有关summary的写作技巧

1、Summary 的写法 1一、概括原文(一阅读1. 读懂文章读文章的时候,要养成良好的阅读习惯,划划写写,英文阅读的时候,用 铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。阅读次数越 多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。2. 拆分文章按照作者的思路,把文章分段,每个段落用几个词,几个短语概括。尽量 简短,精炼。段落中心句,在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。3. 概括主旨写出文章的 thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。(二基本结构和技巧1. 重新拟定标题给 summary 起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句 子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作

2、为标题。2. 阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候,如果 能够明确是他人写作的文章,注意要把作者的名字放在第一句(或者是 the author. 。接着写出要阐述的 main ideas(主要观点和 supporting points(对 主要观点的支持 。3. 词汇运用注意概述的 coherence (连贯性 ,运用好 transition words (过渡词 , like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.4. 删除细节只保留主要观点。5. 选择一至两个有代表性的例子原文中可能

3、包括 5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6. 把长句变成短句,把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.”“H is courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and

4、was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.”6 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子:“Beauti ful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and bet

5、ter train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为:”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation

6、 services.”7 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为:”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8 使用最短的连接词。 比如,可以使用 but, then,

7、thus, yet, though,不能使 用 at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长 的连接词。通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的 对白简化,比如:Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife an

8、d frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”Bu

9、t too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为:Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat le

10、ss salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 7. 注意问题(1避免重复在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。但是这在 summary 中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。(2不要把自己的观点强行添加给作者(3概述长度不要超过原文

11、章的 1/4(4不要过多照搬原作者的用词,用句(尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句 。(5最后检查一遍,确保文中没有语病,没有语法错误和拼写错误。 二、论文摘要摘要的基本结构和内容 因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文, 所以其 构成与论文主体的结构是对应的。因此,摘要应包括以下内容梗概:(1目的:研究工作的前提、目的和任务 , 所涉及的主题范围; (2方法:所用的理论、条 件、手段等; (3结果(4结果的分析、比较、评价、应用,提出的问题,今 后的课题 , 假设、启发、建议、预测等; (5其他:不属于研究、研制、调查的 主要目的,但具有重要的信息价值。(一引言部分1. 回顾研究背

12、景常用词汇有:review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about.2. 阐明写作或研究目的常用词汇有:purpose, attempt, aim等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的 状语来表达。例如:To investigate the mechanism of.3. 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围常用的词汇有:study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。Here w

13、e study the.This article includes a brief review of(二方法部分1. 介绍研究过程常用词汇有:test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。We present an analysis of .2. 说明研究或试验方法常用词汇有:measure, estimate, calculate等。We have developed a model to estimate .T his study presents estimate

14、s of.(三结果部分1. 展示研究结果常用词汇有:show, result, present等。We show this cell death to be dependent uponOur results suggest that2. 介绍结论常用词汇有:summary, introduce, conclude等。By means of a series of examples, we conclude that(四讨论部分1. 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点常用词汇有:suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。The resul

15、ts suggest thatIn this study, we describe .2. 阐明论证常用词汇有:support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify 等。3. 推荐和建议常用词汇有:suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。Summary 2一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为 “Abstract”, 而英国人则喜欢称其为 “Su

16、mmary” 。通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过 1万字。而 对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。 因此, 写摘要时, 应用最为简练的语言来表 达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为 200字 -500字。而国际刊物 要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是 100字 -200字。 摘要的位置一般放在一篇文 章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通 常多采用第三人称撰写。科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时 间, 使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。 书籍摘要

17、, 一般放在封 二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要, 切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时,最好用第三人 称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过 200个词。摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive 和资料性的(Informational 两类。陈述性 摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题, 不介绍内容。 资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外, 还 应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分 点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图; 介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌; 提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。二、常见句型常见的摘要句型有:1 This

18、 paper deals with.2 This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc.3 This essay presents knowledge that.4 This thesis discusses.5 This thesis analyzes.6 This paper provides an overview of.7 This paper elaborates on .8 This article gives an overview of.9 This article compares.and summarizes

19、 key findings.10 This paper includes discussions concerning.11 This paper presents up to date information on.12 This article covers the role of chemicals in.13 This paper addresses important topics including.14 This paper touches upon.15 This paper strongly emphasizes.16 This essay represents the pr

20、oceedings of .17 This article not only describes.but also suggests.18 This paper considers.19 This paper provides a method of .20 This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze.21 This paper offers the latest information regarding.22 This paper is devoted to examining the role of.23 This a

21、rticle explores.24 This paper expresses views on.25 This paper reflects the state of the art in.26 This paper explains the procedures for.27 This paper develops the theory of .28 This第三步:修改成文草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改。首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观 点都概括了, 摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。 其次, 如果摘要中出现了 不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们。第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的 错误。最后,保持语言简单明了。附:摘要写作(summary writing 是一种控制