词汇学期末复习--自己总结的-很好(共5页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1 What is the morpheme? 词素The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, /in the composition of words ,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Words are formed by morphemes, a word may be composed of one or more morphemes.One morpheme-fruit Two morphemes-fru

2、it+ful Three morphemes-un+fruit+ful2 A synchronic approach and a diachronic approach are approaches to the study of a language.3 an allomorph 词素变体is one or two or more complimentary morphs which magnifies a morpheme in its different phonological environments 4 Free morphemes and bound morphemes自由词素和

3、粘着词素A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme5A root 词根is that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (

4、it conveys the main lexical meaning)6 基本的构词方法：Word-formation（1） 派生法-derivation Definition: Derivation or affixation is a method of word-formation by which new words are created by adding affixes( prefix or suffix or both) or combining form to the base（2） 复合法-Compounding/composition定义A word-formation

5、 process in which words are formed by putting two or more words together. （3） 转化法-Conversion /functional shift/ transmutation/zero-derivation 其他构词方法（4） 缩略法-abbreviation/shortening 包括clipping截短词(apocope尾, aphaeresis首，front and back clipping,首尾，syncope腰）initialism首字母缩略,acronym首字母拼音，blending拼缀词 =telesc

6、opic word =portmanteau word 首字母缩略词不可以读出来IQ=intelligence quotient BBC=British Broadcasting Corporation 首字母拼音词是可以读出来的，例如SALT 、WASP，dinky 拼缀法 Camcorder 摄像机=camera照相机+recorder 录音机（5）逆生法-Back-formation donation donate emotion emote （6） 拟声法-onomatopoeia 指words containing sounds similar to the noises they

7、describe 声音的来源有人类，动物，其他事物 拟声词的作用：Imitating the sound and being used as a verb Imitating the sound and referring to the thing making the soundPrefixation 前缀法 Suffixation 加后缀第四单元 词义理据和词义的组成1 词义：The relationship between language and the world Meaning (concept) word Form Referent (word, sentence ).objec

8、t in the world 词的无理拒性又叫随意性arbitrariness 2Motivation理据 is the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning （1）Phonetic motivation语音分析 例如the moo of a cow （2）Morphological motivation构词分析 例如 readable 看后缀可知道其意思daydream复合词 不是所有的复合词都是有理据的如eggplant茄子 （3）Semantic motivation语义分析 例如 the leg of a ta

9、ble earn bread （4）Etymological motivation词源分析 例如 汉语火车开动需要火的3词义的组成（1）Grammatical meaning （2）Lexical meaning- conceptual / referential meaning 概念意义 -associative meaning 关联意义关联意义分为4种：connotative meaning内涵意义（mother-female parent 想到love, care, and tenderness )stylistic meaning文体意义（正式和非正式和中性）affective mea

10、ning 情感意义（collocative meaning 搭配意义（pretty girl和 handsome boy） 第五单元一词多义和同形异义1一词多义-Polysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings Two approaches to study polysemy -diachronic and synchronic历时和共时2一词多义的种类Original vs. Extended -candidate pe

11、n General vs. Specific -artist（艺术家和美术家） gas(气体和煤气）Abstract vs. Concrete-government（治国之道和政府） beauty pride Literal vs. Metaphoric字面和比喻意义-cool flaw（裂隙和缺点）reflect(反射和反映）3同形异义Homonymyhmnimi Same form (either pronunciation or spelling or both) but different meaning 同形异义的种类（1）Perfect homonyms (Words identi

12、cal in pronunciation and spelling but different in meaning) （bear熊和忍耐，sound声音和健全的)（2）Homophones(Words identical in pronunciation but different in spelling and meaning)(air and heir, right and write and rite) （3）Homographs(Words identical in spelling but different in pronunciation and meaning)(minute

13、 分钟-minute 微笑的, tear-tear 哭和撕)4 歧义Ambiguity: more than one interpretation, caused by polysemy or homonymy. Eg. Engaged 含混Vagueness: not clear meaning tall 不知道多高才算高,either.or. Neighbour John's train之间的区别：歧义是由于一词多义和同形异义造成的，同一个词有不同的解释。而含混的词只有一种解释，但是词义的程度，范围和所指不明确。含混是模糊性（fuzziness) 的特殊形式第六单元:词义关系 1

14、同义关系 -synonymy synonyms 类型分为完全同义词和部分同义词-perfect synonyms and partial synonyms 绝对同义词导致迟早有个会废弃不用。如submarine 和U-boat 有些反义词却是近义loosen和unloosen, valuable 和invaluable部分同义词例如couple,pair,yoke,brace一组，由于概念意义和关联意义不同导致同义词的来源：1) Borrowing(answer-reply) 2)Dialects and regional English(liquor-whiskey) 3) Figurati

15、ve and euphemistic use of words（sanitary engineer指代清洁工） 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions (fall out=quarrel）2词汇变体 lexical variation 读音和拼写上都有些区别，但是词义和用法上毫无区别，几乎是同一个词，如whatever-whatsoever favour-favor connection-connexion philanthropy 3误用词语 malapropism 由于两个词的发音和拼写相近而出错，如I will devote myself to

16、 philandering4反义关系Antonymy Antonyms 种类：1)绝对反义词contradictory terms=binary antonyms=complementaries) 没有任何中间状态例如dead-alive true-false 2)两极反义词contrary terms =gradable antonyms 直线坐标上有内项和外项，距离中点相等如excellent,good,bad,terrible. 3)关系反义词relational opposites方向相对,如upward,downward parent,child 4)多项不相容词semantic i

17、ncompatibles如东南西北，春夏秋冬5反义词的修辞手法：antithesis 对偶 paradox 似是而非矛盾 irony反讽 oxymoron矛盾修饰法,如living death, painful pleasure, poorest millionaires. 6下义关系 hyponymy hyponyms 如human being 的下义有child,man,woman,baby. 人类称为上义词superordinate term, 下面的统称为co-hyponyms . 但同一个词也可能包含上下义，如dog泛指狗，特制公狗第八单元 词义的转移 semantic shift

18、1 隐喻(暗喻）metaphor：a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity in which a word or a phase ordinarily primarily used for one thing is applied to anther. 由于2个事物的特征上有类似之处，用一个事物的词来指另外一个事物。如The head of an arrow. The lip of a bowl. The eye of a needle针眼 to fox欺骗 to

19、 wolf 2 借代 metonymy ：a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it2个事物之间存在的现实关系，可以用一个事物的词来代替另外一个事物如the kettle is boiling.由于水壶和水存在现实关系 have a good nose for 由于鼻子和嗅觉有关Apply to the sword 剑和武力有关 he ate a another bowl 碗和饭有关 3移就 transferred epithe

20、t 用形容的词来形容事物 如glad tidings a doubtful question 4 通感 synaesthesia 味觉视觉听觉触觉嗅觉不分界限 sweet voice a sharp sound 5 提喻 synecdoche :a figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole, or vice versa 用局部代替整体或用整体代替部分，用特殊代替一般或用一般代替特殊 如to count heads 点人数，头是人的一部分 earn my bread 面包是生计的一部分 he is a poor creature第十

21、三单元 成语 成语的基本特征 1）each idiom is a semantic unit 2) structural stability 3) long idiomatic usage判断题1. Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.2. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.3. Collocation can affect the me

22、aning of words.4. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generally found in the dictionary.5. By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.6. Affective meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates the a

23、ttitude of the user.第七单元 词义的变化种类（1 ）词义扩大Extension(generalization of meaning) : the meaning of the word changes from specific to generalized one or cover a broader concept.如lady,scene,box,carry,bullish,brim 分为1）特指到泛指From Specific to general-scarf 2）From concrete to abstract-grasp 3)术语要一般词语From technical to general words-atomic,catalyst 4)专有名词到普通名词From proper nouns to common nouns -牛顿，诺贝尔，三明治，b