2013年职称英语卫生类完形填空(共14页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上第一篇 The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million peopl

2、e die of of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an inf

3、ection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment progr

4、am would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast

5、 Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure i

6、s developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this yea

7、r, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is

8、a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.第二篇Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and

9、 it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short days of wi

10、nter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevente

11、d from flying become restless when it is time for the trip， but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the fr

12、ont of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These cells tell a person when to awaken ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying how our biological clocks af

13、fect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.Itcan take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks an

14、d how they affect workers. He said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factorys production,第三篇Its now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox wa

15、s eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have itone in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let

16、 go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials. And the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new tre

17、atments and vaccines. So one again theres a good reason to keep the virusjust in case the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory thats open to all countries. The US will

18、object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesnt mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then lets make it the servant of all humanitynot just a part of it.第四篇 Diet is second only to tobacco as a leading causeof cancer and, along with alco

19、hol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease indeveloped countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcoho

20、l and obesity . play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol inabout six percent.Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidne

21、y cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increasedwhen combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are stillunknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC s

22、tudy, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers.Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have th

23、e highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.第五篇 Nearly three in 10 men h

24、ave experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men."Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it often," Dr. Robert J. Reid of t

25、he University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don't tell _ and_ we don't ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them "The

26、researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse , such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2

27、percent said they had experienced intimate partner _violence in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and older ,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past

28、12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that suffe

29、red by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of women Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.*第六篇 Bristol-Mye

30、rs Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpl

31、er if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day. Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill

32、that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four. Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition

33、if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV In January the New England Journal of Medicine5 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness

34、to6 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at th

35、e Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline. Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiven

36、ess of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies. The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Dru

37、g Administration10 to approve the new pill. There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11 Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with

38、 HIV*第七篇 Whether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so d

39、oing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a p

40、eriod of rest. But not so with those of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard to answer. I ndividual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly sa

41、fe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is th

42、at the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon ones physical condition. Young people c

43、an safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment an

44、d benefit out of exercise.*第八篇It is wellknown that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the worldA healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work

45、 out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese die

46、t that is particularly beneficial to the human body?Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrateAlthough longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problemThe number of older people had doubled in the last half century and tha

47、t has increased pension and medical costsThe country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support themRaising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. W

48、ork can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. Its important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.*第九篇 One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their dis

49、tinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A casereleased online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to treat his nasopharyngeal

50、cancer. After three years on the drug ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing fr

51、om his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out

52、of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. Hence ，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out

53、. So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with .a doctors note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didnt raise any red flags. Bu

54、t he，s also now got the explanatory doctors note and wont leave home without it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, which approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients ma

55、y experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.*第十篇 According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their

56、 first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Overall, out of the 1,277 resident

57、s who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical

58、 records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event. More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep,

59、and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or m