江苏省高考英语真题汇编说明文阅读

1、江苏省2011-2014年高考英语真题汇编说明文阅读（2014 江苏）CMost damagingly, anger weakens a person ' s ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.Not everyone experiences ang

2、er in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specificexpression of anger also differs from person to person basedon biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generallyconsidered too socially harmful to be tolerated.Weno longerrega

3、rd duels （ 决斗）as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person ' s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes.Under most conditions EEG （月西电图）measures of electrical activity show balancedactiv

4、ity between the right and left prefro rntal （额叶前部）areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition （意向）that most of us possessmost of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren ' t balanced and, as a result of this, we' re

5、likely to react. And ourbehavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people welike. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance beha

6、viour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that makeus anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as of ensive anger: the angry person moves

7、 closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry （不对称）of EEGactivity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy（同感）towards the individual

8、who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEGasymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.B. varies among people61. The “duels" example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of angerA

9、. usually has a biological basisC. is socially and culturally shapedD. influences one' s10thinking and evaluation62. What changes can be found in an angry brain? ZXXKA. Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.B. Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.C. Electrical activity corresp

10、onds to one' s behaviour.D. Electrical activity agrees with one' s disposition.63. Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?A. Approaching the source of anger. disliked.C. Moving away from what is disliked. anger.64. What is the key message of the last paragraph?A. How anger diff

11、ers from other emotions. emotions.C. Behavioural responses to anger.B. Trying to control what isD. Feeling helpless in the face ofB. How anger relates to otherD. Behavioural patterns of anger.*的im%讣.印* m j61. C 62. B 63. A 64. D（2013 江苏）CIf a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer thebends. Nitro

12、gen （ 氮）dissolved （ 溶解）in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles （气泡）accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.Other air-breathing animals also

13、 suffer this decompression （减压）sickness ifthey surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in

14、the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil （化石）bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widesp

15、read the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world ' s natural -history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the T

16、riassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Ju

17、rassicandCretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen （标本）showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not wh

18、at Dr Rothschild thinks happened. Hesuspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator （捕食动物）such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and croc

19、odiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey （猎物）as well as predator - and oftenhad to make a speedy exit

20、 as a result.61. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?A. A twisted body.B. A gradual decrease in blood supply.C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.D. A drop in blood pressure.62. The purpose of Roths child ' s study is to see .A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsB.

21、how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressionC. why ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesD. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones63. Rothschild ' s finding stated in Paragraph 4.A. confirmed his assumptionB. speeded up his research processC. disagreed with his assumptionD. changed his research objectives64.

22、Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs.A. failed to evolve an anti-decompression meansB. gradually developed measures against the bendsC. died out because of large sharks and crocodilesD. evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it61. A 62. B 63. C 64. A（2012 江苏）BDeputy Agricultu

23、re Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic （流 行病） sweeping across Americas farmland. It has little to do with the usual challenges, such as flood, rising fuel prices and crop-eating insects. The country's fanners are getting older, and there are fewer people standing in line to take their p

24、lace. National agricultural census （普查）figures show that the fastest-growing group of fanners is the part over 65. Merrigan is afraid the average age will be even higher when the 2012 statistics are completed.Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the countryin

25、hopes of encouragingmore students to thinkabout careers inagriculture.Aside from trying to stop the graying of .America'sfarmers, her workis made tougher by a recent blog posting that put agriculture at No.1 on a list of "useless" college degrees. Top federal agriculture officials are

26、talking about the posting, and it has the attention of agricultural organizations across the country. “There couldn't be anything that's more incorrect," Merrigan said. "We know that there aren't enough qualified graduates to fill the jobs that are out there in American agricul

27、ture.In addition, a growing world population that some experts predict will require 70% more food production by 2050, she said.“I truly believe we're at a golden age of agriculture. Global demand is at an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows," said Matt Rush

28、, director of the Texas Farm Bureau. "Production costs are going to be valuable enough that younger people are going to have the opportunity to be involved in agriculture."The Department of Agriculture has programs aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grow

29、n food. The National Young Farmers' Coalition has also been pushing for state and federal policy changes to make it easier for new farmers.Ryan Best, president of Future Fanners of America, has been living out of a suitcase, traveling the country and visiting with high school students about care

30、ers in agriculture. The 21 -year-old Best hopes his message-that this is a new time in agriculture-will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics. Never before have we had the innovations （创新）in technology which have led to agriculture in this country being the most efficient it has

31、 ever been," he said.“there ' s really a place for everybody to fit in. ”59 . What is the new challenge to American agriculture?A. Fewer and older farmers. B. Higher fuel prices.C. More natural disasters.D. Lower agricultural output.60 .Why is Merrigan visiting universities across the count

32、ry?A. To draw federal agriculture officials' attention.B. To select qualified agriculture graduates.C. To clarify a recent blog posting.D. To talk more students into farming careers61. According to Matt Rush, American agriculture will provide opportunities for younger people because.A. the gover

33、nment will cover production costsB. global food supplies will be even lowerC. investment in agriculture will be profitable D. America will increase its food export62. What do the underlined words "to turn around the statistics" in the last paragraph mean?A. To re-analyze the result of the

34、national census.B. To increase agricultural production.C. To bring down the average age of farmers. D.To invest more in agriculture.【考点】科技类一说明文【文章大意】本文是一篇科技文，主要介绍了美国在农业方面临农民人数少，年龄偏大的问题，同时还缺少专业大学生从事农业生产。该怎么样解决这个问题。59 .【答案】A【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第三句"The country ' s farmers are getting older, and t

35、here are fewer people standing in line to take their place” 可知，A项正确。【难度】一般60 .【答案】D【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中" is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers in agriculture ”可知，D项正确。【难度】一般61 .【答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第五段中“ Global demandis at

36、 an all-time record high, and global supplies are at all-time record lows”可推断 Matt Rush 认为，全球对农业的需要达到了最高， 而全球的供应则达到了最低， 故在农业上投资肯定会获利，即C项正确。【难度】一般62 .【答案】C【试题解析】句意理解题。根据最后一段第二句中“ this is a new time in agriculture will motivate the next generation”可推断此处表示的是“农业的新时机将会激励下一代来参与，即农民的平均年龄将会年轻化”，故C1正确。【难度】一般

37、【长难句解析】1. Deputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic （流行病）sweeping across Americas farmland.本句是see sb. / sth. doing sth.的复合结构。2. Merrigan, a former college professor, is making stops at universities across the country in hopes of encouraging more students to think about careers

38、in agriculture.本句是介词短语 in hope of doing sth. 希望。3. The 21 -year-old Best hopes his message-that this is a new time in agriculture-will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics.本句是his message 的同位语从句4. Never before have we had the innovations （创新）in technology which have ledto agricu

39、lture in this country being the most efficient it has ever been,”本句never否定词放在句首，后面用部分倒装，the innovations 的定语从句，which是关系代词。（2012 江苏）CMedical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the bodyandthe body fro

40、m them - until they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger（ 弓 I发）this release, including changing temperature,acidity,and so on. But triggers can come with their own risksburns, for example. Now,researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigg

41、er to date: shining near-infrared light （NIR,近红夕卜线 ）on the drug in the capsule.The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn't new. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers （ 聚合物）and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb cither ultraviolet （UV,紫夕

42、卜线）or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a trigger.But few compounds（ 化合物） absor

43、b NIR well and go through chemical changes.That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbi

44、ng group called o-nitrobenzyl （ONB）. Whenthey catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it separates from the polymer.So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for c

45、apsules that's even better. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains reactive（ 易反应的）components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the

46、 cresols, they cap each reactive component with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. Whenthe Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains.Shining additional light continues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. Wh

47、at's more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.63. According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?A. Temperature change.B. NIR light.C. Acidity change.D. UV light.64. Why in ONB unsatisfactory?A. It breaks

48、down when it absorbs NIR light.B. It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.C. It has not come onto the market up till now.D. It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.65. Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes?A. Protected B. formedC. exposed D. combine

49、d【考点】日常生活类一说明文【文章大意】。本文围绕“怎样使用胶囊，让我们生病吃药更加安全、而且疗效好”这个主 题展开研究，来展开话题的。63 .【答案】B【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第一段" Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light on the drug in the capsule. ”可知，应选 即。【难度】一般64 .【答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“ ONB groups f

50、all off the polymer, leading”可知，应选加。to its breakdown " 和 “ and it could be poisonous to cells【难度】较难65 .【答案】C【试题解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中"Whenthe Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed ” 可知此处用 exposed ,即 C®正确。【难度】一般【长难句解析】1. Researchers around the globe have developed polymers （

51、聚合物）and other materials that begin to break down when they absorb cither ultraviolet （UV,紫外线）or visible light.本句是polymers （聚合物）and other materials 的定语从句，when引导的时间状语从句。2. This one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked ina polymer. Cresol contains reactive（易反应的）components t

52、hat make it highlyunstable in its polymeric form, a feature本句是 called动词过去分词做后置定语，修饰 a long chain of compounds. 后面是reactive（ 易反应的）components 的定语从句off the Pacific coast could produce（2011江苏）According to the US government, wind farms 900 gig watts of electricity every year.Unfortunately,the water there

53、 is far tooway offdeep for even the tallest windmills（see picture）to touch bottom. An experiment underthe coast ofTech to Watchi Deepwater WindmillsNorway,however,could help put them anywhere.The project, called Hywind,is the world ' s firs t large-scale deepwater wind turbine（ 涡轮发电机）.Although i

54、t uses a fairly standard 152-ton,2.3-megawatt turbine,Hywind represents totally new technology.The turbine will be fixed 213 feetabove the water on a floating spar（see picture）,atechnologyHywind' s creator,theNorwegian company StatoilHydro,has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled

55、with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable（缆索）;these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves.Hywind' s stability（稳定性）in the cold and roughsea would prove that even the deepest corners of the o

56、cean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September.To produce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have touse bigger turbines than Hywind does, but it&

57、#39; s difficult enough to balance sucha large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spar ' s to design a new kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox（ 变速箱）sits at sea level rather than behind the blades （see picture ）Hywind is a te

58、st run, but the benefits for perfecting floating wind-farmtechnology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing offshore windmills are planted. Deep-sea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmill-as-eyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will