硕士医学英语 感觉器官和皮肤ppt课件

1、Medical Terminology9）The Sense Organs and Skin感觉器官与皮肤感觉器官与皮肤 刘帅刘帅研究生英语教研室综合楼研究生英语教研室综合楼110） The Sensory System:The sensory system is our network for detecting stimuli from the internal and external environments. It is needed to maintain homeostasis, provide us with pleasure, and protect us from harm

2、. Pain, for example, is an important warning sign of tissue damage. The energy generated in the various receptors of the sensory system must be transmitted to the central nervous system for interpretation. The general senses are widely distributed throughout the body. These senses include pain; touc

3、h, the tactile sense; pressure; temperature; and proprioception(本体感觉), the awareness of body position. The special senses are localized within complex sense organs. These include the chemical senses of gustation (taste) and olfaction(smell), located in the mouth and nose, respectively; the senses of

4、 hearing and equilibrium, located in the ear; and the sense of vision, located in the eye. Suffixes Pertaining to the SensesSUFFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLE-esthesiaSensation CryesthesiaSensitivity to cold(冷觉，冷沉过敏)-algesiaPainHypalgesiaDecreased sensitivity to pain(痛觉减退/迟钝) -osmiaSense of s

5、mellParosmiaAbnormal sense of smell(嗅觉倒错/异常)-geusiaSense of tastePseudogeusiaFalse sense of taste(味幻觉)The Ear:The ear has the receptors for both hearing and equilibrium. For study purposes, it may be divided into three parts: the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the projecting

6、 pinna (auricle,耳廓) and the external auditory canal (meatus,道). This canal ends at the tympanic membrane or eardrum(鼓膜，鼓室), which transmits sound waves to the middle ear. Glands in theexternal canal produce a waxy material, cerumen(耳垢), which protects the ear and helps to prevent infection.Spanning

7、the middle ear cavity are three ossicles (small bones,小骨), each named for its shape: the malleus(锤骨), incus (砧骨), and stapes (镫骨). Sound waves traveling over the ossicles are transmitted from the footplate(镫骨底) of the stapes to the inner ear. The eustachian tube(咽鼓管) connects the middle ear with the

8、 nasopharynx and serves to equalize pressure between the outer and middle ear. The inner ear, because of its complex shape, is described as a labyrinth(迷宫). It consists of an outer bony framework containing a similarly shaped membranous channel. The entire labyrinth is filled with fluid.The cochlea(

9、耳蜗), shaped like the shell of a snail, has the specialized organ of Corti(柯替氏器,螺旋器) concerned with hearing. Cells in this receptor organ respond to sound waves traveling through the fluid-filled ducts of the cochlea. Sound waves enter the cochlea from the base of the stapes through an opening called

10、 the oval window(前庭窗) and leave through another opening called the round window(蜗窗). The sense of equilibrium is localized in the vestibular apparatus(前庭器). This structure consists of the chamberlike vestibule and three projecting semicircular canals. Special cells within the vestibular apparatus re

11、spondto movement. Nerve impulses are transmitted from the ear to the brain by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve(前庭蜗神经), the eighth cranial nerve(颅神经), also called the acoustic or auditory nerve. The cochlear branch of this nerve transmits impulses for hearing from the cochlea; the vestibular branch

12、 transmits impulses concerned with equilibrium from the vestibular apparatus. Roots Pertaining to the Ear and HearingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLEAudi/ohearingauditionAct of hearingAcous,acus,cusSound, hearingacousticPertaining to sound or hearingOt/oEarototoxicPoisonous or harmful to the

13、ear(耳毒性的)Myring/oTympanic membranemyringotomeKnife used for surgery on the eardrum(鼓膜切开刀)Tympan/oTympanic cavity(middle ear), tympanic membranetympanometryMeasurement of transmission through the tympanic membrane and middle ear(鼓室测压法) Roots Pertaining to the Ear and HearingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITI

14、ON OF EXAMPLESalping/oTube,Eustachian tubesalpingoscopyExamination of the eustachian(咽鼓管镜检法)Staped/o, stapedi/oStapesstapedectomyExcision of the stapes(镫骨切除术)Labyrinth/oLabyrinth (inner ear)labyrinthotomyIncision of the inner ear(迷路切开术)Vestibul/oVestibule, vestibular apparatusvestibulopathyAny disea

15、se of the vestibule of the inner ear(前庭病)Cochle/oCochlea of inner earretrocochlearBehind the cochlea(耳蜗后的)The Eye and the Version:The wall of the eye is composed of three layers. The outermost is a tough protective layer, the sclera(巩膜), commonly called the white of the eye. This layer extends over

16、the front of the eye as the transparent cornea(角膜). The middle layer is a vascular layer, the uvea(葡萄膜), which consists of the choroid(脉络膜), the ciliary body(睫状体), and the iris(虹膜). The iris, by which we assign the color of the eye, is a muscular ring that controls the size of the pupil, thus regula

17、ting the amount of light that enters the eye. The ciliary body contains a muscle that controls the shape of the lens to allow for near and far vision, a process known as accommodation(视觉调节).The retina(视网膜) is the innermost layer and the actual visual receptor. It consists of specialized cells, rods(

18、柱细胞) and cones(锥细胞), which respond to light. The rods function in dim light, have low visual acuity, and do not respond to color. The cones are active in bright light, have high visual acuity, and respond to color. Proper vision requires the refraction (bending) of light rays as they pass through th

19、e structures of the eye to focus on a specific point on the retina. The energy generated within the rods and cones is transmitted to the brain by way of the optic nerve (second cranial nerve). Where the optic nerve connects to the retina, there are no rods or cones. This point, at which there is no

20、visual perception, is called the optic disk(视神经乳头，视盘), or blind spot. In the retina, near the optic nerve, is the fovea(中央凹), a tiny depression that has a high concentration of cone cells and is the point of greatest visual acuity (sharpness). The fovea is surrounded by a yellowish spot called the m

21、acula(角膜斑翳).The eye is protected by its position within a bony socket or orbit. It is also protected by the eyelids(眼睑), eyebrows, eyelashes, and tears. The lacrimal (tear) glands constantly bathe the eyes with a lubricatingfluid that drains into the nose. There is also a protective conjunctiva(结膜),

22、 a thin membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior portion of the eye. The eyeball is filled with a jellylike vitreous body(玻璃体) .Six muscles attached to the outside of each eye coordinate eye movements to achieve convergence, that is, coordinated movement of the eyes so that they both

23、are fixed on the same point. Roots for External Eye StructureROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLEPalpebr/oeyelidpalpebralPertaining to an eyelid(眼睑缘处的)Blephar/oeyelidsymblepharonAdhesion of the eyelid to the eyeball(睑球粘连)Lacrim/oTear, lacrimal apparatusLacrimation Secretion of tearsDacry/oTear, l

24、acrimal apparatusdacryolithStone in the lacrimal apparatus(泪腺石)Dacryocyst/oLacrimal sacdacryocystoceleHernia of the lacrimal sac(泪腺突出) Roots for the Eye and VersionROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLEOpt/oEye, version optometerInstrument for measuring the refractive power of the eye(视力计视力计,量眼器量眼器

25、)Ocul/oEyedextrocularPertaining to the right eye(善用右眼的善用右眼的,惯用右眼的惯用右眼的)Ophthalm/oEyeexophthalmosProtrusion of the eyeball(突眼症突眼症)Scler/oSclerasubscleralBelow the scleraCorne/ocorneacircumcornealAround the cornea(角膜周围的角膜周围的) Roots for the Eye and Version ROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLELent/il

26、ensLenticularPertaining to the lens(透镜的，晶状体的)Phak/o, phac/oLensAphakiaAbsence of a lens(无晶状体)Uve/oUveauveitisInflammation of the uvea(葡萄膜炎)chori/o, choroid/oChoroidchoroidalPertaining to the choroid(脉络膜的)Cycl/oCiliary body, ciliary musclecycloplegicPertaining to or causing paralysis of the ciliary m

27、uscle(睫状肌麻痹剂的) Roots for the Eye and VersionROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLEIr, irit/o, irid/oirisiridotomyIncision of the irisPupill/opupiliridopupillaryPertaining to the iris and the pupil(虹膜瞳孔的)Retin/oretinaretinoschisisSplitting of the retina(视网膜分层剥离，视网膜分裂) Suffixes for the Eye and Versio

28、nSUFFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLE-opsiavisionHeteropsiaUnequal vision on the two eyes(双眼不等)-opiaEye, visionHemianopiaBlindness in half the visual field(偏盲)Clinical Aspects of Hearing：Hearing LossHearing impairment may result from disease, injury, or developmental problems that affect the ea

29、r itself or any nervous pathways concerned with the sense of hearing. Sensorineural hearing loss(感觉神经性失聪) results from damage to the eighth cranial nerve or to central auditory pathways. Heredity, toxins, exposure to loud noises, and the aging process are possible causes for this type of hearing los

30、s. It may range from inability to hear certain frequencies of sound to a complete loss of hearing (deafness). People with extreme hearing loss that originates in the inner ear may benefit from a cochlear implant(耳蜗埋植). This prosthesis stimulates the cochlear nerve directly, bypassing the receptor ce

31、lls of the inner ear, and may allow the recipient to hear medium to loud sounds. Conductive hearing loss(传导性耳聋) results from blockage in sound transmission to the inner ear. Causes include obstruction, severe infection, or fixation of the middle ear ossicles. Often the conditions that cause conducti

32、ve hearing loss can be treated successfully.Otitis:Otitis is any inflammation of the ear. Otitis media refers to an infection that leads to the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear cavity. One cause is malfunction or obstruction of the Eustachian tube, such as by allergy, enlarged adenoids, injur

33、y, or congenital abnormalities. Another cause is infection that spreads to the middle ear, most commonly from the upper respiratory tract. Continued infection may lead to accumulation of pus and perforation(鼓膜穿孔) of the eardrum. Otitis media usually affects children under 5 years of age and may result inhearing loss. If untreated, the