现代英语词汇学概论--构词法

1、Chapter 3(构词法)n3.1 General Remark 概述n3.2 Compounding 复合构词法n3.3 Derivation 派生构词法 3.3.1 Prefixation 加前缀 3.3.2 Suffixation 加后缀n3.4 Conversion 词类转换法The differences between “root”, “stem” and “base”?nRoot/ 词根: is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphologynStem/ 词干:

2、 the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.nBase/ 词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.undesirables = un + desire + able + snBase: desirable desire (base) undesirable desirable (base) undesirables undesirable (base)nBase/词基: any form to

3、 which affixes of any kind can be added.2) denationalizeddenationalized = de + nation + al + ize + dnRoot: nationnStem: denationalizenBase: national nation nationalize national denationalize nationalize denationalized denationalizendesirable: desire (root or base, not stem)nundesirable: desirable (b

4、ase, not root, not stem)nundesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root)ndesired: desire (root, stem or base)3.2 Compounding 复合构词法Questions:n1. What is compounding?n2. What are the relative criteria of a compound?n3. The classification of compounding?What is compounding?nCompounding / composition

5、: a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit. e.g. flowerpot= flower + pot machine-independent = machine + independentbackThe relative criteria of a compound1. Orthographic criterion: Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open. E

6、.g. flowerpotn Solid: flowerpotn Hyphenated: flower-potn Open: flower potn2. Phonological criterion: Compound accent: a main stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element. Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and the main stress on the second element

7、. E.g. black list blackboard blue bottlen3. Semantic criterion: Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts. E.g. E.g.nflowerpotnworkday nbackyardNote: we can infer the meaning from the meaning of

8、 its component parts nred tape (官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序)ndog days （the hottest day of the year）nflatfoot (a policeman)nblue blood (the quality of being a nobleman by birth)nblue ribbon (an honor given to the winner of the first prize) Note: we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts

9、backThe classification of compounding?Compounds are classified according to parts of speech of the compounds and subdivided by the syntactic relation of the compounding element.a. Parts of speech n1. n. compoundsn2. adj. compoundsn3. v. compoundsb. Syntactic relationnsubject and verb 主谓关系nverb and o

10、bject 动宾关系nverb and adverbial 谓状关系nrestrictive relation 限制关系ncoordinating relationship 并列关系 nthunder-struck (houses) houses are struck by thunder / thunder struck the houses nwell-behaved (person) The person behave himself well. npeace loving people people love peacenan ocean-going (ship) A ship go

11、across ocean.nApart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy _ house work as carrying water and firewood. A. time-consumed B. timely-consumed C. time-consuming D. timely-consuming答案：Cn风蚀岩石 weather-beaten rocksn日晒的健康肤色 suntanned (skin)n吹毛求疵的人 a fault-finding personn破纪录的速度 a record-

12、breaking speedn免税的 tax-freen无忧无虑的 care-freen防火的 fire-proofn隔音的 sound-proofn滴水不漏的 water-tightn密封的，不漏气的 air-tightn没膝深的 knee-deepn齐肩高的 shoulder-highn终身的 lifelongn晶莹剔透的 Crycle-clearn苦乐参半的 bittersweetn谈论的话题 talked-about topicn杜撰的故事 made-up storyn24小时看守 round-the-clock watchn作现场勘查 make an on the sop inspe

13、ction3.3 Derivation 派生构词法Questions:n1. What is derivation?n2. What is combining form? And what difference between a combining form and an affix?n3. The classification of derivation.backnDerivation / affixation: a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffi

14、x or combining form, to an already existing word. e.g. recover = re + cover worker = work + erbackA combining form构词成分: a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, but which now occurs only in derivatives. e.g. autobiography hydromechanics televisionnautobiography auto- = a

15、utos (Gk) = self self + life + write autoalarm autocracy (auto + alarm) (auto + cracy) (self + to + weapon) (self + ruling )nhydromechanics hydro- = hydr (Gk) = water hydro-airplane hydrography dehydrate hydrogenntelevision tele- = tele (Gk) = far off telecontrol telephone nCombining forms are disti

16、nguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word whose only other constituent is an affix. e.g. autocracy hydrography telephone autocracy = auto 构词成分 + cracy (suffix) hydrography = hydro 构词成分 + graphy (suffix) telephone = tele 构词成分 + phone (suffix)nFrom the point of view

17、of derivation, no distinction should be made between combining forms and affixes in this book, in which all the combining forms are labeled either as prefixes or suffixes.back3.3.1 PrefixationQuestion:n1. What is prefixation?n2. The classification of prefixesn3. Some productive prefixesPrefixation:

18、adding a prefix or combining form to the base. do not generally alter the word-class of the baseClassification of prefixes: 1. negative prefixes （反意前缀）: un-, non-, in-(im-, il-, ir-), dis-, a-n2. reversative / privative prefixes（相反动作前缀）: un-, de-, dis-,n3. pejorative prefixes （贬义前缀）: mis-, mal-, pse

19、udo-n4. prefixes of degree or size（等级与大小前缀）: arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, altra-, mini-n5. prefixes of attitude（态度取向前缀）: co-, counter-, anti-, pro-n6. locative prefixes（方位前缀）: super-, sub-, inter-, trans-n7. prefixes of time and order（时间顺序前缀）: for-, pre-, post-, ex-, re-n8. numb

20、er prefixes（常用数字前缀）: uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri, multi-/poly-n9. miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice- backSome Greek Prefixes1. ant- / anti- Anti-Japanese War 抗日战争 抗体 antibodynant- / anti-: against 非正统艺术 anti-art 非传统英雄 anti-heronant- / anti-: unlike tradition2. aster-, astr-

21、, astro- astronautnaster-, astr-, astro-: star 占星家 astrologer 小行星 asteroid3. aut-, auto autobiographynaut-, auto-: self 独裁者 autocrat 自治权 autonomy 4. bio-nbio-: life 生物学 biology 传记 biography5. chron-, chrononchron-, chrono: time 编年史 chronicle 在时间上一致 synchronize 时代错误 anachronism6. dem-, demo-n dem-, d

22、emo-: people 民主政治的 democratic 流行的 epidemic7. derm-, dermato-nderm-, dermato: skin 真皮 dermis 表皮 epidermis 皮下的 hypodermic8. geo- 地质学 geologyngeo-: earth 几何学 geometry9. gen-, genea-ngen-, genea-: race 家系，谱系 genealogy 起源，发生 genesis 庞杂的，异类的 heterogeneous heteromorphy 生异态性 heteronomy 他治，不自治 heterosexual10

23、. meter-, metr-nmeter-, metr-: measure 计时器 chronometer 体温计 thermometer 十进制 metrication11. onym-, onomatro-nonym-, onomatro-: word 匿名的 anonymous 笔名，假名 pseudonym 同义词 synonym 受支配词 hyponym12. ortho-n ortho-: correct orthography 正字法 正统的 orthodox 整形外科医生 orthopedist13. pan-, panto-npan, panto-: complete 泛美

24、洲 Pan-America 宽屏幕电视/电影 panavision 全景 panorama 万灵药 panacea14. prot-, proto-nprot-, proto-: first 原型 prototype 原始形式 protomorph15. therm-, thermo-n therm-, thermo-: heat 体温计 thermometer 热核 thermonuclear 热的，温泉的 thermalSome productive prefixes1. a-, an- + 表述性v.na-, an-: 1） 处于某状态 2） 缺乏 alive 不讲道德 amoral 无

25、政府 anarchy2. co-, con-, col-, cor- + n. / v.nco-, con-, col-, cor-: 1) 结合，联合，共同 2) 相互的关系 合作 cooperate 同时发生 concur 符合，相称 correspond 同事 colleague3. counter- + v. / 抽象n. ncounter-: 与相反，反 反击 counterattack 对应一方 counterpart 反主流文化分子 counterculturist4. dis- + adj. / v.ndis-: 与相反，不 不诚实 dishonest 不遵守 disobey5

26、. eco- + adj. / n.neco-: 生态 生态危机 ecocrisis ecocide 生态灭绝6. fore- + n.nfore-: 1) 前部 2) 先 前额 forehead 预言 forecast 首要的 foremost7. in- + adj. / v. / n.nin-: 1) 不，与相反 2)向内 不完全 incomplete 不礼貌 impolite 不合逻辑 illogical 雕刻 inscribe 移入 immigrate8. inter- + v. / n./ adj.ninter-: 在之间政府间的intergovernmental调停者interm

27、ediary州际的interstate9. mini- + n. P46nmini-: 1) 小，微 2）短暂 超短裙 miniskirt 微型汽车 minibus 短暂危机 minicrisis10. mis- + v. / 分词/ 抽象名词nmis-: 错误，歧途 误解 misunderstanding 引入歧途 mislead 不幸 mislead11. out- + n. / v.nout-: 超过 活得比长 outlive 以智取胜 outwit12. over- + v. /adj. / n.nover-: 1）过于，过分 2）上方 过分自信 overconfident 溢出 ov

28、erflow 高估 overestimate13. post- + n. / adj.npost-: 在之后 附言 postscript 博士后 post-doctor14. pre- + n. / adj.npre: 在之前 预习 preview 史前 prehistory15. sub- + adj. / n.nsub: 下、次 小标题 subtitle 低于正常 subnormal16. trans- + n.ntrans-: 跨越，穿过 运输 transport 移植 transplant 变形 transform17. super- + adj. / n.nsuper: 1）超，极

29、2）顶级 3）在之上 超级明星 superstar 上层建筑 superstructure18. under- + n. / v. / ved.nunder: 在之下；不足 下划线 underline 公共设施不足 under-serviced Number Prefixes1. onenone: mon(o)- (G) uni- (L) 独白 Monologue 一夫一妻制 Monogamy 不分性别的 Unisex 独一无二的 unique2. twontwo: di- (G) / bi- (L) 对话 dialogue 二氧化物 dioxide 双语 bilingual 双边 bilat

30、eral3. doublendouble: amphi- (G) ambi- (L) 两栖 amphibian 模棱两可 amphibology 歧义 ambiguity4. threenthree: tri- (L) 三角形 triangle 三轮车 tricycle5. fournfour: quadri- (L) 四边形 quadrangle6. five nfive: pent(a)- (G) quint- (L) 五角大楼 pentagon 五重奏 quintet7. sixnsix: hexa- (G) / sex- (L) 六角形 hexagon 六重奏 sextet7. Nin

31、ennine: enne- (G) non- (L) 九边形 enneagon / nonagon 九重奏 nonet8. tennten: deca- (G) / deci- (L) 十年 Decade 十进制 Decimalism9. halfnhalf: hemi- (G) / semi-(L) 半球 Hemisphere 半圆 Hemicycle / semicircle 半殖民地 semicolonial10. manynmany: poly- (G) / multi- (L) 多元的 polycentric 多民族的 multi-racial11. hundrednhundred:

32、 hecto- (G) / cent- (L) 百米 hectometer 厘米 centimeter 蜈蚣 centipedeback3.3.2 Suffixation 加后缀Questions:n1. What is suffixation?n2. The classification of derivation.n3. Some productive suffixes.Productive suffixes on P501. ablechangeable, variable, knowledgeablenchangeable= be able to be changed vt. + ab

33、leadj.nVariable = able to vary vi. + able adj.nknowledgeable = know a lot n. + able adj. having the stated quality or conditionn2. er 他教书教得很好。 He teaches very well. He is a good teacher.n3. ride-in, swim-in v.-in: protesting against racial discrimination public demonstration sit-in, lie-in, work-in

34、be-in, drop-in, sing-in, social gathering drive-in4. ynrisky, dirty n.-y adj. full of, covered with, characterized bynSleepy v.-y adj. having a trendy to, inclined tonharmful, wonderful, useful, meaningful, joyfulnhandful, mouthful, spoonful1. n. + -ful = adj. -ful = be full of a help suggestion = a

35、 suggestion is full of help a resentful look = a look is full of resent a eventful life = a life is full of events2. n. + -ful = n. -ful = 所容的量 a handful of nuts npostal, sensational,tropical, philosophical n.+ -al = adj. -al = aboutnambitious, desirous, dangerous n. + -ous = adj. -ous = be full of同

36、根近义词 (P54)continuance, continuation, continuitynContinuance= continue + ance the state of continuingnContinuation= continue + action the act of continuingnContinuity = continue + ity the quality of being contionuousnsensible / sensitive A.I think it is a very _ thing for you to do under the circumst

37、ances. B.No, I didnt mean that. You are too _. Sensitive / sensiblenSensitive= sense + tive be full of sense (n. ) e.g. a sensitive skin = the skin is full of sense 1) 敏感的 be sensitive to ridicule be sensitive about ones appearance 2) 灵敏的；神经过敏的；容易生气的nSensible = sense + able = can be sensed (vt.) e.g

38、. a sensible error 1) 感觉得到的，明显的 I am sensible of your kindness. 2) 知道的 3) 明智的 a sensiblen3. ish /-like N. Adj. e.g. childish / childlike -ish: derogatory1. The talks had been _ but much remained to be done. A. fruitful B. effective C. advantageous D. valid nfruitful: producing good results 富有成效的，收效很

39、多的neffective: having a pleasing effect 有效的 E.g. take effective measures答案：A2. The coming of the railways in the 1830s _ our society and economic life. A. transformed B. transported C. transferred D. transmittednHe hoped the firm would _ him to the Paris branch. A. exchange B. transmit C. transfer D.

40、 remove 答案：CnSome diseases are _ by certain water animals. A. transplanted B. transformed C. transported D. transmitted 答案：DnAmerican football and baseball are becoming know to the British public through televised _ from the United States. A. transfer B. deliveries C. transportation D. transmissions

41、 答案：DnRetirementisobviouslyaverycomplex_period;andtheearlieryoustartplanningforit,thebetter.A.transitionB.transactionC.transmissionD.transformation 答案：nThere is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the _ from fall to winter. A. transmission B. transformation C. transition

42、 D. transfer 答案：nHe attends to the _ of important business himself. A. transaction B. transition C. transmission D. transformation 答案：nIt will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash; virtually all financial _ will be conducted by computer. A. transac

43、tions B. transmissions C. transitions D. transformations 答案：ntransform: to change completely in form, appearance, or nature e.g. transform heat into powerntransport: to carry (goods, people, etc.) from one place to another.ntransfer: 1. to move from one place, job, position, to another; 2. to move f

44、rom one vehicle to another in the course e.g. transfer production of the newspaper to its new plant transfer that foot ball player to another team transfer from the train to a bus ntransmit: 1. to send out (electric signals, messages,etc.) by radio; 2.to send or pass from one person, place, or thing

45、 to another e.g. This infection is transmitted by mosquitoes. The information is transmitted from one computer to another through a telephone line.n1. variety / variation A.There are wide regional _ in house prices. B.The T-shirts are available in a wide _of colors.n2. incredible / incredulous A. Th

46、e way she escaped is an absolutely _story. B.I could tell she knew he was lying by her _ smile. C. They all looked _ when the young woman said that she could get their factory to make a profit within five months. n3. imaginary / imaginative A._ works can always attract a lot of readers.nB.It is only

47、 an _story, so youd better not believe it.n4. sensible / sensitive A.I think it is a very _ thing for you to do under the circumstances. B.No, I didnt mean that. You are too _.n5. exciting / excited / excitable A. Never mind him. He is a very _ person. He doesnt know what he is talking about. n6. su

48、btle / delicate A.There is a very _difference between “citizen rights” and “human rights”. B.This is a _situation. We must handle it with great care. C. She looked very _, but she was very energetic and had a strong will.n7. worth / worthy / worthwhile A.I can fix it. But it isnt _. Why dont we go a

49、nd get a new one? B.His effort was _ of great praise. C. How much do you think a pearl of that size will be _? backnal / ation / -ment V. N.n-al: the action of 某行为 E.g. arrival, approvaln-ation: the act, state, or result of 动作导致的状态或机构 E.g. education, interpretation, organizationn-ment: 动作的过程 E.g. ar

50、rangement, development, movement(选讲该页)nity / -ness Adj. N.n-ity: the quality or an example of being 品质或实例 e.g. diversity, equality with great regularity = regularly Such stupidities = stupid actions or remarksn-ness: the condition, quality, or degree of being状态、品质、程度e.g. carelessness, frankness, sel

51、fishness(选讲该页)1. variety / variationnA.There are wide regional variations in house prices. B. The T-shirts are available in a wide variety of colors. n-ity: the quality or an example of being 品质或实例 variety: a number or collection of different sorts of the same general type 种类n-ation: the act, state,

52、 or result of 动作导致的状态或机构 variation: (a degree of) the fact of varying 差异，变动程度 back2. incredible / incredulous cred(it): believe incredible = cant be believed incredulous = be full of unbelief = showing disbelief A. The way she escaped is an absolutely _ story. incredible B.I could tell she knew he w

53、as lying by her _ smile. incredulous C. They all looked _ when the young woman said that she could get their factory to make a profit within five months. incredulousback 3. imaginary / imaginative A._ works can always attract a lot of readers. imaginative B. It is only an _ story, so youd better not

54、 believe it. imaginaryncustomary -ary: concerning; aboutback4. sensible / sensitive A.I think it is a very sensible thing for you to do under the circumstances. B. No, I didnt mean that. You are too sensitive. P33 back5. exciting / excited / excitable A. Never mind him. He is a very excitable person

55、. He doesnt know what he is talking about. nExcitable: (of a person or animal) easily excitednExcited: full of strong feelings of expectation and happiness; nit calm e.g. The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.back6. subtle / delicate A. There is a very subtle difference between

56、“citizen rights” and “human rights”. B. This is a delicate situation. We must handle it with great care. C. She looked very delicate, but she was very energetic and had a strong will.backnSubtle: adj. a. not easy to notice, understand, or explain difficult to understand 难理解微妙的 e.g. subtle difference

57、s in meaning b. clever in arrangement, esp. so as to deceive people 精妙的 e.g. a subtle plan c. very clever in noticing and understanding e.g. a subtle mindbacknDelicate: adj. a. needing careful handling, esp. because easily broken or damaged e.g. Be careful with those wine glasses theyre very delicat

58、e. b. needing careful treatment in order to avoid failure or trouble e.g. a delicate situation The negotiations are at a very delicate stage. c. easily made ill e.g. a delicate child d. finely made in a way that shows great skill e.g a delicate piece of workmanship e. (of a taste, smell, etc.) pleas

59、ing but not strong and perhaps not easy to recognize. e.g. a delicate flavour / smell back 7. worth / worthy / worthwhile A.I can fix it. But it isnt worthwhile. Why dont we go and get a new one? B.His effort was worthy of great praise. C. How much do you think a pearl of that size will be worth? ba

60、cknworth: prep. (esp. after be) having the stated value e.g. Its worth much more than I paid for it. This piece of land is worth $44,500. How much is you car worth.nworthy: adj. 1. A (attributive) deserving respect or serious consideration e.g. She proved herself a worthy successor to the former cha