专题一名词与冠词

1、名词与冠词Era名词的单复数专题一1.规则名词的6种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加-smouth t mouths houses houses以-s, -x, -ch,-sh结尾的名词在词尾加-esglass glasses match t matches以辅音字母+ -y结尾的名词变y为i，再加-escountry t countries factory t factories以元音字母+ -y结尾的名词在词尾直接+ -sholiday t holidays monkey t monkeys以-0结尾的名词一般在词尾加-spiano t pianos photoT photo

2、s有些在词尾加-esheroT heroes potatoT potatoes一般要变f或fe为v +selfT selves以-f, -fe结尾的名词-eswolf t wolves少数直接加-sroof t roofs belief t beliefs 下列以-f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加-es,也可以直接在f后加-s：handkerchief 宀 handkerchiefs/ha ndkerchieves, scarf宀 scanfse s 巧记变-f或-fe为v + -es的名词：巧学助记为了自己(self)活命(life),小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(k

3、nife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。2.不规则名词的3种复数变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deer, sheep, means, series, works, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft变内部元音footT feet, toothT teeth, gooses geese marr men, woman t women, mouses mice外来名词mediumr mediaphenomenon phenomenaanalysis analyses名师指津fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复

4、数形式为fishes,而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同；people指"人们”时单复数同形，指"民族”时，其复数为people®3.合成名词的2种复数形式(1) 若有主体名词，则把主体名词变成复数；若无主体名词，则把最后一部分变成复数。passer-by passersby,sister-in-law 宀 sisters-in-law,grown-up grown-ups,housewife housewives(2) “ man/woman + n."变复数时，作定语的 man/ woman和主体名词都要变复数：womenengineer®

5、命题点感悟单句语法填空 (2018 全国卷 I )Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all(cause).解析：causes此处的cause是可数名词，表示"原因”。根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes (2018 浙江 11 月高考)One s

6、tudy showed that(woman) who drank a lot ofcoffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.解析：women根据该句后半部分的they可知，空格处应该用复数形式，故填women。 (2018 浙江 6 月高考)Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especiallytroublesome.解析：dishes此处表示“中国的饭菜”，当然不止

7、一种，因此该名词应该用复数形式，故填dishes (2017 浙江 11 月高考)You wouldn' t think that a few(month) of exercise inyour teens would be enough .解析：months空格前面有a few作限定词且表示肯定，因此后面的名词应该用复数形式，所以使用 months。 (2017 浙江 6 月高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, LenaPahlsson pulled out a handful of small(carr

8、ot) and was about to throw themaway.解析：carrots 根据空格前面的 a handful of "可知，此处要用名词的复数形式。 (2017 全国卷 I )This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界)asa method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side(effect) such asoverweight and heart disease the very thing the medical

9、 community was trying to fight.解析：effects此处根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子0verweightand heart disease"可知，应用 effect的复数形式。 (2017 全国卷 n )In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world openedin London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible(crowd) on the

10、roads above as they travelled to and from work.解析：crowds根据空格前面的形容词 terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示"人群”， 是可数名词，前面没有不定冠词a,所以用名词的复数形式。 (2017 全国卷 I )The instructor kept repeating the (word) ,"Speedup! "" Slow down!”" Turn left !"解析：words根据后面的举例可知，此处应用word的复数形式。 (2016 全国卷 I )The nur

11、sery team switches him every few(day) with hissister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum she never suspects.解析：days every few days表示"每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。 (2016 全国卷 n )Recent(study) show that we are far more productive atwork if we take short breaks regularly.解析：studi

12、es Recent是形容词，修饰名词， Recent"在句中作主语，根据谓语动词show可知，主语需要用复数形式。rrsi|不可数名词1 常见的不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数的名词有： milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange （橙汁）,equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work （工作）,traffic,

13、 furniture, wealth, word （消息）,room （空间）,man （人类）等。名师指津word意为 消息",room意为 空间”，man意为 人类”时通常不带任何修 饰词。2. 抽象名词的具体化（1）具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用, 常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事物pleasure乐趣令人感到咼兴的人或事物attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险令人感到危险的人或事物delight高兴

14、令人感到高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人感到惊奇的人或事物shock震惊令人感到震惊的人或事物pride骄傲令人感到骄傲的人或事物I' m disappointed that the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.我很失望，这次试验证明又是一次完全的失败。别。(2) 抽象名词与a/an连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类 Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.

15、在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。 一A serious fire broke out in the village.Yes, news came asa shockto me.一一那个村庄发生了一起严重的大火。一一是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。LLSI名词所有格1 .有生命名词的3种所有格情况构成示例不以-s结尾的名词加-'sMary ' s e-mail children' s books以-s结尾的复数名词加-'the girls' dormitory the teachers' reading roo

16、m以-s结尾的单数名词或专有名词加-'s或-'our boss' officeEngels' s works2. 无生命名词的2种所有格(1)通常用of所有格表示The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the west on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马， 位于西 部沿海地区。表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用-'s所有格表示。Beijing's parks北京的公园the factory' s output 工厂的产量3. 双重所有格双重所有格的构成形式为：名词+of

17、+名词的所有格/名词+ of +名词性物主代词。He is a friend of my father' s.他是我父亲的一个朋友。名师指津名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。不定冠词的用法及固定搭配1不定冠词的基本用法(1) 表示类指，或指某类中的“任何一个”。A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.病毒是一种引发疾病的微生物。(2) 表示泛指。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词，因此由不定冠词构成

18、的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于“a certain。”The story happened in a small town in Victoria.故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。(3) 表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。I watch TV for six or seven hours a day.我一天要看六七个小时的电视。表示“每一”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。Prices start at £ 13.95 a yard for printed cotton.印花棉布以每码13.95英镑的价格起售。(5)表示“同一，

19、相同"，相当于“ the same ”They happen to be of an age and wear clothes of a color.他们碰巧同龄而且穿着同样颜色的衣服。2.不定冠词用于固定搭配中as a result因此，结果as a rule 通常as a whole大体上as a matter of fact 事实上at a loss不知所措in a hurry 匆忙in a word 总之in a sense在 某种意义上in a way在某种程度上in a short while 不久keep an eye on照看，留意pay a visit to 拜访p

20、ut an end to 结束once in a while 偶尔once upon a time 从前all of a sudden 突然be on a diet 节食have a gift for在某方面有天赋have/catch a cold 感冒make a living 谋生have/take a rest 休息give sb. a lift让某人搭便车命题点感悟单句语法填空 （2017 浙江 11 月高考）Like many things in life, it' songoing process, andthe best part of the process is th

21、at there's enough room for improvement.解析：an process为可数名词，表示"过程”，此处为泛指，又因空格处后面有一个限定词ongoing,其发音以元音音素开头，故应填不定冠词an。 （2017 浙江 6 月高考）For Pahlsson, its return waswonder.解析：a wonder为可数名词，表示"奇迹，奇事”，此处为泛指，故要用不定冠词 a。 （2017 全国卷I ） When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it

22、 ismissing something. Asresult, people will eat more food to try to make up for thatsomething missing.解析：a as a result为固定搭配，意为"结果”。 （2017 全国卷川）lnstead, she is earning £ 6,500 a day as model in NewYork.解析：a此处意为"作为纽约的一名模特”，在单数可数名词 model前应该使用不定 冠词a,表示"一，一名”。 （2017 全国卷n ）They live fa

23、r from the school, and it takes them abouthourand a half to go to work every day.解析：an hour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以填 an。 （2016 全国卷 n ）Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.解析：a for a while为固定搭配，意为"一会儿”。 （2015 浙江高考）On the right side o

24、f the class was the road.I was always interested tosee the drivers inhurry in the morning.EO3|定冠词the的用法及固定搭配1定冠词the的用法(1) 表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物，或者指上文已经提 到过的人或事物。Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?你认识那个站在门口的人吗？(2) 用在世界上独一无二的名词前。The earth goes around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。(3) 用于序数词、形

25、容词的最高级前。Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?这是你第一次游览青岛吗？China is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.在自然资源方面， 中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。(4) 用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词/分词前，表示一类人或物。the wounded 伤员 the rich 富人(5) 用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。in the 1990' s在20世纪90年代(6) 用在“ by

26、 + the+单位计量词”中。I hired the car by the hour.我按小时租车。(7) 用在表示身体部位的名词前，表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部位”。The police caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。(8) 与形容词或副词的比较级连用，一般用于以下两种情况： 用于“ the+比较级.，the +比较级.”结构中，表示“越越”之意。The more we do for the people, the happier we' II be.我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。 用在“ the+比较级+ of the two”结构中

27、，表示“两个中较的一个”。She is the taller of the two girls.她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。2. 定冠词the用于固定搭配中make the most/best of 充分禾 U用in the end 最后by the way顺便说一下in the distance 在远处in the way 挡道on the whole总的来说at the same time 同时on the other hand 另一方面to tell the truth 说实话for the time being 暂时on the spot在现场not in the least 一

28、点也不the other day 前几天take the place of 代替at the moment此刻，目前to the point中肯，切题in the middle of 在中间all the best 一切顺利命题点感悟单句语法填空 （2018 全国卷 n ）Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent overpast25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.解析：the 此处特指过去的25年，故用the。 （2018 全国卷川 Unexpectedly, I' m

29、face-to-face with the gorilla, who beginsscreaming attop of her lungs.解析：the at the top of one's lungs为固定搭配，意为"尽量大声地，声嘶力竭地 ”。 （2017 全国卷 I ）1 still remember how hardfirst day was.解析：the/my 表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰。 （2017 全国卷 n ）This included digging up the road, laying the track and then

30、 buildinga strong roof overtop.解析：the top是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在（地铁的）顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以用定冠词the。 （2016 浙江高考）Every time he arrived home atend of the day, we ' d greethim at the door.解析：the at the end of “在结束时”，为固定搭配。 （2016 全国卷I ）The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so thatwhile one is

31、being bottle-fed,other is with mum she never suspects.解析：the此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只，两者之间的“另一个”应该使用theother。 （2016 全国卷n ）But in that case, we will learn little aboutworld.解析：the此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。 （2015 全国卷 n ）The adobe dwellings （土坯房）built by the Pueblo Indians of theAmerican Southwest are admired by even most

32、modern of architects andengineers.解析：the在形容词最高级的前面用定冠词the。零冠词的用法及固定搭配1零冠词的用法(1) 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。He is living in Canada now.他现在住在加拿大。(2) 季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。We usually have breakfast at 7 o' clock.我们通常7点吃早饭。(3) 在学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。I' m interested in English.我对英语很感兴趣

33、。He is fond of playing chess他喜欢下棋。(4) 表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或宾语补足语时，其前通常不用冠词。Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “ Afifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge. ”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭思博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”(5) 用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通信工程的名词前。Are you going there by plane or b

34、y ship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？(6) 系动词turn(变成)后跟单数名词作表语时不用冠词。His brother has turned writer.他弟弟已成为一名作家。在as/though引导的部分倒装句中，零冠词+单数名词+ as/though +主语+谓语”意为“尽管但是”。Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.尽管他是个英雄，但是他也有一些缺点。(8)用在“名词+介词短语”的独立主格结构中。The teacher came in, book in hand.老师手里拿着一本书走进来。2. 零冠词用于固定搭配中at present 目

35、前take part in 参力口in peace 平静by chance/accident 碰巧on purpose 故意on second thoughts再一想ahead of time 提前in advance 提前by law根据法律by mistake由于差错under repair处于维修中lose heart 灰心day and night整日整夜from morning till night 从早到晚out of control 失控out of work 失业in danger处于危险之中at risk有危险专题过关训练I.单句语法填空1. And it evaluates

36、 how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writingskills (skill) to perform academic tasks.2. Many of these had benefited from the government' s special new policies encouraging people to start their own businesses (business)3. My immediate excitement gave in to excuses (excuse)

37、 as the weeks passed.4. The British have many traditions (tradition) but there is nothing more quintessential(典型的)than taking afternoon tea.5. Some people are so rude. Who sends an e-mail or a text message that just says “ Thank you ?6. The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson.7. We a

38、lso visited the Three Gorges Dam, a symbol of Chinese pride and power.8. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.9. Personally, I think teachers and parents should take measures (measure) to limit their children' s Internet tim

39、e.10. This isn't the first time technology has changed our manners (manner).11. Antarctica, tbe coldest place on Earth, is the fifth largest continent in the world.12. When my father bought me a computer as a birthday present last year, I felt very excited.13. The camp is at the bottom of a moun

40、tain close to a beautiful river.14. It is a great honour for me to take part in the volunteer work, and I learn thesignificance of helping others.n .运用语法写靓句1被邀请来参加这次聚会我深感荣幸。(consider, honor)l_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party.2.如果您能帮我，我将感激不尽。(appreciate, hand)I would appreciate i

41、t if you could give me a hand.3. 作为一名英语方面的专家，您能否就如何提升英语写作技能给我一些建议？(expert,give sb. some advice on)As an expert in English, can you give me some advice on how to improve my w riting skills?4. 都说老师们过着简朴的生活，但我认为当老师很有意义。(be said to, live, meaningful)Teachers_are_said_to_live_a_simple_life,_but丄think_bei

42、ng_a_teacher_is_meaningful.5. 张华，我们班的班长，昨天被选为我们学校的学生会主席。(monitor, elect, theStudents Union)Zhang Hua, monitor of our class, was elected chairman of the Students' Union o f our school yesterday.6.我写信是想让您帮我个忙。(favor)I_am_writing_to_ask_you_to_do_me_a_favor.川.语法填空(2019 青岛调研)The tea culture of China is _1_ (amaze) and has