t

38、en years ago. 答案：1.where 2. where/on which 对比下面两个句子： He left the key where he had been an hour ago. He left the place where he lived for many years. 练习：The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _ stands the famous tower. A. that B. where C. which D. there 答案: B. 三. 定语从句与强调句 强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就

39、是说，强调句型中去掉 It be that 后，句子仍 然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而定语从句去掉了 It be that 后句子 就不完整了。 1. It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport. It is the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport. 2. It is in the factory _John works. It is the factory _John works. 练习：3.It was 5 oclock in the

40、morning _he arrived home. 答案:1. that ,when 2.that, where 3. where 四. 定语从句与结果状语从句 在定语从句中，若先行词被 such 修饰时，关系词要用 as, 组成 suchas 结构.这个结构与状 语从句 suchthat（如此以致）很相似，要注意区别。若从句中的及物动词后无宾语， 就是定语从句， 用 suchas.否则就是状语从句，用 suchthat. 1.I have the same computer _you have. ( as 2. She is such a kind girl _all of us like

41、to make friends with her. (that 对比下面两个句子： He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect. He is such a good teacher that we all love and respect him. 练习：It is such a good place _everybody wants to visit _it is well-known all over the world. ( C A. which; that B. as ; as C. as ;that D. that; as

42、 五. 定语从句与习惯句型. 注意固定句型：It is the first/second/third time that+ 从句（从句用现在完成时） 1.It is the first time _she has been in Shanghai. 2.It was the time _Chinese people had a hard life. 答案: 1.that 2.when 六. 定语从句与单句 （注意标点符号。 两个单句间用句号， 而定语从句两个句子间用逗号。 ） 1.The mother told the lazy boy to work, _didnt help 2.The m

43、other told the lazy boy to work. _didnt help. 练习：3.There are 56 students in our class, most of _are girls. A. which B. whom C. them D. that 答案: 1. which 2. It 3. B 七. 定语从句与名词从句 1。定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 首先看引导从句的关系词 that 是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表， 则是定语从句。 再看 that 前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词， idea, fact, thought, news

44、如： 等。后面的从句是说明其内容的， （这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分） ，这个从句则 是同位语从句 2。强调句型与主语从句的区别：强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句 型中去掉 It be that 后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而含 主语从句的复合句中的 it 是指示代词， 后面多为系表结构或被动语态。 如果去掉 It bethat， 句子就不通顺了。 1.The news _came from the front was true. 2.The news _he won the game was true. 3.She was not _sh

45、e used to be. 4.The city is no longer a place _ it used to be. 5._ is known to us all, paper was first made in China. 6._ is known to us all that paper was first made in China. 7. She was not the woman _she used to be. The city is no longer _it used to be. 答案: 1. that/which 2. that 3. what 4.that 5. As 6. It 7. that, what 定语从句专项练习 1The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days.（全国 03 2004 .28） A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 2. George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. （