外文翻译--纺织品贸易和经济增长方式

1、外文翻译-纺织品贸易和经济增长方式 毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Textile Trade and the Pattern of Economic Growth出 处： Review of Accounting Studies, 2008, Volume 13, Number 4, Pages 512-550作 者： Gregory Schmid and Owen Phillips 译 文：纺织品贸易和经济增长方式 By 作者Gregory Schmid and Owen Phillips Gregory Schmid 和 Owen Phillips Contents: I. Patterns

2、of Trade. 引言：一，贸易格局。 - II.二Efficient Production and Export Performance.高效的生产和出口表现。 - III. 三Successful Exporters and Economic Developmen成功的出口商和经济发展。 -I死四In the post-World War II era, the international economy experienced a period of extremely rapid growth in world trade. 在后二战时代，国际经济经历了一个非常时期世界贸易的快速增长

3、This boom period reached its peak in the late i96os and early i97o这种繁荣时期达到了高峰The growth in trade created some notable opportunities for increasing exports of manufa贸易的增加创Certain developing countries have been able to take advantage of these opportunities, especially those involved in trade in textil

4、es and apparel一些发展中国家已经能够利用这些机会，服装和纺织品This article examines the patternsof trade in textiles and apparel, factors of production that are associated with export competitiveness, and the impact of overall competitivenesson the development proce本文考察了贸易的纺织品和服装，生产与出口竞争力的相关因素模式，以及整体发展进程的影响因素和竞争力分析。I. Patt

5、erns of Trade 一，贸易格局The relatively stable environment for international transactions established after World War II encouraged growth in trade. 第二次世界大战后成立的交易相对稳定的环境，鼓励国际贸易的增长。 Between 1954 and 1959, world trade expanded by an average 5.2 percent per year in US dollar value; between 196o and 1967 , b

6、y 8.2 percent per year; between 1968 and 1974 , by 22.6 percent per year. 从1954年到1959年，世界贸易额增长了百分之5.2，1960年和1967年，达8.2个百分点，从1968年至1974年，达百分之22.6Growth rates in volume terms were more modest, though the increase was still significant: 5.2 percent, 7.3 percent, and 9.7 percent in the three periods IMF

7、, var在数量上增长速度更温和，但仍然显着增加：百分之5.2，百分之7.3，百分之9.7的三个时期国际货币基金组织。 The trade boom of the late I96OS and early I97OS was even more pronounced in the textile and apparel markets.在纺织和服装市场年至1974年，纺织品贸易的美元价值服装贸易的美元价值每年增长纺织品和服装价格上涨联合国，国际贸易统计年鉴，I969ff。During this boom period, the share of the world market in text

8、iles and apparel that went to developing countries increas在这个繁荣时期，服装纺织品主要工业国家和主要的发展中国家纺织品和服装出口的平均出口增长因此，在某种程度上，发展中国家依赖出口This was especially true for certain developing countries like Brazil, Colombia, Greece, and Korea. This good performance by the developing country exporters was important to their

9、 overall economic performance during the period because textile and apparel exports were a major share of their total exports of manufactured goods TableHence, to the extent that developing countries depend on export earnings for further development, textile and apparel exports are extremely importa

10、ntTable I - Textile and Apparel Exports, 1968-1974 表一- 纺织品和服装出口，1968年至1974年 annum average percent increase in dollar value （平均每年增加百分之美元价值） Industrial countries 工业国 textile 纺织 Apparel 服装 Developing country exporters 发展中国家的出口商 textile 纺织 Apparel 服装 West Germany. 西德。 23.3 23.3 21.3 21.3 Colombia 哥伦比亚 6

11、4.9 64.9 98.8 98.8 Canada 加拿大 19.9 19.9 25.3 25.3 Brazil 巴西 60.9 60.9 131.7 131.7 United States 美国 17.7 17.7 13.6 13.6 Greece 希腊 55.5 55.5 50.3 50.3 Belgium 比利时 17.6 17.6 21.8 21.8 Korea 韩国 39.0 39.0 48.6 48.6 Italy 意大利 16.1 16.1 17.1 17.1 Tunisia 突尼斯 38.3 38.3 67.4 67.4 Netherlands 荷兰 15.5 15.5 25.

12、1 25.1 Spain 西班牙 31.0 31.0 33.1 33.1 Japan 日本 14.0 14.0 14.3 14.3 Philippines 菲律宾 30.1 30.1 77.7 77.7 United Kingdom 英国 11.8 11.8 17.3 17.3 Singapore 新加坡 18.8 18.8 34.4 34.4 a SITC 61. a SITC 61. - b SITC 84 Portugal 葡萄牙 15.9 15.9 27.1 27.1 Egypt 埃及 12.7 12.7 44.9 44.9 Israel 以色列 9.0 9.0 24.9 24.9 M

13、alta 马耳他 8.6 8.6 41.3 41.3 India 印度 7.4 7.4 45.6 45.6 Table 2 - Textile and Apparel Market Shares, 1967 and 1974 表2 - 纺织品和服装市场的占有率，1967年和1974年 percent （百分比） Textiles 纺织品 Apparel 服装 1967 1967年 1974 1974年 1967 1967年 1974 1974年 Developing Countries 发展中国家 15.4 15.4 18.6 18.6 17.8 17.8 31.8 31.8 Eight In

14、dustrial Countries 八大工业国 64.9 64.9 59.9 59.9 57.4 57.4 42.4 42.4 Source: UN Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, var. 资料来源：统计， 联合国国际贸易年鉴 Table 3 - Share o/ Textiles and Apparel 表3 -纺织品及服装占总出口in Total Manu/aetured Exports a, 19741974年 percent （百分比） Country 国家 Share 股份 Country 国家 Share 股份 Egypt

15、 埃及 71.2 71.2 Brazil 巴西 21.8 21.8 Malta 马耳他 59.6 59.6 Tunisia 突尼斯 21.2 21.2 India 印度 46.7 46.7 Philippines 菲律宾 14.8 14.8 Portugal 葡萄牙 40.4 40.4 Singapore 新加坡 11.4 11.4 Korea 韩国 38.0 38.0 Israel 以色列 10.0 10.0 Colombia 哥伦比亚 35.4 35.4 Spain 西班牙 8.7 8.7 Greece 希腊 26.2 26.2 a Textiles: SITC 65 ; apparel

16、: SITC 84x ; manufactured exports: SITC 5-8. 一纺织品：SITC 65;服装：SITC 84x制成品出口：SITC 5-8。 Source: UN Yearbook of International Trade S tatistics , 1978 资料来源：联合国国际贸易年鉴1978 Over the last decade, the developing countries' share of world textile trade has grown. 在过去的十年中，发展中国家世界纺织贸易中的份额有所增加这意味着低，低工资国家应该有一

17、些密集的纺织贸易相对比较优势的劳动力。标准的要素比例模型假定没有规模经济通常有两种同质的生产要素-劳动力和资本资本The cost of capital should be roughly equal to efficient producers in any country, who can compete in international export markets though producers in certain countries will have a harder time convincing lenders of future prospects .成本应大致等于在任何

18、国家生产商的效可以在国际出口市场竞争（尽管在某些国家生产者将会很难说服贷款人对未来前景）因此，劳动力成本决定了商品的流通但在国际贸易的世界，有显着的规模经济，资本和劳动是不均质，并可能有其他重要的生产要素这很可能是特定的发展出口商But in the actual world of international trade, there are significant economies of scale; capital and labor are not homogenous; and there are probably other important factors of product

19、ion inherent in such things as specialized management, organizational, and marketing skil The presence of economies of scale or specialized skills is hard to measure in any multi-country comparison, so the differences in industrial performance among countries have to be measured by comparing relativ

20、e costs and rates of return from factors used in production and the extra output associated with additional facto专业的技能或规模经济所以在国家工业中的差异表现，必须在生产相关的测量和输出的额外利率和相对成本比较收益的因素The measures used in this study will be similar to those used in a number of studies of overall manufacturing competitiveness. 在这项研究中

21、使用的措施将类似于那些采用。 The measures include: the cost of labor, the value added associated with each employee, the relative efficiency in the utilization of capital, the unit cost of output, and the return to factors other than labor 这些措施包括：劳动成本，每个员工资本利用的相对效率，输出单位成本，其他The Cost o/Labor. - The cost of labor i

22、s the return given to one of the key factors of productio劳动力成本-劳动力成本是生产要素给予回报的关键之一。 Differences in returns reflect both different supply situations and different levels of education, experience, and skill Lipsey and Weiss, 1973; Stern, 1977. 返回的差异既反映不同的供应情况，并体验不同层次的教育和技能利普西和Weiss，1973;斯特恩，1977。 Ther

23、e are excellent data available to measure the cost of labor. 有很多的数据提供劳动成本衡量。 It is feasible to compare both the rate of change of employee compensation over time and the absolute level of employee compensation in any given year 这是比较可行?随着时间的推移的雇员补偿率变化还是在任何一年雇员补偿的绝对水平。效益因子-这是很难分开输入各因素的贡献但是，它可以测量所有因素的相

24、对效率。平均每名雇员的Factor E fficiencyHowever, it is possible to measure the relative efficiency of all factors.The average value added per employee is a good measure of the output associated with each worker and hence the level of human capital and equipment used Lipsey and Weiss, 1973; Stern, 1977. Lipsey和

25、Weiss，1973; Stern，1977。然而Again, because good data are available, both the rate of change over time and the absolute level can be used for comparison.然而，因为的数据，无论是水平的变动率随时间和绝对可以被用于比较。 CapitalOutput Ratio. 本?产出比。在许多不同的国家之间最常见的增量资本产出率投资增加量生产总值增加量即投资与增量产出之比 ICOR measures the additional output associated

26、with each increase in gross fixed capital 1. Unit Labor Cost. 单位劳工成本。 - Any number of cost considerations can be used to compare production and export performance in one country with that in another. -单位劳工成本Return to Nonlabor Factors. We have selected what we consider to be the best available measur

27、es of the types of industry characteristics associated with export efficiencies. 我们选择了我们认为是与效率的最佳特性相关的出口行业提供各类措施的。表4定义每个变量作为一种独立的变量。 Table 4 - List o/ Independent Variables 表4 -独立变量 Variable 变 Definition 定义 Cost o/labor劳动over time AsallEmp 随着时间的推移The annual average percent change in the ratio of the

28、 dollar value of employee wages and salaries to the number of employees.企业 单位 因雇佣社会劳动力而支付的费用。：I967 - 1974 1973 level 1973年的水平 1973 : Sal/Emp The value of the ratio of employee wages and 员工工资的1973年雇员人数的薪金为美元转换成 Factor e/ficiencyover time AVA/Emp 随着时间的推移 加入期间员工人数The annual average percent change in th

29、e ratio of real change in value added to number of employees Time period: 1967-1974每年的变化值平均水平的实际变化率时间：1967年至1974年 1973 level 1973年的水平 1973 : VA/Emp The value of value added per employee for 1973 converted into US dollars using the average market value of dollars per unit of local currency for 1973 C

30、apital/output ratio 资本/产出比 ICOR （增量资本产出率） The ratio of the value of gross fixed capital formation in year I to the real value of additional value added for the average of years 2 and 3 expressed in currency of year i.增量资本产出率投资增加量生产总值增加量即投资与增量产出之比Time period: 1967-1974 时间段：1967年至1974年 Unit labor cost 单位劳工成本 AULC Time period: 1967-1974 时间段：