初中英语语法从句讲解

1、初中英语语法三大从句汇总在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从 句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句，包括 时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）o以下是一些基本的从句 知识点A、定语从句专项讲解与训练B、 一、定语从句概念C、 定语从句（attributive clause）,顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于 主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定 语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。关系词常有3个 作用：1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分

2、。D、_ 定语从g一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作 先行词 o 请看示例:The woman who lives next door is a teacher.E、 先行词 定语从句F、 在所有的从句中，算定语从句垠难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。G、二、关系代词引导的定语从句H、 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作 主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, whicho它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:1格先行词主格宾格所有格J、人whowhomwhoseK、物whichwh

3、ichwhose、of whichL、人、物thatthatM、（一）关系代词who, whom和whose的用法N、1） wh。代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如:O、An architect is a person who designs buildings.建筑师是设计房屋的人。I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school,我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 Anyone who wants to apply for

4、 this job must send us the resume by email first. 想 应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。2）whom代替 人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday 昨天我们在学校图 书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago.这是我爸爸十年前教的 学生。The girl who I saw

5、is called Mary.我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。（在非正式英语 中,主格who代替了宾格whom,亦可省略）3）whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如: The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一 位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here 我们这儿能 看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗(关系代词whose指代先行词ho

6、tel, 正式用法应该用 of which。whose window=the window of which,意思是：the window of the hotel )(二)关系代词Which的用法Which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。(Which可以换成that)Tom works for a factory which makes watches.汤姆在一个制表厂工作。(which可以换成that)(三)关系代词that的用法that既可指

7、人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语， 作宾语时还可省略。例如：Is she the girl that sells newspapers她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗(that可以换成wh。)Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了(that可以换成which)Is this the book that you want to buy这是你要买的那本书吗(that可以换成which,在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略) 三,介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(

8、1) the school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) the school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) tomorrow i will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who)

9、 we have often talked about,(6) well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) this is the watch which/that i am looking for. (t)(2) this is the watch for which i am looking, (f)2 .若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that；

10、 指物时用which,不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) the man with whom you talked is my friend, (t)(2) the man who/that you talked with is my friend, (f)(3) the plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable, (t)(4) the plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable, (f)3 .介词+关系代词”前可有 some, any, none

11、, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等 代词或者数词(1) he loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) there are forty students in our class in all, most nf whom are from big cities. 解答”介词+关系代词”类型的定语从句题时,关键在于分析定

12、语从句中的谓语动 词(该动词是不及物动词)习惯上常与什么介词搭配使用。这就需要同学们在 平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形，并要灵活运用。例如：in the dark street, there wasnt a single person she could turn for help.a. that b. who c. from whom d. to whom简析:本题定语从句中的turn与介词to构成固定短语turn to sb.for help （向某 人求助）”。所以，d是正确选项。四、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why,在定语从

13、句中充当时间、地点和 原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：the time whenthe place wherethe reason why（一）关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。例 如：In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行词是months）Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace你还记得我们第一次去

14、颐和园的那一天吗（when先行词是day,当代英语里 when可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词）I havent seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。（when先行词是year,同样 when可以用that代替）（二）关系副词where的用法关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。 例如：During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.

15、春节 期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。（where的先行词是town）This is the place where Li Bai once lived.这是李白曾经生活过的地方。（where先行词是place）上面这个句子不可以将where改为that,因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副 词。试比较下句：This is the place that Li Bai once visited.这是李白曾经游览过的地方。（that的先行词同样是place,但这个that是关系 代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用which替换）（三）关系副词why的用法关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原

16、因，why在定语从句作原因状语。例如: The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. 我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。（why先行词是 reason,当代英语里why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示 原因的关系副词，还可以将why省略）This is the reason why he came late to school.这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。（why先行词是reason, why可以用that替 代，还可以省略）注意：如果上面的句子将

17、the reason省略，那么这个句子就变成了(This is why he came late to school.)表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。五、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。 下面分别讲解。()在固定搭配 asas, SO.3S, such.as, the same.as 中,as 引导定语从句 You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少。(第一个as是副词，修饰many的；第二个as才是 关系代词，代替先行词books,在定语从句中作宾语)I have g

18、ot such a computer as yours.我有一台你这样的电脑。(as是关系代词，代替先行词computer,在定语从句 中作表语，因为yours后省略了 is )I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。(as是关系代词，代替先行词place,在定 语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略了 is )(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句(二)独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句As we know,the earth turns around the sun,正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转

19、。As is known to us,(As we know和As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代 后面的主句。)Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语 从句中作宾语。)as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) he married her; as/which was natural.(2) he wa

20、s honest, as/which we can see.2 .as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割 一个主句；Which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有正 如，正像的意思(1) as is known to all, china is a developing country.(2) he is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) john, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) he has been to paris more than

21、several times, which i dont believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用Which(5) tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3 .当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as(1) i have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) he is not such a fool as he looks.(3) this is the same book as i lost last week.注意：当先行次由t

22、he same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由 as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) she wore the same dress that she wore at marys wedding.她穿着她在mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5) she wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。六、以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以 省略。(1) the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was

23、 surprising.七、but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句(1) there are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who dont)八、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句举例：(1) the teacher told me that tom was the only person that i could depend on.(2) china is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举丽一(1) his mother; who loves him very much,

24、is strict with him.(2) china, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.要注意区府际几个句子的不同(1) his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)(2) his brother; who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要

25、考上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)(一)限制 性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1.当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除外)，few, all, none, little, some 等代词时,或者是由 every, any, all, some, no/itt few, much 等修饰 时(1) have you taken down everything that mr. li has said?(2) there seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the wor

26、ld.(3) all that can be done has been done.(4) there is little that i can do for you.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用Who(5) any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2,当先行词被序数词修饰(1) the first place that they visited in london was the big ben.3 .当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1) this is the best film that i have se

27、en.4 .当形容词被the very, the only修饰时(1) this is the very dictionary that i want to buy,(2) after the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned当先行 词指人时，偶尔也可以用Wh。(3) wang hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/5 .当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) who is the man that

28、 is standing there?(2) which is the t-shirt that fits me most?(6) 先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时（1） can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned 九、关系 代词who, which与that的区别（一）关系代词wh。与that的区别1 .当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格wh。例如：He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时,多用who）I

29、 met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）2 .当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom,不用that。例如：The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我们校 长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时， 只能用宾格whom,不可用主格who）注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可 以用主格who,也可用t

30、hat,还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可 以有如下四种说法：1 1） The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.2 2） The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. （3） The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. （4） The man our headmaster talked to jus

31、t now is our English teacher.第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。3 .当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。例如：He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指人）4 .当关系代词出现在wh。开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁（避免重复使用Who,以免造成误解或语义 含混不清）（二）关系代词which与that的区别1 .当先行词为 all, much, l

32、ittle 以及不定代词 anything, something, everything 等 时，关系代词多用that。例如：All that glitters is not gold,闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。She told me everything that she knew.她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。2 .当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that。例如：This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。H

33、e is the only person that has been invited to the ball,他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。3 .当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest 哪一个是推荐给 外宾的宾馆（这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which）4 .在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。例如：Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, wil

34、l host the 2008 Olympic Games.北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。5.介 词后的关系代词用which,而不用thato例如：She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps,她收集了 600 张 邮票，其中60%是德国邮票。十、定语从句的位置如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候， 定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的 定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如：There was a girl upstairs who was

35、shouting and crying, obviously mad.楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。（定语从句who was shouting and crying 修饰 the girl,被 upstairs 所隔开）A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句置于句末以示强调）B、宾语从句宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一 个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。 现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：一，引

36、导词A,由that引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear, feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中 不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是 以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：I told him that he was wrong.在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否 定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。例：I dont think you are r

37、ight.（我认为你做的不对）在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而 用it做形式宾语。例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone （我认为他向每一个人撒谎是 错误的）B,由连词if、whether引导的表示“是否，的宾语从句。Whetherjf在从句中不 做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if可以替换。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the e

38、xperiment.在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money0宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.例： Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.c,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接 副词when, where, why, how等连接的宾语从

39、句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作 用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例：Do you know which film they are talking about （which 做定语）I dont know where he lives, （where 做地点状语）二，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.二，宾语从句的时态。宾

40、语从句的时态受主句的限制，既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在 主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:l)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework alread

41、y.She said that she had finished her homework already.4)She says that she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.I如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一 般现在时态。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.Could you tell m

42、e.,是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum ?注意事项：由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。例：She said: I have been to England before.She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: D。you like mathsShe asked me if I liked maths.宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句

43、的主 语是同一个人时，可以用疑问词+不定式做宾语的简单句结构。例：I dont know what I should do next.I dont know what to do next.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know where to live.宾语从句的从句中不再有助动词。即一般现在时的助动词d。，does , 一 般过去时的助动词did.Do you like speaking English He wants to know .(改为宾语从句)He wants to know if you like speaking E

44、nglish宾语从句变否定句如果主句的主语是第一人称I或wq时，并且谓语动词多为think、guess、 believe等表示心理活动的词时，变否定句要否定转移，即否定主句。否则，变否定句看从句。I think chicken can swim （变否定句） jI dont think chicken can swimHe said that he would go shopping （变否定句）He said that he would not go shopping宾语从句变反意疑问句如果宾语从句的主句是第一人称I或we时，变反意疑问句时看从句。如果 主句不是第一人称时则看主句。I thi

45、nk he is a good student , isnt heThey want to know if he is a good student , dont theyDO SOME EXERCISES: you see?A. what hes reading B. what is he readingC. what does he read D. he reads whatJack come from Japan Do you know（合并成一个句子）Do you know Jack from Japan?did your son say in the letter?_He told

46、me that hethe Disney would the next dayvisit B. has visitedC. is going to visit D. would visit didnt knows the matter the matter isC. what was the matter D. what the matter was called you just now,but I didnt know were they B. who they wereC. who was it D. who it was want to knowis his name B. whats

47、 his nameC. that his name is D. what his name is you tell meshe is looking for?一Her cousin,susan.C .who are you searching the Internet for?一Im trying to find out.is the difference between SA RS and BIRDFLU many persons have died in Iraq to protect our environmentis our Chinese team be able to beat K

48、orea you know（谁正在唱歌） you know（她正在和谁谈话） you know（昨天发生了什么事）The keys: 1 if4 C, 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B9 who is singing10 who she is talking with11 what happened yesterdayc同位语从句（一）概念（一般来说，在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在 某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的 名词通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, me

49、ssage, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word （消息），problem, question, doubt, thought 等。例如：They were delighted at the news that their team had won.当听到他们队获胜的消息时，他们欣喜若狂。Where did you get the idea that I could not come 你从哪儿听说我不能来有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：The thought came to him t

50、hat Tom might have returned the book.他突然想起汤姆可能 已经还了书了。that 3. if-whether4. where-that / which 或省略 where5. when-that 6. that-howIII. 1. I made a promise that I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing, j2. He often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.3. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.4. In my opinion, the news (that / which) he told me just now is true.5. A thought sudden