第08讲句子成分-初高中英语教材衔接(Word版含解析)

1、第八讲句子成分【知识衔接】初高中课程解读初中课程高中课程初中英语中，要求了解句子成分的基 本组成部分，如主、谓、宾、宾补、 表、定等。掌握动名词作主语，充当 定语以及状语的成分。高中英语中，要求了解宾语中的单宾语、 双宾语、复合宾语以及同源宾语。掌握分 词作状语和定语，能够根据语境正确地选 择现在分词或者过去分词。初中知识回顾句子成分包括 主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语和补足语等。主语和谓 语是句子的主体部分；表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分。一.主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者，常用的作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语

2、）和从句。1） 名词：The students are learning grammar.Our teacher speaks very fast.2）代词：She is writing.He likes playing tennis.3） 数词：Five is an odd number.Six is my favorite number.4） 不定式：To learn English well is important.It is not easy to remember all rules.5） 动名词 ：Swimming is interesting.Learning grammar

3、well is difficult.6）主语从句：What I said is true.What we can't get seems better than what we have.二.谓语谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词， 有人称、数和时态的变化。英语句子中，除少数情况外，谓语必须是动词。而且，除了倒装等特殊情况外，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，它总是位于主语的后面。1）简单谓语动词： He bought a dictionary yesterday.动词短语： He is looking for his pen.2）复合谓语系表结构合起来共同组成谓

4、语，来说明主语的状态、性质等。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，它没有明显的外观的动作形式，例如：be（am/is/are）（ 是）,get（ 变得）,sound（ 听起来），look, seem（看起来）,feel（ 感到）等等。与系动词连用的部分叫“系表结构”，“表”就是“表语”的意思。例如：系动词 + 表语： We are students.情态动词 +不定式：I may be wrong.动词 + 不定式： We have to do something for them.三.表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。充作表语的可以是单词

5、、短语或从句。它的位置在系动词后面。1）名词:He is a doctor.Mr. Scott is a farmer.2）代词：It is me.That's something we have always to keep in mind.3） 数词：My lucky number is nine.She was the first to learn about it.4） 形容词 :The classroom is big.His hair has gone white.5）副词:I am here.6） 介词： We are in the classroom.7） 动名词 ：

6、My job is teaching them grammar.=Teaching them grammar is my job.8） 分词：The film is exciting.Time is pressing. Let's hurry up.9） 不定式短语 ：My job is to teach them grammar.All I can do is to send her a telegram.10） 表语从句 ：He looks as if he were going to cry.The suggestion is that we should recite more

7、 words.Be 动词（am, is , are, was, were ）系动词表保持（keep, stay, remain ）表改变（get , become, turn ）感官动词（feel （感觉），sound （听起来），seem/look （看起来），taste （尝起 来），smell （闻起来）如：It sounds interesting.（sound 为系动词，interesting为表语）We should all remain careful. Remain（为系动词， careful 为表语）注意：名词：身份、性质、内容。形容词：特点、特征。四.宾语宾语为动作的承受者

8、。从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语（介词后也有宾语）。从意义上来说，宾语是动作的对象、目标。宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。1） 名词：He is drinking water.I've bought an English-Chinese dictionary.2） 代词：The teacher is talking to her.They didn't promise him anything.3）数词：I like six.I want the first.4）动名词:He likes watching TV.I enjoyed working with you.5）

9、 不定式：I want to buy a book.My father likes to swim in winter.6）宾语从句：He asked if he might go there.Did you write down what she said?五.宾语补足语一般认为，宾语补足语是对宾语进行进一步的补充说明。宾语补足语主要与英语及物动词有关。这个问题分两点来说明。1、英语中有些及物动词，不但会涉及到一个对象（宾语），还会使宾语产生一种结果。动词引发宾语的结果就是宾语补足语。例如： We call him Little Tom. （称呼的对象是 him,称呼的结果是 Little

10、Tom. Little Tom 就是宾语补足语。） I find smoking bad for health. （find的对象是 smoking, 结论是 bad for health.）2、英语中表示看、听之类的动词，不仅看到一个人（宾语），还会看到他在做什么事。宾语所做的事也是宾语补足语。例如：I saw a bird in a cage.（看到小鸟在笼子里，"在笼子里”是宾语补足语。）We heard her singing a song.（听到她在唱歌，“在唱歌”是宾语补足语。）（这类带宾语补足语动词有：see, hear, notice, watch, feel, ob

11、serve等。）六.定语定语是修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的状态、性质、数量等的词。定语最关键的一点是，定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物 （即名词）特点的成分。动词不可能有定语，形容词也没有。一般情况下，定语可以是一个词，也可能是几个词或一个词组，也可能是一个从句（定语从句）。英语中定语的位置可以在名词前面，也可以在名词后面，特别是放在名词后面的定语，与中文习惯不同，要注意分辨清楚。前置定语：1）名词：I want an English-Chinese dictionary.我想要一本英汉词典。He has bought a grammar book.他买了一本语法书。2 ）代词：This is

12、my bag.这是我的包。3 ）数词：There are two policemen in the street.街上有两个警察。Please read the first paragraph.请读第一段。4 ）冠词：This is a desk.5 ）形容词：I like red apples.He gave me a vivid description of the battle.6 ） 动名词：This is a sleeping car.The swimming pool is wonderful.后置定语 ：7） 副词：The students here are good.The b

13、uildings around are of modern construction.) 介词：The students in the classroom are good.The book on the desk is mine.9 ） 不定式：I have an apple to eat.I have a lot of homework to do.注意：当句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者时，不定式用主动形式表被动。10） 定语从句 ：The students who are in the classroom are good.The boy who went to the library

14、is our monitor.注意：是作前置定语还是后置定语取决于自身的长度。七.状语状语用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或者句子。它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度.例如：动作在什么时间发生，什么地点发生，什么条件下发生，为什么目的发生,等等。一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当.英语中有十大状语：1）时间状语：He is to fly to London tomorrow.2）地点状语:The meeting was held in Harbin.3）方式状语：The workers there are paid by the week, not b

15、y the month.4）比较状语：He worked as fast as a skilled worker.5）程度状语：He loves his son very much.6）原因状语：Because of the warm and sunny weather, oranges grow very well here.7）目的状语：We do it in this way so as to save time.8）结果状语：He returned home to find his father dead.9）条件状语：Without plants, animals could not

16、 live in the world.10）让步状语：In spite of all his efforts, he failed.高中知识链接一.单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。1） 单宾语： I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up?Please stop making noise.Do you understand what I mean?2）双宾语：双宾语指动词后面接指人和指物的两个宾语。指人的宾语叫间接宾语；指物的宾语叫直接宾语。可以带两个宾语的动词有：bring,

17、give, show, send, pass, tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。）1 .其结构为：主语+及物动词（短语）+sb. + sth.Please tell me how the accident came about.（me 为间接宾语， how 从句为直接宾语）The teacher asked me a question.（me 为间接宾语，a question 为直接宾语）2 .如果强调直接宾语，可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加介词“to'或 "for "。接 to 的动词有： give, bring, pass, len

18、d, sell, send, show, tell, write等。 接 for 的动词有： buy, find, cook, draw, get, sing等。Give your mother the letter.= Give the letter to your mother .直接宾语间接宾语Can you find me my bag? = Can you find my bag for me?直接宾语间接宾语3）复合宾语：“宾语+宾语补足语”构成了复合宾语，宾语与补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系。We all find him a nice boy.（him 为宾语，a nice b

19、oy 为宾语补足语）I saw a stranger waving to me.（a stranger 为宾语，waving to me 为宾语补足语）4）同源宾语：同源宾语指由名词担任的能重复动词部分或全部意思的直接宾语，前面常有修饰语。laugh a good laugh 大笑smile a gentle smile微微一笑live a happy life过着幸福生活die a glorious death死得光荣dream a beautiful dream 做美梦 sing a sweet song唱了首甜美的歌blow a heavy blow 沉重地一击二.状语及独立主格结构状语

20、的核心是：状语是修饰动词的，只有动词才有状语。一般来说，状语的位置比较灵活，它可以放在句子的任何位置，可以放在句首、句中或者句末，而不一定是紧跟在动词的前后位置。我们在翻译的时候，要视具体情况而定。同样，状语可以是一个单词，也可以是 几个单词或词组，也可以是一个状语从句。注意：十大状语，九大状语从句。程度状语没有 状语从句，由程度副词或现在分词来担任。1) 名词：He will go to Japan tomorrow.2) 副词：Liu Xiang runs fast.3) 形容词：He got home, cold and hungry.Unable to answer the quest

21、ion, he said nothing.4) 状语从句 ：Since he was unable to answer the question, he said nothing.He got up early so that he might catch the morning train.注意：当状语从句位于主句前面时，必须有“，”后面时，”可有可无5) 介词： We are learning grammar in the classroom.6) 不定式：They went to Beijing to visit a famous writer.They study hard to pa

22、ss the examination.7) 分词：Seeing the notice, he ran away.Seem from the hill, the village is beautiful.注意：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。Settled, we began our work.(错)fThe question settled, we began our work.(对)8)独立主格：名词 / 代词 + 名词：He talked about friends, all stars.形容词： He stood there, his face red.副词： Class over,

23、 the students went out of the classroom.介词： The teacher came in, a book in his hand.不定式短语：Much work to do, I don't think I'll have time to come andsee you.分词： Some boys making so much noise, I couldn't study.The question settled, we began our work.三.分词作定语1） 现在分词： This is a sleeping boy.T

24、he sleeping boy is my brother.There are some boys playing outside.2） 过去分词： This is a broken glass.She is taking care of the newly-born child.We must solve the problems left by history.注意：动名词作定语，表示所修饰名词的性质或用途。This is a sleeping car. = This is a car used for sleeping.分词作定语，表示所修饰名词的动作或状态。I like the chi

25、ldren playing on the ground.This is a glass broken by that kid.四.补语补语是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补语分为主语补足语和宾 语补足语，含有宾语补足语的句子在变为被动句时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。注意：补足语力求句意的完整，根据语意，不能随意拿掉。1）名词:We call her Zhang Sir.2）形容词：The letter made him sad.3） 介词： We consider her as our friend.4）不定式短语：（受到动词的制约）I'll made him co

26、me in. 主语补足语The teacher made us recite the words. （宾语补足语）5）副词:I'll made him in.6） 分词：I saw her crossing the street.五.独立成分与句子没有关系或关系很松，独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。1）感叹词：感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。Well, let's end the discussion!There, there! Never mind. It's nothing serious at all.2)称呼语：称呼语作独立成分可置于句首、句中或句尾。名词： Hu

27、rry up, children!代词：You, stand up!Somebody, fetch a basin of water.人名： Tom, come here.3)插入语：不定式： To be frank, I don't quite agree with you.分词：Judging from your accent, you must be from Scotland.介词短语： This, in my opinion, is only one of the minor issues.形容词： Sure enough, enough planes came again

28、the next day.副词： Honestly, I don't need it at the moment.从句： What's more, 40 percent of the families would get an income of over 10000 yuan.句子： The cross-talk, I think, was both interesting and instructive.六.同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分 叫做同位语。同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。1) 名词：Zhang Sir, our

29、grammar teacher is humorous.This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital.2)代词：He himself did it.3)数词：The year, 1988 is important.We two will go shopping this afternoon.4) 动名词 ： My task, looking after these children is important.5) 不定式： My job, to teach them grammar is hard.6) 同位语从句 ：I had no idea that

30、 you were here.The suggestion that we should recite more words is useful.【经典题型】初中经典题型1. The book is. Most of the teachers are in it.A. interesting ; interestedB. interesting ; interestingC. interested ; interestingD. interested ; interested【解析】考杳表语。句意：这本书很有趣，大多数老师对它很感兴趣。第一句的主语为book, 用interesti邛作表语,表

31、示其特征第二句的主语为teacbers,用interested作表语，表示大 的口理。故选2. 一 I often have hamburgers for lunch.You' d better not. It ' s bad for you too much junk food.A. eatB. to eatC. eatingD. ate【答案】B【解析】考查主语。根据句意“你吃太多垃圾食品不好”，可知it为形式主语，动词不定式to eat too much junk food作真正的主语。故选 B.3. Tony wants a job as a language teac

32、her in China.A. to findB. findingC. find D. finds【答案】A【解析】考查宾语。动词 want后跟不定式作宾语，构成 want to do sth. 结构，意为“想 做某事”。故选A.4. Parents often ask us water in our life.A. saveB. savingC. to saveD. saves【答案】C【解析】考查不定式作宾语补足语。ask sb. to do sth. 表示“让/请求某人做某事”，为固定结构。故选C.5. The assistant won ' t let you the cine

33、ma if you don' t have a ticket.A. enterB. to enterC. entering D. enters【答案】A【解析】考查宾语补足语。let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”，为固定搭配。故选 A高中经典题型1. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only it didn't fit.A. foundB. to findC. findsD. finding【答案】B【解析】考查状语。句意：她焦急地从包裹里拿出裙子穿上，结果发现它

34、不合身了。only todo表示出乎意料的结果。故选B.2. Heis thought foolishly. Nowhe has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.A. to have acted B. acting C. to act D. acted【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。句意:人41认为他以前行为愚森。现在丢了工作只能怨他自己了。 根据句子结构以1及选项可支隔考查sb ,''stii be thought to do sth句式并且是与现在(now)进行 的对比,是以前的情况,应该是发生在句子谓语动词之前

35、。故用5k强的形式.3. Chinese readers are especially excited with the Nobel Prize in Literature, forthe first time,by a Chinese citizen, Mo Yan.A. to winB. has won C. won D. wining【答案】C【解析】 考查动词-ed 形式作定语。 won by a Chinese citizen , MoYan = which was won by a Chinese citizen , Mo Yan ,过去分词表示被动 .故选C.4. The way

36、 you thought of the math problem is greatly creative.A. to solve B. solving C. solved D. solve【答案】A【解析】考查动词不定式作定语。you thought of作定语修饰 way , the way to do sth "做某事的方法”，to do不定式作定语。故选 A.5. 一 Do you know that the meeting this afternoon has been cancelled?-No. Thanks for telling me.A. hold B. held

37、C. to hold D. to be held【答案】D【解析】考查动词不定式作定语。meeting和hold之间是被动关系，动词不定式表示将来 的动作，“今天下午将要举行的会议”。故选D.【实战演练】先做初中题夯实基础1. Do you know Neil Armstrong?Yes. He is the first man on the moon.A. walkB. walksC. to walkD. walked【答案】C【解析】考查定语。the first man to walk on the moon"第一位在月球上行走的人“，不定式作定语。故选 C.2. More an

38、d more people use smart phones （智能手机）nowadays.Yes, they make people less; people call them modern opium（鸦片）.A. readingB. to readC. readD. be read【答案】C,Mr. White?解析】考查真语补足倡.句意当今越来越多的人使用智冒疗机产”是的n它们让人们 读书读得少了 ；人们把它们叫做当代的鸦片产使役动词3kH后跟省略tO的不定式作宣补, 构成make必由m.使让某人做某事改选C.3. 一 May I listen to music here Sorry

39、 , you' d better that.A. not to doB. not do【答案】B【解析】考查谓语。had better do sth.sth.“最好不做某事”。故选B.4. - I ' ve just borrowed a CD playerYou can read the instructions.A. how to use itC. when to return it【答案】A【解析】考查宾语。从答语 You can readC. don ' t doD. not do to“最好做某事”，其否定形式为 had better not do,but I

40、 don ' t knowB. where to buy itD. where to put itinstructions.可判断，此处意为“但我不知道怎么用”，故用“ how+不定式”。故选A.5. The boss asked Tim to go and out if there was anyone else absent.A. findB. findingC. to findD. found【答案】A【解析】考查不定式。句意：老板叫蒂姆去找找是否还有人没来。由and可知空格处和前面的to go 一起构成动词不定式，省略不定式符号to,故选Ao6. I hope everyone

41、 can care about the environment and stop things.A. protecting; wastingB.protecting; towasteC. protect; wastingD. protect; to waste【答案】A【解析】考查宜语。care about中about是介同 后面接名词或者动名词作宾语sdoing.表示',停止做某事7前加一表示门停下来去侬某事“句意为.我鼎望每个人能关心保护环境并且停止浪费东西”，故迭7. 一You never miss one minute in class.-You know, we must l

42、isten to the teacher carefully.A. take notesB. taking notesC. to take notesD. takesnotes【答案】C【解析】考查状语。句意：“在课堂上你从不错过一分钟。”“你知道，我们必须认真听老师讲课才能记笔记。”不定式to do表目的，故选 C8. 一 Have you read the book Jane Eyre?Yes. It ' s a famous book and really worth.A. to readB. readingC. to be readD. read【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。

43、句意：“你读过简爱这本书吗？ ”“是的。它是一本名著，确实值得读。”be worth doing为固定短语，意为"值得做"。故选B。9. Though he often made his little sister today he was made by hislittle sister.A. cry; to cry【答案】AB. crying; cryingC. cry; cryD. to cry; cry【解析】考查真语补足僖.句意：虽然他经常*典的小妹妹霁关j但是今天他褛他的d咻妹 弄关了。本题第一空考查皿k-do - 7用动词原形,第二空考查皿&在钺动语态

44、中的用 法n be made后接tod守，故选A。10. There was so much noise outside that the teacher couldn ' t make herself .A. hearB. heardC. to hearD. hearing【答案】B【解析】考查宾语补足语。句意：外面太吵了，以至于老师无法让自己的声音被（同学们）听到。make oneself heard 表示“让自己被听见“，故填过去分词 heard。故选B。再战高中题一一能力提升1. The real secret of successful learning lies in st

45、udents an interest inwhat they are learning.A. takingB. takes C. taken D. took【答案】A【解析】考查动词-ing形式作宾语。句意：成功学习的真正秘诀在于学生对他们所学的东西感兴趣。介词in 后需加动词-ing形式作宾语，students 是take的逻辑主语。故选 A.2. I am very sorry for what Tom did to his boss. But honestly speaking , I think his by the boss was the real cause of the tra

46、gedy.A. take in B. was taken in C. being taken in D.takes in【答案】C【解析】考查动词-ing形式作主语。take in "欺骗”，由其后的by the boss 知，此处 为被动，当动词的-ing形式带逻辑主语时，要在其前加上形容词性物主代词。故选 C.3. With the world changing fast , wehave something new with all by ourselves every day.A. deals B. to deal C. dealing D. deal【答案】B【解析】考查动词不定式作定语。不定式作定语修饰 something , deal with的逻辑主语就是句子的主语we ,此时要用不定式的主动形式表示被动意思。故选 B.4. The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras to our shop forquality problems.A. return B. returning C. returned D. to return【答案】C【解析】考查定语。