外文翻译--科隆大教堂

1、外文翻译-科隆大教堂 外文原文 Cologne Cathedral From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Find out more about navigating Wikipedia and finding information Jump to navigation searchCologne Cathedral UNESCO World Heritage Site State Party Germany Type Cultural Criteria i ii iv Reference 292 Region Europe and North Ameri

2、ca Inscription history Inscription 1996 20th Session Endangered 2004-2006 Name as inscribed on World Heritage List Region as classified by UNESCO The Cologne Cathedral German Klner Dom officially Hohe Domkirche St Peter und Maria is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne under the administration of t

3、he Roman Catholic Church and is renowned as a monument of Christianity of Gothic architecture and of the faith and perseverance of the people of the city in which it stands It is dedicated to Saint Peter and the Blessed Virgin MaryThe cathedral is a World Heritage Site being one of the best-known ar

4、chitectural monuments in Germany and Colognes most famous landmark described by UNESCO as an "exceptional work of human creative genius"1 Cologne Cathedral is one of the worlds largest churches being the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe For four years 1880-84 it was the tallest str

5、ucture in the world until the completion of the Washington Monument followed by the Eiffel Tower It has the second-tallest church spires only surpassed by the single spire of Ulm Cathedral completed ten years later in 1890 Because of its enormous twin spires it also presents the largest faade of any

6、 church in the worldThe choir of Cologne Cathedral measured between the piers also holds the distinction of having the largest height to width ratio of any Medieval church 361 exceeding even Beauvais Cathedral which has a slightly higher vault 2Construction of the Gothic church began in 1248 and too

7、k with interruptions until 1880 to complete a period of over six hundred years It is 1445 metres long 865 m wide and its two towers are 157 m tall 3Cologne Cathedral despite having been left incomplete during the medieval period eventually became unified as "a masterpiece of exceptional intrins

8、ic value" and "a powerful testimony to the strength and persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe"1 as was befitting a worship-place of the Holy Roman Emperor and the traditional shrine of the Three KingsHistoryThe Altarpiece of the Three Kings by Stephan Lochnered

9、it Ancient siteWhen the present Cologne Cathedral was commenced in 1248 the site had been occupied by several previous structures the earliest of which may have been a grain store perhaps succeeded by a Roman temple built by Mercurius Augustus From the 4th century the site was occupied by Christian

10、buildings including a square edifice known as the "oldest cathedral" and commissioned by Maternus the first Christian bishop of Cologne A second church the so-called "Old Cathedral" was completed in 818 This burned down on April 30 1248The massive facade was left incomplete for 4

11、00 yearsedit Medieval beginningIn 1164 the Archbishop of Cologne Rainald of Dassel had acquired relics of the Three Kings which had been taken from Milan in Italy by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims fro

12、m all over Christendom It was important that they were properly housed The loss of the old five-aisled cathedral prompted a building program in the new style of Gothic architecture based in particular on the French Cathedral of AmiensThe foundation stone was laid on August 15 1248 by Archbishop Konr

13、ad von Hochstaden The eastern arm was completed under the direction of Master Gerhard was consecrated in 1322 and sealed off by a temporary wall so it could be in use as the work proceededIn the mid 14th century work on the west front commenced under Master Michael This work halted in 1473 leaving t

14、he south tower complete up to the belfry level and crowned with a huge crane which was destined to remain in place and the landmark of Cologne for 400 years4Some work proceeded intermittently on the structure of the nave between the west front and the eastern arm but during the 16th century this cea

15、sed 5The Cathedral in 1856 showing the unfinished South Tower with its ancient crane the Gothic eastern end and south transeptedit 19th century completionWith the nineteenth century romantic enthusiasm for the Middle Ages and spurred on by the lucky discovery of the original plan for the facade it w

16、as decided with the commitment of the Prussian Court to complete the cathedral It was achieved by civic effort the Central-Dombauverein founded in 1842 raised two thirds of the enormous costs over US 1 billion in todays money while the Prussian state supplied the remaining thirdWork resumed in 1842

17、to the original design of the surviving medieval plans and drawings but utilising more modern construction techniques including iron roof girders The nave was completed and the towers were addedThe completion of Germanys largest cathedral was celebrated as a national event in 1880 632 years after co

18、nstruction had begun The celebration was attended by Emperor Wilhelm IAn American soldier and a destroyed Panther tank in front of the cathedral on 4 April 1945edit World War II and post-war historyThe cathedral suffered fourteen hits by aerial bombs during World War II It did not at all collapse bu

19、t stood tall in an otherwise flattened city Believers said it was divine intervention The truth is however more prosaic In a world without GPS the tall building was perfect for allied aircraft to use as a landmark from which to calculate bearings to other bomb targets in Germany and southern Europe

20、and thus was left intact for pilots of future missions use as reference pointscitation neededThe repairs to the building were completed in 1956 In the northwest towers base an emergency repair carried out with bad-quality brick taken from a nearby war ruin see German Wikipedia "Klner Domplombe&

21、quot; remained visible until the late 1990s as a reminder of the War but then it was decided to reconstruct this section according to the original appearanceSome repair and maintenance work is almost constantly being carried out in some section of the building which is almost never completely free o

22、f scaffolding since wind rain and pollution slowly eat away at the stones The Dombauhütte which was established to build the cathedral and repair the cathedral is said to employ the best stonemasons of the Rhineland There is a common joke in Cologne that the leader of the Dombauhütte the D

23、ombaumeister master builder of the cathedral has to be Catholic and free from giddiness The current Dombaumeisterin is Barbara Schock-Werner Half of the costs of repair and maintenance are still borne by the DombauvereinOn August 25 2007 the cathedral received a new stained glass in the south transe

24、pt window With 113 square metres of glass the window was created by the German artist Gerhard Richter It is composed of 11500 identically sized pieces of coloured glass resembling pixels randomly arranged by computer which create a colorful "carpet" Since the loss of the original window in

25、 World War II the space had been temporarily filled with plain glass6 Joachim Cardinal Meissner who had preferred a figurative depiction of 20th-century Catholic martyrs for the window did not attend the unveiling7Cologne Cathedral across the Rhineedit World Heritage SiteIn 1996 the cathedral was ad

26、ded to the UNESCO World Heritage List of culturally important sites In 2004 it was placed on the "World Heritage in Danger" list due to nearby high-rise building and its visual impact upon the site as the only Western site in danger The cathedral was removed from the List of In Danger Site

27、s in 2006 following the authorities decision to limit the heights of buildings constructed near and around the cathedralAs a World Heritage Site and with its convenient position on tourist routes Cologne Cathedral is a major tourist attraction the visitors including many who travel there as a Christ

28、ian pilgrimageWorld Youth Day 2005 there were nearly 1 million visitorsThe cathedral is open every day from 600am to 730pm admission is free except for tower ascent and the treasury Visitors can climb 509 steps of the spiral staircase to a viewing platform about 98 metres above the groundOn May 12 2

29、001 the American rock band com performed a free concert in Roncalliplatz the square to the south side of Cologne Cathedral The concert was organised to promote the eradication of violence in schools and was in part broadcast live on MTV EuropeOn August 18 2005 Pope Benedict XVI visited the cathedral

30、 as part of his apostolic visit to Germany as part of World Youth Day 2005 festivities An estimated 1 million pilgrims visited the cathedral during this time Also as part of the events of World Youth Day Cologne Cathedral hosted a televised gala performance of Beethovens Missa Solemnis performed by

31、the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Choir conducted by Sir Gilbert LevineThe nave looking eastedit ArchitectureThe design of Cologne Cathedral was based quite closely on that of Amiens Cathedral in terms of groundplan style and the width to height proportion of the central n

32、ave The plan is in the shape of a Latin Cross as is usual with Gothic cathedrals It has two aisles on either side which help to support one of the very highest Gothic vaults in the world being nearly as tall as that of the ill-fated Beauvais Cathedral much of which collapsed Externally the outward t

33、hrust of the vault is taken up by flying buttresses in the French manner The eastern end has a single ambulatory the second aisle resolving into a chevette of seven radiating chapelsInternally the Medieval quire is more varied and less mechanical in its details than the 19th century building It pres

34、ents a French style arrangement of very tall arcade a delicate narrow triforium gallery lit by windows and with detailed tracery merging with that of the windows above The clerestory windows are tall and retain some old figurative glass in the lower sectionsThe arcade gallery and clerestory of the e

35、ast endThe whole is united by the tall shafts which sweep unbroken from floor to their capitals at the spring of the vault The vault is of plain quadripartite arrangementThe quire retains a great many of its original fittings including the carved stalls which is made the more surprising by the fact

36、that Napoleons troops had desecrated the building A large stone statue of St Christopher looks down towards the place where the earlier entrance to the cathedral was before its completion in the late 19th centuryThe nave is enhanced by a good many 19th century stained-glass windows including a set o

37、f five on the south side called the "Bayernfenster" which were a gift from Ludwig I of Bavaria a set highly representative of the painterly German style of that dateExternally particularly from a distance the building is dominated by its huge spires which are entirely Germanic in character

38、 being openwork like those of Ulm Vienna and Regensburg Cathedrals 8edit Treasures of Cologne CathedralThe Shrine of the Three KingsThe most celebrated work of art in the cathedral is the Shrine of the Three Kings a large gilded sarcophagus dating from the 13th century and the largest reliquary in t

39、he Western world It is traditionally believed to hold the remains of the Three Wise Men whose bones and 2000-year-old clothes were discovered at the opening of the shrine in 1864The Crucifix of Bishop Gero a unique 10th century sculptureNear the sacristy is the Gero-Kreuz2 a large crucifix carved in

40、 oak and with traces of paint and gilding Believed to have been commissioned around 960 for Archbishop Gero it is the oldest large crucifix north of the Alps and the earliest-known large free-standing Northern sculpture of the medieval period9In the Sacrament Chapel is the Mailnder Madonna "Milan Madonna" dating from around 1290 a w