强调句与虚拟语气

1、强调句1. 强调句的定义强调是有效地进行思想交流的重要手段之一。人们在交际过程中，为了使自己的思想能为 听者或读者恰当的理解，必须突出重要的内容，这就需要运用强调的手段。2. 强调的构成在现代英语中，人们可以通过语音手段、词汇手段、语法手段来进行强调。(1) 语音手段在口语中，人们可以根据交流的需要，通过语句重音来对不同的词语进行强调。He speaks English well.这句话，可以通过语句重音来分别对不同的词进行强调：Example:A: We need a good student to host the evening party.B: Well, he speaks Engl

2、ish well.A: He ' s been living in Canada for years.B: He speaks English well but his writing is not very good.A: He speaks fluent French.B: He speaks English well, too.A: Do you think he is fit for the job?B: Certainly. He speaks English well.(2) 词汇手段人们常用一些形容词、副词、否定词等词汇手段来加强语气。This is a most int

3、eresting TV play.Grace is tall, but Catherine is still taller.War and peace is the best novel that l have ever read.The last thing that a lazy student wishes is examination.At that very moment the policemen came.I can't even remember the name of that old friend of mine.Where in the world did you

4、 go just now ?What on earth are you doing?She's not in the least angry with me.The president himself will chair the meeting.(3) 语法手段1.用It is/ wasthat/ who句型表示强调。被强调的部分(通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语)放在is/was的后面，如被强调的是人，则后面可用 who, whom等代替。He met an old friend in the park yesterday.强调主语It was he who/that me

5、t an old friend in the park yesterday.强调宾语It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday.He met an old friend in the park yesterday.强调地点状语It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday.强调时间状语It was yesterday that he met an old friend in he park.2.用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词。Do come e

6、arly.He did send you a letter last week.Wd re pleased that she does intend to come.3用主语从句+be+被强调部分，主语从句常用what引导。John wants a ball.What John wants is a ball.Mary gives piano lessons every day.What Mary does every day is (to) give piano lessons.(4) 用修辞疑问句，表示强调。疑问句转用作加强语气的陈述句时，即可称为修辞性疑问句。需要注意的是：肯定的修辞 疑

7、问句其意义相当于强调的否定陈述句；而否定的修辞疑问句其意义则相当于强调的肯定 陈述句。Can anyone doubt the truth of his statement?=Surely no one can / would doubt it.)谁能怀疑他陈述的真实性？Who doesn't know the sun rises in the east?=Everyone knows谁不知道太阳从东方升起？(5) 还可以通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语序的手段来进行强调。Example:Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapon

8、s.Only in this way can we catch up with and surpass the world's advanced level of science and technology.Happy are those who are content.知足常乐。1. It is/ wasthat 强调句型的强调部分必须是对that / who之后句子的某一成分表示强调，如果把"It is (was).that "去掉，该句应该意思完整，不缺任何句子成分。区分下例两句：It was 7 o ' clock when he came bac

9、k.他回来时7点钟了 .It was at 7 o ' clock that he came back.他是7点钟回来的。because弓丨导，不2. It is/wasthat强调句型的被强调部分如果是原因状语从句，只能由 能由since as或why引导。It was because the water had risen that they could not crossthe river.正是由于水涨了，他们没有渡过河去。3. 注意"not. until "强调句型的变化。Compare the following：She didn't rememb

10、er her appointment with the doctoruntil she had arrived home.It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor. Not until she had arrived home did she remember herappointment with the doctor.4. It is/wasthat强调句型中，that作宾语时可以省略，It was a new dictionary (that) Fat

11、her bought for me.Was it her (that) you were talking about?5. 如果强调的是特殊疑问句，要用"特殊疑问词+is/was + it + that + 结构，”示"究竟是谁，到底在哪里等等。Who was it that you want to see?Where was it that you saw the teacher?Why is it that you want to change your mind?你究竟为什么要改变主意?Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks1. ItMike

12、and Mary who helped the old man several days ago .A. was B. areC. were D. had been2. It was not until 1920regular radio broadcasts began.A. which B. whenC. thatD. since3. She said she would go and shego.A. didn ' t B. didC. really D. would4. It was the traininghe had as a young manmade him such

13、a good engineer.A. what; that B. that; what C. that; which D. which; that5. - Were all three people in the car injured in the accident?-No,only the two passengers who got hurt.1. Bill made a kite at school yesterday.2. John sells potatoes.3. The mother loves her baby dearly.4. I painted the door whi

14、te.5. She left her gloves in your room.A. there were B. it wereC. there was D. it was6. Mr Smith gave a new pen to me. I.1-5ACBDDII. 1. It was Bill who made a kite at school yesterday.2. What John sells is potatoes.3. The mother does love her baby dearly.4. It was white that I painted the door.5. It

15、 was in your room that she left her gloves.6. It was me that Mr Smith gave a pen to.虚拟语气表示现在/过去/将来情况的虚拟条件句虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：1）表示与现在情况相反： 主句谓语用 “ would / could / might动词原形”从句谓语用 动词的一般过去时 ”（动词be的过去式一律用 were）。If I were you, I would not accept hisoffer.If I had time, I would certainly go to the cinema with y

16、ou.2）表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用“ would / could / might + have过去分词”从句谓语用过去完成时。If I had got up a little earlier, I wouldn' t have missed the train.If I had been more careful, I might have passed that exam.3）表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用“ would / could / night + 动词原形”从句谓语用“ were 动词不定式"或 “ should动词原形 ” If I were to do

17、the job, I would not be able to have enough time to study. If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go out with you.2. 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were, had, should, could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把 were, had, should, could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形 式。 Were I to do the job, I would finish doing it within two w

18、eeks.Had it not been for his help, we couldn ' t have arrived there on time.Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.3. wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。1）表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时。（be的过去式为 were）。 I wish I had enough money to buy a car.I wish I were

19、 as young and energetic as you.2）表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时（had +过去分词）或 “ would /could + have +过去分词 ” hadn' t made such a mistake .I wish I could have done it better.3）表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“ would/ should （could,might） + 动词原形 ” I wish I would not get old .I wish I could travel around the wo

20、rld one day.4. 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或 should +动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advise,ask, command, decide, demand, desire, direct, insist, move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest等。 The workers demanded that their wages （should） be raised by

21、10 per cent.The teacher decided that you do the experiment first.5. 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动 词用动词原形或 should + 动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概 念，主要有：advice, idea, instruction, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion,等 。 My

22、suggestion is that we （should） send for a doctor immediately.He gave the order that they （should） do the experiment again.6. 错综时间条件句条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的.如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设。这种句子称为错综时间条件句.If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.7. 某些主语从句中的

23、谓语动词要用虚拟语气某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及重要性”和 紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类主语从句一般由“It is (was) + 形容词/过去分词+ that引导的从句"构成。该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, urgent, vital 等；常用的过去分词主要有：arranged, decided, d

24、emanded, desired,ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, suggested等oIt is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.It is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition.8. as if / though引起的从句当as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或 者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用 一般过去时；如果从句表示

25、与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语动词用would (might, could) +动词原形；They talked as if they had been friends for years.I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.It looks as if it might rain.Note:如果as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的， 则要用陈述语气。It seems as if it is going to rain.The mea

26、t tastes as if it has already gone bad.9. lest, for fear that 和 in case引起的从句当lest, for fear that和in case表示 以免，以防，生怕，惟恐"等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should + 动词原形。He ran away lest he should be seen.He' s working hardif fear that he should fall behind.He left early in case he should miss the last train

27、.10. If only引出的从句If only引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为要是就好了”。If only从句经常省略结果主句，且主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能 实现的愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。If only the rain would stop.If only I ' d listened to my parents.Note: if only引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但考生须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都 以用虚拟语气为正确答案。11. would rather (that)引出的从句would rather意为

28、 宁愿”接从句时常省略关系代词that。would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去 事实相反的愿望。I d rather you told me the truth.I would rather you came tomorrow than today.I ' d rather you hadn ' t told me about it.12. It is (about/high) time (that)句型spoken used to say strongly that you think someth

29、ing should happen soon or should already have happenedIt's about time our team won. It's high time we had a party.该句型表示“(早)该做”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。It is time that we went to bed.It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.13. 表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用

30、能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。1) could have +过去分词A. 表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，可能做了某事”。He couldn ' t have seisr yesterday.They could have lost their way.B. 表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，本可以做某事”。We could have started a little earlier.I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape.2) may (might) have + 过去分词A. 表示对过去情

31、况的推测，意为，可能已做某事”。 He may have heard the news.I might have come to a wrong conclusion.B. 表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没有做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。It was a narrow escape. You might have killed yourself.A lot of men died who might have been saved.3) must have +过去分词表示逻辑上的必然性，即按照某些现象推断过去肯定发生过的某事。She must have made a big mi

32、stake.The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.4) needn ' t have过去分词表示过去不必做某事，但已经做了，即本可不必做某事。You needn ' t have woken me up. I don ' t have to go to work today.He needn ' t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.5) should

33、/ ought to ha+ 过去 分词表示过去应该做某事而实际上没有做。You should / ought to have done what your parents told you. (But you failed to do it.)You should / ought to have been more careful. (But you weren' t.)6) shouldn ' t / oughtn ' t to过去分词表示过去不应该做某事而实际上却做了。You shouldn ' t / oughtn ' t to have cro

34、ssed the road wgetstwere red. (But you did.)They shouldn ' t / oughtn ' etlMt havsoon.但ut they did.)7) would have +过去分词表示对现在或将来某时之前业已完成的动作的推测。可译为，可能” 也许” 想必”He would have arrived by now.She would have recovered by then.虚拟语气专练1enjoyed the movie very much. I wish Ithe book from which it was ma

35、de.A. haveread B. had readC. should have read D. are reading2.You are late. If youa few minutesearlier, youhim.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D.had come; would meet3.The two students talked as if theyfriends for years.A. should beB. would beC. have been D. had been4

36、.lt is important that I with Mr. Williamsimmediately.A. speakB. spokeC. will speak D. to speak5.He looked as if heill for a longtime.A. was B. wereC. has been D. had been6f the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not.A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hoursC.h

37、ave lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hours7wish that Iwith you lastnight.A. wentB. could goC. have goneD. could have gone8.Let' s say you could go there again,howfeel?A. will youB. should youC. would you D. do you9.I can ' t stand him. He alwaystalks as though heeverything.

38、A. knew B. knowsC. has knownD. had known10.the fog, we should have reached our school.A. Because ofB. In spite ofC. In case of D. But for11f you had told me in advance, Ihim at the airport.A. would meet B. would hadmetC. would have met D. would have meet12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back

39、 together again. I certainly wish he me how.A. teaches B. will teachC. has taught D.would teach13would have told him the answer had it been possible, but Iso busythen.A. had beenB. wereC. was D. would be14.He ' working hard for fear that he.A.should fall behindB. fell behindC. may fall behind D.

40、 would fallen behind15.If itanotherten minutes, the game would have been called off.A. had rainedB. would have rainedC. have seen D. rained16.He suggested that they use a trick instead of fighting.A. should B.wouldC. do D. had17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that hethere.A.

41、not went B. won ' t goC. not go D. not to go18would have gone to the meeting if I time.A. had had B. have hadC. had D. would have had19.Would you rather I buying a new bike?A. decided againstB. will decide againstC. have decided D. shall decide against20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you

42、.A. go to sleepB. went to sleepC. go tobed D. went to bed15 BBDAD 6-10 DDCAD 1115 CDCAA16-20 ACAAD1.wish后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。2.条件句表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完成时。3.as if后面如果表示真实情况就不用虚拟。4.It is important that是主语从句的虚拟语气，从句用 sb. should do的形式。5.as if后面 是真实情况，不虚拟。6.lain是lie的过去分词，表示 躺” 7.could have done表

43、示 本来可以” 8.与将来相反的虚拟语气，主句用过去将来时。9.as if表示不可能发生的事情时用虚拟语气。10.but for表示 要不是的话”通常与虚拟语气搭配使用。11.in advance表示事先”表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。12.wish的宾语从句表示发生在将来的愿望用过去将来时。13.but的并列句表示真实情况，不用虚拟语气。14.for fear that后面的状语从句用sb. should do的形式。15.表示与过去事实相反，主句用过去将来完成时，从句用过去完 成时。16.suggest后面的宾语从句用 sb. should do的形式。17.suggest后面的从句用 s

44、b. should do的形式，should可以省略。18.表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。19.would rather的宾语从句用 sb. did的形式。20.It is time后面的定语从句用sb. did的形式。have bought one if I虚拟语气专练 n 1.Why didn' you buy a new car? I would enough money.A. had B. have hadC. would have D. had had2.If shecould sew,.A. she make a dress B. she would have ma

45、de a shirtC. she will make ashirt D. she would had made a coat3.today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would heleave B. Was he leavingC. Were he to leave D. If he leaves4.His doctor suggested that hea short trip abroad.A. will take B. would takeC. takeD. took5.The Bakers arrived last night. If they

46、' d only let us know earlier,at the station.A. we' d meet them B. we ' ll meet themwe' diave met them D. we ' vmet them6f Iyou, Imore attention to Englishidioms and phrases.A. was; shall payB. am; will payC. would be; would pay D. were; would pay7.We might have failed if youus a

47、helping hand.A. have not givenB. would not giveC.had not given D. did not give8.The law requires that everyonehis car checked at leastonce a year.A. has B. hadC. have D. will have9t is strange that heso.A. would say B.would speakC. should say D. will speak10.Had I known her name,A. or does she knowm

48、ine?B. and where does she live?C. she would be beautiful. D. I would have invited her tolunch.11.He has just arrived, but he talks as if heall about that.A. know B. knowsC.known D. knew12f Ithe money, I would have bought a much bigger car.A. possessedB.ownedC. had D. had had13.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, heto the meeting.A.would comeB. cameC. would have come