(高考非谓语动词用法总结)

1、非谓语动词用法总结非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一，也是较难掌握的难点之一。它贯穿于英语 学习和考试过程的始终。但是，只要认真分析、透彻理解、看透本质、准确把握，就一 定能在高考中运筹帷幄，游刃有余。非谓语动词区另U简表弋别区别to dodoingdone含义主动被动同位或将来主动或（正在）进行被动或完成成分（名词）主语、宾语、表 语（不定式）定语、状语、补语（动名词）主语、宾语、表语、定语（表用途）（现在分词）定语、状语、补语（过去分词） 作定语、状 语、补语、表 语（多表状 态）否定(not) to do(not)doing(not)done时态一般：to do 进行：to be d

2、oing 完成：to have done 完成进行 :to have been doing一般:doing进行:本身完成:having done （只作状语）完成进行:无一般：done进行：无完成：本身语态一般被动：to be done进行被动：无完成被动： to have beendone完成进行被动：无一般被动:being done进行被动：本身完成被动:having been done完成进行被动：无本身作用作目的状语、条件状语、 原因状语、结果状语作时间状语、条件状语、原因 状语、结果状语、方式状语、 伴随状语、让步状语作时间状语、 条件状语、原 因状语、方式 状语、伴随状 语、让步状

3、语二不定式的用法不定式不可作谓语，但它可以有自己的宾语、状语，构成不定式短语，在句中可以作 主语、宾语、表语、定语（表用途）、状语或补足语。高考对不定式的考查主要有不定 式的时态、语态、作用、否定、省略、连词+不定式等。1.作主语不定式作主语表示具体的动作，通常指一件已知的事或目的。 不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。eg:To say is a thing,to do is another 说是一回事，做是另外一回事。)( 2)不定式短语较长时，通常放在谓语之后，用it 作形式主语。eg:t is important to learn English well.(学好英语是重要的。) It i

4、s necessary for us to do the job well.我们做好这项工作是必要的。) t is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.(被邀请在这儿发表演讲是一个极大的荣幸。 )2. 作宾语(1) 常只用不定式作宾语的动词有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn, choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend 等。eg:He refused to help

5、me.(他拒绝帮助我.)She has agreed to come tomorrow.他已同意明天来 .)(2) 不定式较长时，作宾语，也可用 it 代替，放在后面。eg;I find it difficult to do the job well.(3) 特殊疑问词+不定式to do结构”具有名词特征，可作宾语。eg:She didn ' t know whether to go or not.They haven ' t decided when and where to build the school.(4)不定式可作介 but,except,besides除&quo

6、t;之外"的宾语，介词前有实义动词do的任何一种形式，后边的不定式就无to,否则必带to。eg: want to do nothing but play the computer games。 have no choice but to wait。3. 动词不定式作表语(1) 不定式作表语放在 be和其他系动词后，说明主语的内容。同样， 特殊疑问词+ 不定式 ”具有名词特征，也可作表语。eg:My job is to sweep the floor.His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing.The first questi

7、on is how to find a better way to learn English well.(2) 不定式作主语时，表语也必须为不定式，结构必须保持一致。eg:To see is to believe.(3) 如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词是实义动词do的某种形式，那么作表语的不定式可以省去 to.eg:The first thing to do is find her.The only thing he could do was tell the truth.4. 不定式作定语不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。eg:have something important t

8、o tell you.（不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系。）His wish to be an artist has never come true.（不定式与被修饰名词构成同位关系。）He is the right man to do the job. （ 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。 ） The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends to play with. （ 不定式与被修饰 名词构成主动关系。 ）（注：若不定式为不及物动词，其后须加上相应的介词。）5. 不定式作状语不定式作状语主要是表示目的、条件、原因和结果，可位于句

9、首或句末，但句首时通 常用逗号隔开。eg:We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.（目的） To get a good result,she worked very hard.（目的） feel it an honor to be invited to the party.（条件） She was very happy to get the first prize.（原因） He worked hard only to fail.（结果）（注：1.不定式常用在so as或in order后，与它们一起作谓语，表示目的，但so a

10、s引起的不定式不可置于句首。eg: In order to avoid mistakes，check your homework.2. 不定式表目的常和 only连用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不愿得到的结果。eg:He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.）3. 形容词+ enoughs不定式”和“too形容词或副词（不表情感）+不定式 ”也可作 结果状语。eg:He is old enough to go to school. He is too weak to raise the stone.但 “toob表情感

11、形容词（pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等）+ to do "表示肯定意义， too前面可用 only,but等词修饰。eg:They were （only） too anxious to leave.（他 们只是太急于离开了。）She is （only） too pleased to go home 她非常高兴可以回家了。）6. 不定式作补语 不定式作补语表示动作的完成。宾语与作补语的不定式之间是主动关系。（1）后接动词不定式作宾补的常见动词有： want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,

12、require,beg,get,advise,persuade,invite ,order,remind,permit,allow,send,callon,wouldlike/love,arrange for,depend on 等。eg:She wanted me to arrive there early.Our headmaster call on us to work hard.（2）动词不定式可作感官动词（五看二听一感觉即：see,look at,watch,observe,notice hear,listen to, feel） 和使让动词（let,make,have 等） 后面的

13、宾补时，不定式符号to要省略，但如果句子变被动结构， 必须带to.表示动作的 完成。eg:He made them climb the hill.They were made to climb the hill.(3) 动词不定式可作形容词的补足语 动词不定式可作形容词的补足语，句型为：(一 )主语系动词表语( adj 为 convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent等)+ to do.(注：to do 常 用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)(二)主语+ find/think/consider/b

14、elieve/make 等+宾语+ adj +to do.(注：其中 to do 常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)eg:He is easy to fool. The woman is easy to work with. He found the job difficult to work out.(4) 特殊疑问词+不定式to do”具有名词特征，可作宾补。(谓语动词多为show,know,teach,tell等。)eg:I 'll tell you how to get there7 不定式作评注性状语或插入语 不定式可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前

15、面、中间或末尾。常见的有 to be frank,to be honest, to tell the truth, to begin with， to start with, to be short 等。eg:To begin with,I think you are wrong.三动名词用法 动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式，可作主语、 宾语、表语和定语 .否定形式在其前面加 not.( 1)动名词作主语 动名词作主语表示抽象动作，指一件已知的事或经验。 eg:Driving a car on the crowded road is boring.Reading

16、 is my hobby.( 2)常只用动名词作宾语的动词有： admit,avoid,appreciate,consider,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,m iss,practise,risk,resist,sugges等。eg: can ' t imagine marrying her.She managed to escape being punished.以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语： give up,belong to,look forward to,keep on,insist on,be b

17、usy,get down to,be devoted to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful time (in) 等。eg:' m looking forward to hearing from you soon.He gave up smoking three years.(3)动名词可作表语动名词可作表语，一般为主语的内容.表示一般性或习惯性的动作。在概念上可以和主语划等号。把主语和表语倒过来，句子的基本含义不变。eg:His hobby is painting.（4）动名词可作定语 动名词可作定语，表示所修饰事物的

18、功能或用途。eg:He often studies in the reading room.四现在分词 现在分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、状语、补语和表语。1 作定语现在分词作定语， 单个 v-ing 放在被修饰的名词前； 如果短语作定语， 则放在所修饰词 的后面。 v-ing 作定语和被修饰词之间为主动关系，表示动作正在同时进行或经常性发 生。eg:the falling leaves= the leaves which are falling the rising sun= the sun which is rising saw him go into the house

19、 facing south.2 作状语动词 -ing 或其短语作状语时，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随 等。表示时间关系的动词 -ing 短语可由连词 while 或 when 引出。eg:Hearing the news,they got excited.（时间）Having finished his homework,she was playing on the playground.（原因 ） ©Studying hard,you are sure to get the first prize.（条件）3 作补语 现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，宾语与作补语的

20、现在分词之间是主动关系。 后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词（五看二听一感觉 see,lookat,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,fee）使让动词（have,get）以及其他类动词 leave,keep,catch,set等。表示动作正在进行。eg: saw them playing games on the playground yesterday.Don' t leave him waiting outside the room.4作表语 现在分词作表语相当于形容词，常表示主语所具有的特征，含有主动意味。大多数使 动词的现在分词通常可作

21、表语，常见的有：interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasing,exciting,moving,disappointing,surpring,enco uraging 等。eg:His story was very moving.The speech is really boring.5作评注性状语或插入语可以作评注性状语或插入语 ,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。注： “连词 +doing 短语 ”一般情况下，分词作状语时，只能根据逻辑关系而不能根据语 法特征来判定它是时间状语、条件状语或让步状语等。因此，有时会遇到很难判断其 归属的情形。但如果在其前加上wh

22、en,if,once,since等连词，就会很清楚地表明状语的性质。对于这种结构，也可作另外的解释，即在连词与现在分词之间省略了主语和be动词。五过去分词 过去分词既有副词的特征又有动词的特征，在句中可作定语、状语、补语、表语等成 分。（1）作定语 过去分词作定语，它和被修饰词之间是被动、完成关系，单个过去分词作定语放在前， 过去分词短语作定语放在后。其中及物动词的过去分词表示完成或被动概念，不及物 动词的过去分词只表示完成概念，没有被动的意味。eg:the risen sun = the sun which has risen fallen leaves= leaves which has

23、fallen This is the house built several years ago= This is the house which was built sveral years ago.（2）作状语过去分词在句中作状语， 说明动作发生的背景或情况。 它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。 它在句中可以作时间、条件、原因、方式、让步和伴随状语。eg:Tired out, they stopped to have a rest.（原因 ） Taken around the city, we were impressed by the city ' s new look. Though

24、 warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice.（3）作补语 及物动词的过去分词作补语，和宾语之间构成被动关系。不及物动词的过去分词作宾 补表状态和完成。（1）可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有感官动词（五看二听一感觉） ，使役动词 have,get,make 等，以及其他类动 keep,leave,like,want,wish 等。eg: can ' t get the car going. had my leg broken last week.（4）作表语 过去分词作表语表示被动意义，主语常是人，一般用来表示感受

25、和状态，可以用作表 语的常见的过去分词有：astonished,delighted,disappointed,excited,experienced,exhausted,frightened,interested, puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等,有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成固定短语。女口：be interested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locke等。 能用这些分词作表语的系动词有be,get,remain,stay等。eg:The door r

26、emained locked.We were greatly encouraged when we heard the speech.六非谓语动词的独立结构非谓语动词的独立结构为名词或代词+非谓语动词”或“with+名词/代词+非谓语动词” 。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子（即：非谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句主语 不一致，须保留之后所构成的结构） 。可放在句首或句尾。（一） 名词或代词非谓语动词（1）名词 /代词不定式 名词或代词通常为动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，可位于句首或句 末。eg:He will send me $ 100 first,the rest to follo

27、w in a year.（2）名词/代词现在分词 名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关 系。eg:Time permiting,we finish the work.（表条件）Spring coming on,the trees turns green.（表时间）（3）名词 /代词过去分词 名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关 系或系表关系。eg:The sigal given,the bus started.Their strengthexhausted,they sank down one by one.表原因）（

28、二） with +名词/代词+非谓语动词（1）with +名词/代词+不定式不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作尚未发生。eg:With nothing to do,they went out for a walk.（表原因）（2）with +名词/代词+现在分词宾语和动词 -ing 之间是主动关系，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。eg:The boy slept with the light burning. （表伴随）（3） with 名词 /代词过去分词 不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。eg:They stayed inside with the door locked

29、.（表伴随）七非谓语动词的区别问题（一）动词后接to do不定式还是doing动名词的情况：（1）只能接to do不定式的动词有：want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn, choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend 等。（2）常只用动名词作宾语的动词有： admit,avoid,appreciate,consider （考虑） dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,mis

30、s,practise,risk,resist,suggest8等。3）动词后二者都可跟，意义不同的有：remember to do sth记起要做某事9#remember doing sth记起做过某事forget to do sth forget doing sth regret to do sth regret doing sth go on to do sth go on doing sth忘记要做某事忘记做过某事 后悔要做某事 后悔做过某事 接着做另外一件事 接着做同一件事stop to do sth stop doing sth try to do sth try doing sth

31、 mean to do sth mean doing sth停下来开始做另外一件某事 停止做正在做的某事 尽力做某事 试着做某事 打算（意欲，企图）做某事 意味着做某事can' t help（ to）do sth 不能帮忙做某事can't help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事 （4）动词后二者都可跟，意义相同的有： 别在于： 后接动名词时表示经常性的动作， eg:I like playing football,but I donbegin,start,like,love,prefer,hate 等。但是区 后接不定式时表示的是具体的特定的动作。 ' t lik

32、e play now.#重点提示：在下列情况下 begin 和 start 后只接不定式：I .主语是物不是人 eg:Spring came on and the snow began to melt.U.二者用于进行时eg:lt ' s begiing to rain.山.二者后接表示心理活动或状态的动词。eg:I began to realize how stupid I was.W.二者后接不定式的被动式。eg:The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980' s.（二）“感官动词宾语宾补（ to do

33、 sth/doing s th） ”的区别感官动词+宾语+宾补（to do sth）表示事实或全过程感官动词+宾语+宾补（doing sth）表示片段或进行eg:The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.Did you see a pencil-box lying on the ground just now.（三）个别 “使让动词宾语宾补 ”的特别词的用法1） have +宾语+宾补have +宾语+ do让做某事”，不定式作宾补可以指现在、将来或可能发生的动作eg:They had me repeat the messag

34、e. won ' t havyou say such things. won ' t have you blame it on me.have+宾语+ doing “一直做某事”现在分词作宾补可以表示主语有意让别人去做 或无意引起某人可能去做或表示遭遇。eg:Tom tried to have her talking.But no use. won ' t have you speaking to your parents like that注:have+ 宾语+ doing 用于 否定句，have有容忍之意。）Why should we have the boy st

35、anding in the corner the whole morning.have +宾语+ done使被做”过去分词作宾补可表示主语有意识的行为或表示遭遇”、“经历 ”（动作违背主语的意愿）eg:We ought to have her examined by a doctor.The old woman had her handbag stolen.2）get+宾语+宾补get+宾语+ to do（= have+宾语+ do）让做某事”有时则是 说服/劝说某人做某事eg:I will get the publisher to illustrate（力口上插图）the book.get+

36、宾语+ doing使（静的物体）动起来 ”具有进行含义。eg:I shall soon get the machine working.3）get+宾语+ done让被做"用法与have+宾语+ done基本相同。eg:He got his wrist broken.习题练习：（2011 全国卷 I） 27. The next thing he saw was smokefrom behind thehouse. A. roseC. to riseD. risen2011全国卷 II）B.rising15. The island, to the mainland by a bridg

37、e, is easy to go to.A. joining2011全国卷 II）18 B. to joinC.joinedSarah pretended to be cheerful, _D. having joined nothing about the argument.A. says2011北京卷） 25. ItB: saidC. to say' s important for the figures D.sayingregularly.10#B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updatedA. to be upda

38、ted2011北京卷） 33. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, on your feet.A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept（2011上海卷 ） 27. It ' s no use w_ithout taking action.A. complain B. complaining C. being complained D. to be complained（2011 上海卷 ） 32. The rare fish, from the c

39、ooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be saved D. having saved（2011 上海卷 ） 33. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, that he could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD. being realized（2011 上海卷）40. Today we have chat

40、rooms, text messaging, emailing but we seem the art of communicating face-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lost D. having lost（2011山东卷） 27. Look over therethere 'as very long, winding path up to thehouse. A. leadingB. leadsC. ledD. to lead（2011江西卷）32. On receiving a phone call from his w

41、ife she had a fall, Mr Gordonimmediately rushed home from office.A. says B. said C. saying D. to say2011江苏卷） 31. Recently a survey prices of the same goods in two differentsupermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.A. comparedB. comparingC. compares D. being compared（2011安徽卷） 30. Tom asked

42、 the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier into small pieces.A. break B. breakingC. broken D. to break （2011浙江卷） 14. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves for words.A. loseB. lostC. to loseD. having lost（2011浙江卷） 19. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour

43、around the city by their enthusiastic supporters.A. being cheered B. be cheeredC. to be cheered D. were cheered（2011福建卷） 23. Tsinghua University, in 1911,is home to a great number ofoutstanding figures.A. found B. founding C. foundedD. to be founded（2011 福建卷）27.The difference in thickness and weight

44、 from the earlier version makes theiPad 2 more comfortable . A.held B. holding C.be held D.to hold（2011四川卷） 2. Lydia doesn 't feel likeabroad.Her parents are old.A. studyB. studyingC. studiedD. to study（2011四川卷） 11. Simon made a big bamboo box the little sick bird till it couldfly. A. keepB. kep

45、tC. keepingD. to keep（2011四川卷） 16. an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance tobecome famous. A. OfferB. OfferingC. OfferedD. To offer2011辽宁卷） 30.around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.A. Gather B. To gather C. GatheringD. To be gathering2011天津卷）7.Passengers are permitt

46、edonly one piece of hand luggage onto theplane. A.to carryB. carryingC. to be carriedD. being carried（2011天津卷） 1 2. into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely differentword order.A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated（2011陕西卷） 14.Claire had luggage an hour be

47、fore her plane left.A.check B. checking C. to check D. checked（2011陕西卷） 20.More highways have been built in China, it much easier forpeople to travel form one place to another.A. makingB. madeC. to make D. having made（2011 重庆卷）29.More TV programs, according to government to officials, will beproduce

48、dpeople ' s concern over food safety.A.to raise B.raisingC.to have raised D. having raised（2011 重庆卷）33. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himselfof his own dreams.A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. renmind（2011 湖南卷）21 . The ability an idea is as important as the i

49、dea itself.A. expressingB. expressedC. to express D. to be expressed（2011 湖南卷）23.The playersfrom the whole country are expected to bring us honorin this summer game .A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected（2011 湖南卷）29 .Do you wake up every morningenergetic and ready to start anew da

50、y?A. feelB. to feelC. feelingD. felt25. （10 福建）Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, supplies toYushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.A. sendingB. to send C. having sent D. to have sent25.34. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ashcloud.A.

51、sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck33. （ 10上海）Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagueswithher stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused35. the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.A. Approaching B. ApproachedC. To approa

52、chD. To be approached40. Thai is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water in students'bathrooms. A. reducingB. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce30. （10 安徽） He had a wonderful childhood,with his mother to all corners of theworld A. travelB. to travel C. traveledD. traveling21. （10 湖南） Listen

53、! Do you hear someone for help?A. callingB. callC. to callD. called26. Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle30. So far nobody has claimed the money in the library.A. discovered

54、 B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered24（10 江西）The lady walked around the shops,an eye out for bargains.A keepB kept C keepingD to keep32 There were many talented actors out there just waiting.A to discover B to be discovered C discovered D being discovered23.（10 山东） I have a lot o

55、f readingsbefore the end of this term.A. completing B. to complete C. completedD. being completed12. （10 天津） It rained heavily in the south , erious flooding in severalprovinces. A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause4. （ 10 四川） A great number of students said they were forced topractise

56、the piano. A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning17. The lawyer listened with full attention , to miss any point.A. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D . not to try27. （10 全国 I ） Mrs.White showed her students some old mapsfrom the library.A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing34. With Father s Day around the corner ,I have taken some money out of the bankpresents for my dad. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought28. （10 江苏） The retired man donated most of his sa