《英国文学简史》完整版笔记

1、英国文学简史完整版笔记英国文学简史完全版AConciseHistoryofBritishLiteratureChapter1EnglishLiteratureofAnglo-SaxonPeriod1. IntroductionLThehistoricalbackground(1) BeforetheGermanicinvasion(2) DuringtheGermanicinvasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. socialclassesstructure:hide-hundred;eoldermen(lord)-thane-

2、middleclass(freemen)-lowerclass(slaveorbondmen:theoW;e. socialorganization:clanortribes.f. militaryOrganization;g. Churchfunction:spirit,civilservice,education;h. economy:coins,trade,slavery;i. feastsandfestival:Halloween,Easter;j.legalsystem.j. TheOverviewoftheculture(1) ThemixtureofpaganandChristi

3、anspirit.(2) Literature:a.Poetry:twotypes;se:twofigures.II.Beowulf.1. Ageneralintroduction.2. Thecontent.3. Theliteraryfeatures.(1) theuseofalliteration(2) theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements(3) themixtureofpaganandChristianelementsIII.TheOldEnglishProse1. Whatisprose?2. figures(1) TheVenerable

4、Bede(2) AlfredtheGreatChapter2EnglishLiteratureoftheLateMedievalAgesI.Introduction1. TheHistoricalBackground.(1) Theyear1066:NormanConquest.(2) Thesocialsituationssoonaftertheconquest.A. Normannoblesandserfs;B. restorationofthechurch.(3) The11thcentury.A. thecrusadeandknights.B. dominanceofFrenchand

5、Latin;(4) The12thcentury.A. thecentralizedgovernment;B. kingsandthechurch(HenryIIandThomas);(5) The13thcentury.A. ThelegendofRobinHood;B. MagnaCarta(1215);C. thebeginningoftheParliamentD. EnglishandLatin:officiallanguages(theend)(6) The14thcentury.a. theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonsconflictbetwee

6、ntheParliamentandKings;b. theriseoftowns.c. thechangeofChurch.d. theroleofwomen.e. theHundredYears1WaiAstarting.f. thedevelopmentofthetrade:London.g. theBlackDeath.h. thePeasants1Revo1381.i. ThetranslationofBiblebyWycliffe.(7) The15thcentury.a. ThePeasantsRevolt(1453)b. TheWarofRosesbetweenLancaster

7、andYorks.c. theprinting-pressWilliamCaxton.d. thestartingofTudorMonarchy(1485)2. TheOverviewofLiterature.(1) thestoriesfromtheCelticlandsofWalesandBrittangreatmythsoftheMiddleAges.(2) GeoffryeofMonmouthHistoriaRegumBritanniaeKingAuthor.(3) WaceLeRomandeBrut.(4) Theromanee.(5) thesecondhalfofthe14the

8、entury:Langland,Gawinpoet,Chaucer.II.SirGawinandGreenKnight.1. Ageneralintroduction.2. Theplot.III. WilliamLangland.1. Life2. PiersthePlowmanIV. Chaucer1. Life2. LiteraryCareer:threeperiods(1) Frenchperiod(2) Italianperiod(3) masterperiod3. TheCanterburyTalesA. TheFramework;B. TheGeneralPrologue;C.

9、TheTaleProper.4. HisContribution.(1) HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes.(2) HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.(3) ThespokenEnglishofthetimeconsistedofseveraldialects,andChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.V .PopularBall

10、ads.VI ThomasMaloryandEnglishProseVII ThebeginningofEnglishDrama.1. MiraclePlays.MiracleplayormysteryplayisaformofmedievaldramathatcamefromdramatizationoftheliturgyoftheRomanCatholicChurch.Itdevelopedfromthe10thtothe16thcentury,reachingitsheightinthe15thcentury.Thesimplelyriccharacteroftheearlytexts

11、wasenlargedbytheadditionofdialogueanddramaticaction.Eventuallytheperformancewasmovedtothechurchyardandthemarketplace.2. MoralityPlays.Amoralityplayisaplayenforcingamoraltruthorlessonbymeansofthespeechandactionofcharacterswhicharepersonitiedabstract!ons-figuresrepresentingvicesandvirtues,qualitiesoft

12、hehumanmind,orabstractconceptionsingeneral.3. Iinterlude.Theinterlude,whichgrewoutofthemorality,wasintended,asitsnameimplies,tobeusedmoreasfillerthanasthemainpartofanentertainment.Asitsbestitwasshort,witty,simpleinplot,suitedforthediversionofguestsatabanquet,orfortherelaxationoftheaudieneebetweenthe

13、divisionsofaseriousplay.Itwasessentiallyanindoorsperformanee,andgenerallyofanaristocraticnature.Chapter3EnglishLiteratureintheRenaissanceLAHistoricalBackgroundII.TheOverviewoftheLiterature(1485-1660)Printingpressreadershipgrowthofmiddleclasstrade-educationforlaypeople-centralizationofpower-intellect

14、uallife-exploration-newimpetusanddirect!onofliterature.Humanism-studyoftheliteratureofclassicalantiquityandreformededucation.Literarystyle-modeledontheancients.Theeffectofhumanism-thedisseminationofthecultivated,clear,andsensibleattitudeofitsclassicallyeducatedadherents.1. poetryThefirsttendencybySi

15、dneyandSpenser:ornate,florid,highlyfiguredstyle.ThesecondtendencybyDonne:metaphysicalstylecomplexityandingenuity.ThethirdtendencybyJohnson:reaction-Classicallypureandrestrainedstyle.ThefourthtendencybyMilton:centralChristianandBiblicaltradition.2. Dramaa. thenativetraditionandclassicalexamples.b. th

16、edramastandshighestinpopularestimation:Marlowe-Shakespeare-Jonson.3. Prosea. translationofBible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.Englishpoetry.1. SirThomasWyattandHenryHoward(courtlymakers)(1) Wyatt:introducingsonnets.(2) Howard:introducingsonnetsandwritingthefirstblankverse.2. SirPhilipSidneypoet,critic,prosewr

17、iter(1) Life:a. Englishgentleman;b. brilliantandfascinatingpersonality;c.courtier.(2) worksa. Arcadia:pastoralromanee;b. AstrophelandStella(108):sonnetsequeneetoPenelopeDvereuxplatonicdevotion.Petrarehanconceitsandoriginalfeelings-movingtocreativenesbuildingofanarrativestory;theme-loveoriginality-ac

18、tofwriting.c. DefenseofPoesy:anapologyforimaginativeliteraturebeginningofliterarycriticism.3. EdmundSpenser(1)life:Cambridge-Sidney'sfriend-"Areopagus”-Ireland-WestminsterAbbey.(2) worksa. TheShepherdsCalendar:thebuddingofEnglishpoetryinRenaissanee.b. AmorettiandEpithalamion:sonnetsequeneec

19、. FaerieQueen:IThegeneralenAromanticandallegoricalepicstepstovirtue.I12booksand12virtues:Holiness,temperanee,justiceandcourtesy.ITwo-levelfunetion:partofthestoryandpartofallegory(symbolicmeaning)IManyallusionstoclassicalwriters.LThemes:puritanism,nationalism,humanismandRenaissaneeNeoclassicismaChris

20、tianhumanist.(3) SpenserianStanza.III.EnglishProse1. ThomasMore(1) Life:"Renaissancmar",scholar,statesman,theorist,prosewriter,diplomat,patronofartsa. learnedGreekatCanterburyCollege,Oxford;b. studieslawatLincolnInn;c. LordChancellor;d. beheaded.(2) Utopia:thefirstEnglishscieneefiction.Wri

21、tteninLatin,twoparts,thesecondplaceofnowhere.Aphilosophicalmariner(RaphaelHythloday)tellshisvoyagesinwhichhediscoversaIand-Utopia.a. Thepartoneisorganizedasdialoguewithmarinerdepictinghisphilosophy.b. Theparttwoisadescriptionoftheislandkingdomwheregoldandsilverarewornbycriminal,religiousfreedomistot

22、alandnooneownsanything.c. thenatureofthebook:attackingthechiefpoliticalandsocialevilsofhistime.d. thebookandtheRepublic:anattempttodescribetheRepublicinanewway,butitpossessesanmoderncharacterandtheresemblanceisinexternals.e. itplayedakeyroleintheHumanistawakeningofthe16thcenturywhichmovedawayfromthe

23、MedievalotherworldlinesstowardsRenaissancesecularism.f. theUtopia(3) thesignificanee.a. itwasthefirstchampionofnationalideasandnationallanguages;itcreatedanationalprose,equallyadaptedtohandlingscientificandartisticmaterial.b. aelegantLatinscholarandthefatherofEnglishprose:hecomposedworksinEnglish,tr

24、anslatedfromLatinintoEnglishbiography,wroteHistoryofRichardIII.2. FrancisBacon:writer,philosopherandstatesman(1) life:Cambridge-humanisminParis-knighted-LordChancellor一bribery-focusingonphilosophyandliterature.(2) philosophicalideas:advancementofscieneepeople:servantsandinterpretersofnaturemethod:ac

25、hildbeforenaturefactsandobservations:experimental.(3) “Essays”:57.a. hewasamasterofnumerousandvariedstyles.b. hismethodistoweighandbalaneematers,indicatingtheidealcourseofactionandthepracticalone,pointingouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeach,butleavingthereadertomakethefinaldecisions,(argumentsIV,E

26、nglishDrama1. Ageneralsurvey.(1) Everymanmarksthebeginningofmoderndrama.(2) twoinfluences.a. theclassics:classicalinformandEnglishincontent;b. nativeorpopulardrama.(3) theUniversityWits.2. ChristopherMarlowe:greatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeareandmostgiftedoftheWits.(1) Life:firstinterestedinclassica

27、lpoetrythenindrama.(2) Majorworksa. Tamburlaine;b. TheJewofMalta;c. TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus.(3) Thesignificaneeofhisplays.V.WilliamShakespeare1. Life(1) 1564,Stratford-on-Avon;(2) GrammarSchool;(3) QueenvisittoCastle;(4) marriagetoAnneHathaway;(5) London,theGlobeTheatre:smallpartandproprie

28、tor;(6) the1stFolio,Quarto;(7) Retired,sonHamlet;H.1616.2. Dramaticcareer3. Majorplays-men-centered.(1) RomeoandJuliet-tragicloveandfate(2) TheMerchantofVenice.Goodoverevil.Anti-Semitism.(3) HenryIV.Nationalunity.Falstaff.(4) JuliusCaesarRepublicanismvs.dictatorship.(5) HamletRevengeGood/evil.(6) Ot

29、helloDiaboliccharacterjealousygapbetweenappearaneeandreality.(7) KingLearFilialingratitude(8) MacbethAmbitionvs.fate.(9) AntonyandCleopatra.Passionvs.reason(10) TheTempestReconciliation;realityandillusion.3. Non-dramaticpoetry(1) VenusandAdonis;TheRapeofLucrece.(2) Sonnets:a. theme:fair,true,kind.b.

30、 twomajorparts:ahandsomeyoungmanofnoblebirth;aladyindarkcomplexion.c. theform:threequatrainsandacouplet.d. therhymescheme:abab,cdcd,efef,gg.VI.BenJonson1. life:poet,dramatist,aLatinandGreekscholar,the“literarySongsofBen)2. contribution:(1) theideaofhunibr".(2) anadvocateofclassicaldramaandafore

31、runnerofclassicisminEnglishliterature.3. Majorplays;three un ities.(1) EveryoneinHisHumorhumor"VolponetheFoxChapter4EnglishLiteratureofthe17thCenturyLAHistoricalBackgroundII.TheOverviewoftheLiterature(1640-1688)1. Therevolutionperiod(1) Themetaphysicalpoets;(2) TheCavalierpoets.(3) Milton:theli

32、teraryandphilosophicalheritageoftheRenaissaneemergedwithProtestantpoliticalandmoralconviction2. Therestorationperiod.(1) TherestorationofCharlesIIusheredinaliteraturecharacterizedbyreason,moderation,goodtaste,deftmanagement,andsimplicity.(schoolofBenJonson)(2) Theidealsofimpartialinvestigationandsci

33、entificexperimentationpromotedbythenewlyfoundedRoyalSocietyofLondonforImprovingNaturalKnowledge(1662)wereinfluentialinthedevelopmentofclearandsimpleproseasaninstrumentofrationalcommunication.(3) Thegreatphilosophicalandpoliticaltreatisesofthetimeemphasizerationalism.(4) Therestorationdrama.(5) TheAg

34、eofDryden.III. JohnMilton1. Life:educatedatvisitingthecontinentinvoIvedintotherevolutionpersecutedwritingepics.2. Literarycareer.(1) The1stperiodwasupto1641,duringwhichtimeheistobeseenchieflyasasonofthehumanistsandElizabethans,althoughhisPuritanismisnotabsent.UAllegreandILPenseroso(1632)arehisearlym

35、asterpieces,inwhichwefindMiltonatrueoffspringoftheRenaissanee,ascholarofexquisitetasteandrareculture.NextcameComus,amasque.ThegreatestofearlycreationswasLycidas,apastoralelegyonthedeathofacollegemate,EdwardKing.(2) Thesecondperiodisfrom1641to1654,whenthePuritanwasinsuchcompleteascendancythathewrotea

36、lmostnopoetry.In1641,hebeganalongperiodofpamphleteeringforthepuritancause.Forsome15years,thePuritaninhimaloneruledhiswriting.HesacrificedhispoeticambitiontothecallofthelibertyforwhichPuritanswerefighting.(3) Thethirdperiodisfrom1655to1671,whenhumanistandPuritanhavebeenfusedintoanexaltedentity.Thispe

37、riodisthegreatestinhisliterarylife,epicsandsomefamoussonnets.ThethreelongpoemsarethefruitofthelongcontestwithinMiltonofRenaissaneetraditionandhisPuritanfaith.TheyformthegreatestaccomplishmentsofanyEnglishpoetexceptShakespeare.Inalone,itwouldseem,Puritanismcouldnotextinguishtheloverofbeauty.Inthesewo

38、rkswefindhumanismandPuritanismmergedinmagnificenee.3. MajorWorks(1) ParadiseLosta. theplot.b. characters.c. theme:justifythewaysofGodtoman.(2) ParadiseRegained.(3) SamsonAgonistes.4. Featuresof'sworks.(1) MiltonisoneoftheveryfewtrulygreatEnglishwriterswhoisalsoaprominentfigureinpolitics,andwhois

39、bothagreatpoetandanimportantprosewriter.ThetwomostessentialthingstoberememberedabouthimarehisPuritanismandhisrepublicanism.(2) Miltonwrotemanydifferenttypesofpoetry.Heisespeciallyagreatmasterofblankverse.HelearnedmuchfromShakespeareandfirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.(3) Miltonisagreatstylist.

40、Heisfamousforhisgrandstylenotedforitsdignityandpolish,whichistheresultofhislife-longclassicalandbiblicalstudy.(4) Miltonhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpress!on.IV. JohnBunyan1. Life:(1) puritanage;(2) poorfamily;(3) parliamentaryarmy;(4) Baptistsociety,preacher;(5) prison,

41、writingthebook.2. ThePilgrimProgress(1) Theallegoryindreamform.(2) theplot.(3) thetheme.V.MetaphysicalPoetsandCavalierPoets.1. MetaphysicalPoetsTheterm“metaphysicalpoetry”iscommonlyusedtodesignatetheworksofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinflueneeofJohnDonne.Pressuredbytheharsh,uncomfortableand

42、curiousage,themetaphysicalpoetssoughttoshattermythsandreplacethemwithnewphilosophies,newsciences,newwordsandnewpoetry.TheytriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionofElizabethanlovepoetry,andfavouredinpoetryforamorecolloquiallanguageandtone,atightnessofexpress!onandthesingle-mindedworkingoutofatheme

43、orargument.2. CavalierPoetsTheothergroupprevail!nginthisperiodwasthatofCavalierpoets.Theywereoftencourtierswhostoodonthesideoftheking,andcalledthemselves“sons”ofBenJonson.TheCavalierpoetswrotelightpoetry,polishedandelegant,amorousandgay,butoftensuperficial.Mostoftheirverseswereshortsongs,prettymadri

44、gals,lovefanciescharacterizedbylightnessofheartandofmorals.CavalierpoemshavethelimpidityoftheElizabethanlyricwithoutitsimaginativeflights.TheyarelighterandneaterbutlessfreshthantheElizabethan's.VI.JohnDryden.1. Life:(1) therepresentativeofclassicismintheRestoration.(2) poet,dramatist,critic,pros

45、ewriter,satirist.(3) changeableinattitude.(4) Literarycareerfourdecades.(5) PoetLaureate2. Hisinfluences.(1) Heestablishedtheheroiccoupletasthefashionforsatiric,didactic,anddescriptivepoetry.(2) Hedevelopedadirectandconciseprosestyle.(3) Hedevelopedtheartofliterarycriticisminhisessaysandinthenumerou

46、sprefacestohispoems.Chapter5EnglishLiteratureofthe18thCentury1. Introduction2. TheHistoricalBackground.3. Theliteraryoverview.(1) TheEnlightenment.(2) TheriseofEnglishnovels.Whentheliteraryhistorianseekstoassigntoeachageitsfavouriteformofliterature,hefindsnodifficultyindealingwithourowntime.AstheMid

47、dleAgesdelightedinlongromanticnarrativepoems,theElizabethansindrama,theEnglishmanofthereignsofAnneandtheearlyGeorgesindidacticandsatiricalverse,sothepublicofourdayisenamoredofthenovel.Almostalltypesofliteraryproduct)oncontinuetoappear,butwhetherwejudgefromthelistsofpublishers,thestatisticsofpublicli

48、braries,orgeneralconversation,wefindabundantevideneeoftheenormouspreponderaneeofthiskindofliteraryentertainmentinpopularfavor.(3) Neo-classicism:arevivalintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesofclassicalstandardsoforder,balanee,andharmonyinliterature.JohnDrydenandAlexanderPopeweremajorexponentsofthen

49、eo-classicalschool.(4) Satiricliterature.(5) SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism.(ageneraldescription)1. AlexanderPope(1) Life:a. Catholicfamily;b. illhealth;c. taughthimselfbyreadingandtranslating;d. friendofAddison,SteeleandSwift.(2) threegroupsofpoems:e. AnEssayonCriticism(manifestoofneo-classicism);

50、f. TheRapeofLock;g. Translationoftwoepics.(3) Hiscontribution:h. theheroiccoupletfinish,eleganee,wit,pointedness;i. satire.(4) weakness:lackofimagination.2. AddisonandSteele(1) RichardSteele:poet,playwright,essayist,publisherofnewspaper.(2) JosephAddison:studiesatOxford,secretaryofstate,createdalite

51、raryperiodical"Spectator”(withSteele,1711)(3) SpectatorClub.(4) Thesignificaneeoftheiressays.a. Theirwritingsin"TheTatler",and"TheSpectator'provideanewcodeofsocialmoralityfortherisingbourgeoisie.b. Theygiveatruepictureofthesociallifeofinthe18thcentury.c. Intheirhands,theEngli

52、shessaycompletelyestablisheditselfasaliterarygenre.Usingitasaformofcharactersketchingandstorytelling,theyusheredinthedawnofthemodernnovel.3. SamuelJohnsonpoet,critic,essayist,lexicographer,editor.(1) Life:a. studiesat;b. madealivingbywritingandtranslating;c. thegreatchamofliterature.(2) works:poem(T

53、heVanityofHumarWishes,London)criticism(TheLivesofgreatPoets);preface.(3) Thechampionofneoclassicalideas.III. LiteratureofSatire:JonathanSwift.1. Life:(1) borninIreland;(2) studiesatTrinityCollege;(3) workedasasecretary;(4) thechiefeditorofTheExaminer;(5) theDeanofSt.Patricksin.2. Works:TheofBooks,AT

54、aleofaTub,AModestProposal,Gulliver'sTravels.3. Gulliver'sTravels.SatiretheWhigandtheTories,AnglicanChurchandCatholicChurch.4. rtII.Satirethelegalsystem;condemnationofwar.5. rtIII.Satireridiculousscientificexperiment.6. rtIV.Satiremankind.IV. EnglishNovelsofRealistictradition.1. TheRiseofnove

55、ls.(1) Earlyforms:folktalefablesmythsepicpoetryromancesfabliauxnovella-imaginativenatureoftheirmaterial.(imaginativenarrative)(2) Theriseofthenovela. picaresquenovelinSpainandEngland(16thcentury):OforrelatingtoagenreofprosefictionthatoriginatedinSpainanddepictsinrealisticdetailtheadventuresofaroguis

56、hhero,oftenwithsatiricorhumorouseffects.b.c. AddisonandSteele:TheSpectator.(plotandcharacterizationandrealism)(3) novelanddrama(17thecentury)2. DanielDefoenovelist,poet,pamphleteer,publisher,merchant,journalist.)(1) Life:a. businesscareer;b. writingcareer;c. interestedinpolitics.(2) RobinsonCrusoe.a

57、. thestory.b. thesignificaneeofthecharacter.c. thefeaturesofhisnovels.d. thestyleofIanguage.3. HenryFieldingnovelist.(1) Life:a. unsuccessfuldramaticcareer;b. legalcareer;writingcareer.(2) works.(3) TomJones.a. theplot;b. characters:Tom,Blifil,Sophia;c. significanee.(4) thetheoryofrealism.(5) thestyleoflanguage.V.WritersofSentimentalism.1. Introduction2. SamuelRichardsonnovelist,moralist(Onewhoisundulyconcernedwiththemoral