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1、主讲人:邓晓琳主讲人:邓晓琳 刘文超刘文超 莫思捷莫思捷 曾卫平曾卫平 It took something powerfully transformative in my life to make me wake up. Wake up to some fundamental truths of life. This life is a gift if you want to accept it. No matter what the obstacle, you can make your life abundant with joy and you can live authenticall

2、y.We are faced with challenges and events that can seem overwhelming, life-destroying to the point where it may be hard to decide whether to keep going. But you always have a choice. 生活中一些重大变化生活中一些重大变化使我清醒,使我意识到使我清醒,使我意识到生活的基本真理。如果你愿意生活的基本真理。如果你愿意接受生活,它就是礼物。接受生活,它就是礼物。无论遭遇任何困难,你总能无论遭遇任何困难,你总能让生活充满快乐

3、,真正地生活。让生活充满快乐,真正地生活。我们面临的挑战与困境似乎无法抵御,试图我们面临的挑战与困境似乎无法抵御,试图毁灭我们生活,甚至使你犹疑毁灭我们生活,甚至使你犹疑是否继续走下去。但是是否继续走下去。但是你总有选择的余地。你总有选择的余地。 1. We are faced with challenges and events that can seem overwhelming, life-destroying to the point where it may be hard to decide whether to keep going. ThatThat引导同位语从句,引导同位语从

4、句,where where 引导定语从句引导定语从句,whethewhether r引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句。 overwhelming overwhelming美美 ,ovwlm adjadj. . 压倒性压倒性的;势不可挡的;势不可挡的的 v v. . 压倒;淹没(压倒;淹没(overwhelmoverwhelm的的inging形式);制服形式);制服 2.It took something powerfully transformative in my life to make me wake up( 真正主语). It It引导的主语从句。引导的主语从句。 transformativ

5、e transformativetrnzfmtv adj adj. . 变化的,变形的;有改革能力的变化的,变形的;有改革能力的3. 3. authenticallyauthentically 美美 ntkli adv adv. . 真正地,确实地;可靠地真正地,确实地;可靠地 省略是为了避免重复而将句子赘述的地方省去,使行文紧凑而连贯的语法的修辞手段。省略后的句子应保持意义和结构上与原文一致性,通常被省略的部分填回原处,句子的意思不发生改变。一功能词的省略二句子成分的省略三省略在句子中的运用 四使用替代词的省略 一功能词的省略 功能词指的是没有完整意义,但有语法意义的词,如冠词,介词,助动词

6、等。英语句子结构的简洁,首先表现在功能词的省略上。冠词的省略:冠词的省略: 1,They elected John (the) monitor of the class-他们选约翰做班长。 2,A man and( a) woman are talking in the office-办公室一男一女正在谈话代词的省略代词的省略 : (You)Had a good time, didnt you?-玩的很开心,是吧?连词的连词的省略省略: Its a pity (that) hes leaving.-他要走,真遗憾。(主语从句的主句主语是形式主语it,从句连接词that可以省略)关系词的省略关系

7、词的省略: 1,关系代词that/which/whom在限定词定语从句中作从句宾语时可以省略。例如:He read the book (which) we first met.-这发生在我们初次见面的那一天。 助动词助动词的省略的省略: 1,助动词的省略多用于非正式的口语场合。例如: (Does)Anyone want a drink?-有谁要喝一杯吗?2,在特殊疑问句中,当主语是第二人称时,助动词do可省略。例如: b Who (do) you think you are? -你以为你是谁?不定式符号的省略不定式符号的省略: To常用于refuse,want,seem,intend,mean

8、,expect,hope,like,be afraid,prefer,care,oblige,foget,wish,try等词后代替不定式。例如: I asked him want to play outside fou a while ,but he didnt want to.-我让他出去玩一会儿,但是他不想去。介词的省略介词的省略: 介词的省略常为习惯用法,介词即使省略,句子的意思也不会发生歧义。 She must have stayed (for) a long time. 她在这里一定呆了很久了。引用词引用词there 的省略的省略:(There) Must be somebody

9、waiting for you.-肯定有人在等你。 省略主语省略主语: Take care !-当心!(=You take care.) 省略谓语省略谓语: Well do the best we can.-我们将尽力而为。(=Well do the best we can do. ) 省略表语省略表语: Are you ready? Yes, I am (ready). -你准备好了吗?我准备好了。 省略宾语省略宾语: We have to analyze (problems) and solve problem.-我们必须分析问题解决问题。 省略省略定语定语 : He spent part

10、 of the money, and rest (of the money) he saved.-他花了一部分钱,其余的他都存了起来。 省略状语: He was no hurt .(How!-他没有受伤,真奇怪! 三,省略在句子中的运用在一个句子中,省略可分为依赖上下文省略和不依赖上下文省略两种。前者省略的部分可以在句子找到,但后者可能找不到。A A,简单句中的省略,简单句中的省略l 依赖上下文的省略,在对话中最为常用。例如:、Will he pass this examination ? Probably.-他这次考试会通过吗?大概会的。(=He will probably pass the

11、 examination.)l 不依赖上下文的省略。例如: Sound like a good idea.-听上去是个好主意。=It sounds like a good idea.省略主语)B B,并列句中的省略,并列句中的省略并列句如果前后分句有相同的部分,常常可以省略掉。以避免重复。通常被省略的可以是主语,谓语,谓语动词,宾语或其他成分,或句子成分的一部分。 1 1,省略出现在后一分句。例如,省略出现在后一分句。例如: I have been to beijing and (I have)seen the Great Wall. 我到过北京,见到了万里长城。(省略主语+助动词)2,省略省

12、略出现出现在前一分句。例如:在前一分句。例如:I wish (to find him),yet feared to find him.-我又想找到他,又怕找到他。3 3, 前后前后两个两个分局都出现省略。例如:分局都出现省略。例如:Ill fly to (guangzhou),but (Ill) drive back from guangzhou.-我将飞往广州,但开车回来。4,在以,在以and,but,or或分号连接的并列句中,有时后一分句省略后可以保留修或分号连接的并列句中,有时后一分句省略后可以保留修饰谓语的状语部分。例如:饰谓语的状语部分。例如:He tried to convince

13、 her to quit smoking but(he tried) in vain.-他想劝她放弃吸烟,但是无功而返。5 5,在以,在以and或或or连接的并列句中,前一部分主干可以省略,相当于一个条件状连接的并列句中,前一部分主干可以省略,相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:语从句。例如:A litter further and you will see the hospital.-再往前一点,你就可以看到那间医院。Have enough red meat or you will suffer from iron deficiency.-要摄入足够的红肉,否则你会缺铁。 C, C,复合句中的省略

14、复合句中的省略 在主从复合句中,省略的现象是很普遍的。1,省略主句的句首部分。省略主句的句首部分。 例如:(Im ) Sorry I couldnt go.-很抱歉,我不能去。2 2,省略整个主句或主句的一部分(回答问题是常用),省略整个主句或主句的一部分(回答问题是常用) 例如: -Will you go abroad soon ?你很快要出国吗?-(Ill) Not(go abroad) until I graduate from the college next summer.-要到明年夏天毕业后才走。3 3,在一些状语从句中,如果谓语动词是,在一些状语从句中,如果谓语动词是bebe,主

15、语又和主句的主语,主语又和主句的主语一致,或者主语是一致,或者主语是itit,常常可以把从句中的主语和,常常可以把从句中的主语和bebe省略掉。省略掉。例如:1 1)以)以when,while,once,until when,while,once,until 等连接引导的时间状语从句。等连接引导的时间状语从句。 Please come as soon as (it is) possible.-请尽快来。 2 2)以)以as if, as though as if, as though 等连词引导的方式状语从句等连词引导的方式状语从句He opened his lips as if (he we

16、re going) to say something.他张开嘴,好像要说什么话似的。(从句主语和主句主语一致,可省略从句主语和其他成分,构成as if/as though+不定式)3 3)以)以 if, unless if, unless 等连词引导的条件状语从句等连词引导的条件状语从句English words are easily forgotten unless (they are ) constantly repeated.-英语单词不经常重复是很容易忘记的。 4 4)以)以even ifeven if,even thougheven though,thoughthough,altho

17、ughalthough,whetherwhether等连接引导的让步状语等连接引导的让步状语从句。从句。Whether (it is) difficult or not ,we will try our best to complete the task.不管任务是否艰巨,我们都要尽力去完成。5 5)比较状语从句的省略)比较状语从句的省略a,省略谓语的全部b,省略主语与谓语的一部分c,省略表语部分d,省略主语和谓语的大部分,保留状语。e,省略主语f,省略宾语g,省略从句的全部,h,主句和从句中可同时省略一些成分 i,在以still less,much less,still more和much

18、more后面可省略一些与主句相同的成分。j,在asas结构中的省略有两种情况,即:1,从句中与主句重复的词可以省略;2,在把两个时间,地点等相比较时,第一个as可以省略。 4,在定语从句中的省略情况1 1)当当先行词是先行词是wayway,且在定语从句作方式状语时,关系代词可用,且在定语从句作方式状语时,关系代词可用in whichin which或或that,that,可以省略,但若是可以省略,但若是wayway在定语从句中充当主语,在定语从句中充当主语,则不能省略。则不能省略。I dont know the way that/which leads to the top of the mo

19、untains.我不知道通往山顶的路。(way在定语从句中充当主语,不能省略)2 2)当当先行词是先行词是timetime时,且在定语从句作时间状语时,关系副词可时,且在定语从句作时间状语时,关系副词可用用whenwhen或或that,that,有时可以省略。有时可以省略。The second time (that/when) I saw him was in 2000.我第二次见他是在2000年。3 3) )当先行词是当先行词是placeplace时,且在定语从句作地点状语时时,且在定语从句作地点状语时,where,where或或that,that,有时可以省略。有时可以省略。This is

20、 the right place (where/that) he was born.这就是他的出生地。4 4) )先行词为先行词为thatthat或或thosethose时,关系代词和动词时,关系代词和动词bebe都可省略。都可省略。Those (people who are ) going camping please gather at the gate.要去露营的人请在大门口集合。 四,使用替代词的省略我们在省略句子某些成分时,有时还必须加上适当的替代词,以保持句子意思的完整。 1, 用do代替 2,用so代替 3, 用not代替 4,用the same代替 5,用one或ones代替替

21、代替代名词性替代名词性替代 用名词替代词用名词替代词one(s)one(s),the samethe same,the kindthe kind,the the sortsort等所表示的替代现象。例如:等所表示的替代现象。例如: There are good films as well as bad There are good films as well as bad onesones. . Can you play the piano ? There is Can you play the piano ? There is oneone in the room.in the room.

22、American food is not the same as the American food is not the same as the English English kindkind. . 名词替代词还包括一些不定代词,如名词替代词还包括一些不定代词,如allall,bothboth,somesome,anyany,enoughenough,severalseveral,nonenone,manymany,muchmuch,moremore,(the )most(the )most,(a)few(a)few,(a)little(a)little,lessless,(the)lea

23、st(the)least,anotheranother,the otherthe other,othersothers,eithereither,neitherneither等。例如:等。例如: Can you give me a few nails ? I need Can you give me a few nails ? I need somesome. . I dont want any more food . Ive I dont want any more food . Ive had had enoughenough. . Use this typewriter ; all th

24、e Use this typewriter ; all the othersothers. . 替代词替代词 one/onesone/ones的用法的用法a a)one one 通常可用来替代上文中出现过的可数名词或以可通常可用来替代上文中出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心词的整个名词词组,既可指人,也可指物。数名词为中心词的整个名词词组,既可指人,也可指物。例如: The grey horse is stronger than the black one. I lose a neighbor and you gain one.替代词替代词oneone的复数形式是的复数形式是onesones,

25、只能替代复数名词,既可,只能替代复数名词,既可指人,也可指物。指人,也可指物。例如: The new design is much better than the old ones. There were a few young people with some older ones in the house. One/ones One/ones作为替代词只能用以替代可数名词,不可用来作为替代词只能用以替代可数名词,不可用来替代不可数名词。替代不可数名词。例如不可以说: Its cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new one made. If

26、 you havent got fresh milk,Ill take some tinned ones. b b)当替代词)当替代词oneone用以替代名词词组中心词时,它用以替代名词词组中心词时,它通常带有限定词,但是,不定冠词和物主限定词通常不可以直通常带有限定词,但是,不定冠词和物主限定词通常不可以直接位于替代词接位于替代词oneone之前。在不定冠词和物主限定词之后通常须跟之前。在不定冠词和物主限定词之后通常须跟有形容词或其他前置修饰词,随后才可用替代词有形容词或其他前置修饰词,随后才可用替代词oneone。例如:。例如: Can I have a melon ? Id like C

27、an I have a melon ? Id like a big a big oneone. . Your car isnt fast enough . Lets take his new one.而而不可以不可以说说: Id like a one. Lets take his one.在在bothboth和和ownown之后通常不用之后通常不用oneone或或onesones。例如: I prefer red roses to white ones,but my life likes both. I cant write properly with your pen ; Id rather

28、 use my own. If theres any difficulty about cars , we can bring our own.在基数词在基数词twotwo,threethree等之后通常不用替代词等之后通常不用替代词one/onesone/ones。例如: You have four children . I have only two. c c)替代替代词词oneone如果不带任何前置修饰语,其所替代的如果不带任何前置修饰语,其所替代的对象便不是名词中心词而是整个名词词组,其意义通常是类指。对象便不是名词中心词而是整个名词词组,其意义通常是类指。例如: If you wan

29、t a typewriter , they will provide you with one. He is a brilliant hard-working student , one who will be successful in whatever career he chooses.正因为正因为oneone用于替代词词组时的类指性质,它与人称代词和指示代用于替代词词组时的类指性质,它与人称代词和指示代词和前置修饰语(形容词),因此只能替代名词中心词,而不是词和前置修饰语(形容词),因此只能替代名词中心词,而不是替代整个名词词组。替代整个名词词组。例如: The dictionary

30、is the one needed by every student of English , but I cant afford it.(特指)特指) Every student of English needs a good dictionary , but I cant afford one.(类指)类指) d d)替代替代词词oneone通常不能单独使用,它总是带有限定词和前置修饰通常不能单独使用,它总是带有限定词和前置修饰语(形容词),因此只能替代名词中心词,而不能替代整个名词语(形容词),因此只能替代名词中心词,而不能替代整个名词词组。词组。例如: I have a new dic

31、tionary and several ones. I dont like red roses , I like the white ones. e e)在下列语境中,替代词)在下列语境中,替代词one/onesone/ones可以省可以省略:略:当当one/onesone/ones带有带有this/thesethis/these,that/thosethat/those,whichwhich,eithereither,neitherneither,anotheranother,the lastthe last,the nextthe next等限等限定词时:定词时: Judy broke t

32、he coffee-pot , so she has to buy another (one). Some of your answers were correct , but I dont know which (ones).当当one/onesone/ones之前有定冠词以及和上文形成对比的形容词时:之前有定冠词以及和上文形成对比的形容词时: I prefer the large bottle to the small (one). The new chapel will be like the old (one).One/onesOne/ones之前虽有与上文形成对比的形容词,但若该形容

33、之前虽有与上文形成对比的形容词,但若该形容词跟在不定冠词之后,则替代词词跟在不定冠词之后,则替代词oneone一般不可省略。一般不可省略。例如一般不说: Id prefer a large bottle to a small.当当one/onesone/ones之前有比较级和最高级形容词时:之前有比较级和最高级形容词时:We have to use this machine for want of a better (one). If you offer him cookies , he will take a handful of the biggest (ones). 替代词替代词oneo

34、ne、类指代词、类指代词oneone和数词和数词oneone 要注意区别替代词要注意区别替代词oneone,类指代词,类指代词oneone和数词和数词oneone。 OneOne cant be too careful in matter like this. cant be too careful in matter like this.(类指代词)(类指代词) My old car is much better than the new one. My old car is much better than the new one.(替(替代词)代词) OneOne cannot do t

35、he work of twenty. cannot do the work of twenty.(数词)(数词)数词数词oneone既可用作名词中心词,也可用作限定词,它与替代词既可用作名词中心词,也可用作限定词,它与替代词 oneone的区别是前者承受句子重音,后者不承受重音。的区别是前者承受句子重音,后者不承受重音。 She bought a cotton dress and a silk She bought a cotton dress and a silk oneone. .(替代(替代词)词) A: How many dresses has she bought ? A: How

36、many dresses has she bought ? B: Shes bought B: Shes bought oneone. .(数词)(数词)数词数词oneone的复数形式是的复数形式是somesome而不是而不是onesones。 A: How do you like the roses? A: How do you like the roses? B: I prefer the red B: I prefer the red onesones. .(替代词)(替代词) A: Can I have those apples? A: Can I have those apples?

37、 B: You can take B: You can take somesome . Give the rest to your . Give the rest to your little brothers.little brothers.(somesome是是oneone的复数形式)的复数形式) 替代词替代词one/onesone/ones和实义词和实义词one/onesone/ones 注意替代词注意替代词one/onesone/ones和某些表示特殊意义和某些表示特殊意义的的one/onesone/ones之间的区别,后者在意义上相当于之间的区别,后者在意义上相当于personper

38、son或或peoplepeople,可以在没有替代对象的情况下出现。,可以在没有替代对象的情况下出现。例如: George went on drinking , and by and by he fell to misusing his wife and the little ones ( = his children ) badly. Oh , you are a one ( = a bold amusing person ) , telling that joke in front of the priest. Youre a right one ( = a fool ) , losing

39、 tickets again! 动词性替代动词性替代 用动词替代词或代动词(用动词替代词或代动词(Pro - verbPro - verb)dodo,do sodo so等表等表示示 的替代现象。的替代现象。例如: A: We all hate hypocrisy. A: We all hate hypocrisy. B: Yes , everybody B: Yes , everybody doesdoes ( = hates hypocrisy). ( = hates hypocrisy). A: Mary didnt come , did she? A: Mary didnt come

40、, did she? B: Yes , she did ( = came). B: Yes , she did ( = came). 动词替代词动词替代词dodo既可替代主动词及其补足成分,也可仅仅既可替代主动词及其补足成分,也可仅仅替代主动词。前一种替代现象通常只见于肯定结构。在否定结构中替代主动词。前一种替代现象通常只见于肯定结构。在否定结构中便不是动词性替代,而是动词性省略。例如:便不是动词性替代,而是动词性省略。例如: A: Does Peter speak French? A: Does Peter speak French? B: Yes , he B: Yes , he does

41、 does ( = speaks French ).( = speaks French ). No , he No , he doesntdoesnt ( = doesnt speak French). ( = doesnt speak French).上述肯定结构中的上述肯定结构中的doesdoes是动词性替代,它本身是主动词;而在否定是动词性替代,它本身是主动词;而在否定结构中,结构中,doesdoes为助动词,它后面的主动词及其补足成分被省略,因为助动词,它后面的主动词及其补足成分被省略,因此这个此这个doesdoes不同于动词替代词。不同于动词替代词。 动词替代词的用法动词替代词的用法

42、 动词替代词通常是主动词动词替代词通常是主动词dodo的一定形式,也可与的一定形式,也可与so/that/itso/that/it合用,分述如下:合用,分述如下:a a)在替代主动词的用法中,动词替代词)在替代主动词的用法中,动词替代词dodo所替代的通常是实义动所替代的通常是实义动词;如果被替代的主动词是及物的,则替代词之后须跟宾语。动词;如果被替代的主动词是及物的,则替代词之后须跟宾语。动词替代词可与情态动词连用;在否定句和疑问句中有时还须引进词替代词可与情态动词连用;在否定句和疑问句中有时还须引进助动词助动词dodo的适当形式为操作词。的适当形式为操作词。例如: She plays th

43、e piano better than she She plays the piano better than she doesdoes ( = ( = plays ) the guitar. John has never acted plays ) the guitar. John has never acted as he should have as he should have donedone ( = acted ). ( = acted ). A: Mary studies modern history and doesnt A: Mary studies modern histo

44、ry and doesnt dodo ( = study ) modern ( = study ) modern languages.languages. B: Does she B: Does she dodo ( = study ) ancient history , ( = study ) ancient history , too?too? A: No , she doesnt. A: No , she doesnt.在替代主动词的用法中,动词替代词在替代主动词的用法中,动词替代词 dodo所替代的通常是动态动词;所替代的通常是动态动词;但在替代但在替代“静态动词静态动词+ +补足成分

45、补足成分”的用法中,被替代的既可是的用法中,被替代的既可是“动动态动词态动词+ +补足成分补足成分”,也可是,也可是“静态动词静态动词+ +补足成分补足成分”。 b b)由)由dodo与与soso搭配构成的复合代动词搭配构成的复合代动词do sodo so,既可替代,既可替代“动动- -宾宾”谓语结构,也可替代谓语结构,也可替代“动动- -状状”谓语结构。谓语结构。例如: He said he would tell me the news , He said he would tell me the news , but he didnt but he didnt do so do so (

46、= tell me the news ).( = tell me the news ). A: Jane is crying for some more cake A: Jane is crying for some more cake in the kitchen.in the kitchen. B: Yes , but her little brother B: Yes , but her little brother isnt isnt doing so doing so ( = crying for some more cake ).( = crying for some more c

47、ake ).do sodo so有时也可以和有时也可以和do thatdo that,do itdo it交替使用。例如:交替使用。例如: The boys played doctors and nurses . The boys played doctors and nurses . We watched them We watched them doingdoing thatthat ( = playing doctors ( = playing doctors and nurses ) but they wanted us and nurses ) but they wanted us

48、to do so to do so ( = to ( = to play doctors and nurses ) , too.play doctors and nurses ) , too. My brother said he was going to send a My brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the President . I letter of protest to the President . I did it did it last week.last week. c c)代动词)代动词d

49、odo还可与连接性副词还可与连接性副词soso搭配,构成两个意义搭配,构成两个意义不同的常用句型:不同的常用句型:“So + do + So + do + 主语主语”和和“So + So + 主语主语 + do+ do”,这两种句型常用于简短反应。这两种句型常用于简短反应。 在简短反应中表示在简短反应中表示“我也如此我也如此”或或“另外一个人也如此另外一个人也如此”时,常用时,常用“So + do + So + do + 主语主语”结构。在这种结构中,结构。在这种结构中,主语不同于主语不同于上文的主语上文的主语。例如: A: I like playing football. A: I like

50、 playing football. B: B: So do I . So do I . ( = I like playing football too. )( = I like playing football too. ) So does my brother. So does my brother. ( = My brother likes ( = My brother likes playing football too.)playing football too.) So did my father . So did my father . ( = My father liked (

51、 = My father liked playing football tooplaying football too.) 如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示同样看法如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示同样看法时,则用时,则用“Neither/Nor + do + Neither/Nor + do + 主语主语”。不过在否定结构中,。不过在否定结构中,dodo便不是动词替代词,而是助动词。便不是动词替代词,而是助动词。例如: A: He doesnt speak Russian. A: He doesnt speak Russian. B: B: Neither/Nor do I.Nei

52、ther/Nor do I. Neither/Nor does my brother. Neither/Nor does my brother. Neither/Nor did my father. Neither/Nor did my father. 在简短反应中,对别人所说的情况加以肯定在简短反应中,对别人所说的情况加以肯定时,常用时,常用“So +So + 主语主语 + do+ do”结构。在这种结构中,结构。在这种结构中,主主语与上文主语相同语与上文主语相同,soso的意义相当于的意义相当于indeedindeed,certainlycertainly,表示,表示“不错不错”、“对了对

53、了”。例如: A: The students work hard. A: The students work hard. B: B: So they do . So they do . ( Certainly they ( Certainly they work hard . )work hard . ) A: Father , your promised. A: Father , your promised. B: Well , B: Well , so I did so I did ! ( = Certainly ! ( = Certainly I promised.)I promised

54、.)在上述结构中,其主语间或也可不同于上文的主语。在上述结构中,其主语间或也可不同于上文的主语。例如: A: In those days many merchants A: In those days many merchants travelled on led on horseback. B: So B: So lots of other people lots of other people did , I did , I imagine.imagine. So even So even the old artist the old artist did.

55、did. 当当主动词主动词havehave用于上述两种简短反用于上述两种简短反应时,可有两种形式:一种是用主动词应时,可有两种形式:一种是用主动词havehave的一定形的一定形式,另一种是用代动词式,另一种是用代动词dodo的一定形式。例如:的一定形式。例如: A: John has a new dictionary. A: John has a new dictionary. B: Yes , and so B: Yes , and so havehave I/So I/So dodo I. I. Yes , so he Yes , so he hashas/so he /so he do

56、esdoes. .如果如果上文谓语动词带有情态助动词上文谓语动词带有情态助动词willwill,则用,则用“So + So + will + will + 主语主语”和和“So + So + 主语主语 + will+ will”。例如。例如: A: Mary will enter the competition. A: Mary will enter the competition. B: B: So will JoanSo will Joan. . A A: Mary will win the prize.: Mary will win the prize. B B: : So she wi

57、llSo she will. . 分句性替代分句性替代用分句替代词用分句替代词so/notso/not替代整个分句的现象。替代整个分句的现象。例如: A: Do you think hell come tomorrow? B: Yes , I think so ( = that hell come tomorrow ). No , I think not ( = that hell not come tomorrow ). A: Is there going to be a meeting tonight? B: I am afraid/believe/expect/fear so/not.有

58、时,分句替代词有时,分句替代词soso可置于句首,起承接作用:可置于句首,起承接作用: A: Hes leaving for London tonight , you know? B: So Ive heard.分句替代词分句替代词so/notso/not还可与从属连词还可与从属连词if if 搭配,构成无动词条件分句搭配,构成无动词条件分句if soif so,if notif not。例如: We are told that he will come tonight , and if so ( = if he comes tonight ), our meeting will be hel

59、d tomorrow . If not ( = if he doesnt come tonight ), there wont be any meeting tomorrow. 分句替代词的用法分句替代词的用法 用分句替代词用分句替代词so/notso/not所取代的所取代的that-that-分句通常带有不甚分句通常带有不甚确定的含义,既不肯定,也不否定,所以确定的含义,既不肯定,也不否定,所以so/notso/not常常与与Im Im afraidafraid,believebelieve,expectexpect,fearfear,guessguess,hopehope,supposes

60、uppose,thinkthink等词语搭配。在能作转移否定的结构中,以用等词语搭配。在能作转移否定的结构中,以用I dont I dont think sothink so,I dont suppose soI dont suppose so更加自然。在表示明显肯定口更加自然。在表示明显肯定口气或者怀疑口气的简短反应中,通常不用气或者怀疑口气的简短反应中,通常不用so/notso/not。例如: A: Are the girls coming to the party? B: Im sure they are/Im sure of it. I doubt if they are/I doub

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