现在完成时与情态动词

1、教学内容一、现在完成时的构成：1. 现在完成时由助动词"have/has+动词的过去分词"构成。若主语为三人称单数，则用"has+过去分词”；若主语为非单三，则用"have+过去分词”。have, has在名词或代词后的缩写为 "'ve"和"'s"。如：I have=I've, she has=she's;have not和has not的缩写形式分别是 have n't, has n't。2. 现以动词wait为例，列表说明现在完成时的构成。肯定句否定句I have

2、 waitedI haven AwaitedHe/She/It has waited.He/She/Il hasrf t waited.We/You/They have waited.We/You/They haven't waited.疑问句简略回答肯定回答否定回答Have I waited?Yes, you have.No, you haven't.rhc he1Ha时 she r waited?Yes,亡 rhasNedsher hasn'tLit J J俨Iwe/youT we/yoiTHave you r waited7Yeq Vwe rhave.I Avep

3、avcnt.theytheythey现在完成时的用法：（1） 表示动作已经完成，但后果或影响仍在。常与already, just, yet等副词连用。Twenty people have already left.二十人已经离职。He has not come yet.他还没有来。They've just arrived.他们刚刚到达。（2） 表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。常与for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。He has lived here for three years.他在此住了三年了。I have bee n here si nee 1976.自从 1976 年我

4、就一直在这里。三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时与一般过去时都表示 ”动作已经发生”，但不同点在于：（1）现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，即对现在产生的结果、影响等，而一般过去时只表示过去的事实, 不表示和现在的关系。He has lear ned French for three years .他学法语已三年了。He lear ned French for three years.他曾学过三年法语。Who has taken my bag? I cou nd't find it.谁拿走了我的包？我找不着了！He cleaned the house yesterday.

5、他昨天打扫过房间。The room is clea n, for he has clea ned it already.房间很干净，因为他已经打扫过了。（2）现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间副词连用，而一般过去时则可以。He has done some washing yesterday. ( x)He did some washing yesterday.() 他昨天洗衣服了。四、现在完成时与一般现在时的区别：在遇到一般现在时与现在完成时在意义上有相似情况时，现在完成时比较强调一个动作从过去到现在的演变过程, 语言比较规范，语气也比较正式；而一般现在时着重能力、习惯、心理状态或现在存在的状态等

6、。试看以下例子：j- He comes from Canada. (aj I He has come from Canada.可(a)中的come from是一个习惯说法，意思是指"他出生在加拿大"。(b)中的come from不是习惯说法，全句的意思是"他是从加拿大来的”，该句丝毫没有”出生在加拿大”的含义。(b)句使用现在完成时是因为：该动作已经发生完成，但 与现在仍有关系，说话者的言下之意可能是"Maybe he can speak English"或者是"So he can tell you something aboutCa

7、n ada."。r Jane sings very wdl. (a) L Jane has sung vay well, (b)(a)使用的是一般现在时， 表示的是不仅刚才唱得好， 而且具有演唱才能。 全句的意思是"简唱得很好”。(b)使用的是 现在完成时，仅表示刚完成的一次动作，不指平常唱的如何，而是强调对现在的影响。也许说话者的言下之意是 "Now she can pass the music test."c What does he say? (a) (WMl has he said? (b)(a)和(b)都表示"他(刚才)说什么?&qu

8、ot;但(a)似乎更普遍，(b)则用得较少。一般现在时表示刚刚过去的情况并不罕见,这是由于说话人着重现在的结果的缘故。(b)则强调”过渡”，时间性较强。r What wind blows you her凹 L What wind has blown you here?这两句话都比较常用，意义上也无甚差异。如细加区别，(a)比较着重现在的结果，语气比较轻松，可以说是一种现成的说法；(b)则强调从过去到现在的过程，语气比较认真，结构也比较正式。五、完成时态中瞬间动词的处理根据英语习惯，现在完成时的肯定句，其谓语动词如果是瞬间动词，如come, leave, go, begi n, joi n, b

9、orrow, le nd, buy等，则不可与for, how long等表示时间段的状语连用的。为了防止出现违背这一习惯的错误，一般采用：1. 用ago代替for，并将句子的时态改为一般过去时。eg. The train left ten minutes ago. 火车十分钟前开走了。=The train has been away for ten minutes. 火车已经离开十分钟了。He arrived here two weeks ago. 他两周前至U这儿的。=He has bee n here for two weeks.他已经来这里两周了。2. 使用It is+ si nee过

10、去时态的句子。eg. It is a very long time si nee we met last time.自从上次见面以来，我们很久未见了。=We have n't see n each other for a long time since we met last time.It is thirty years si nee they married.他们结婚有 30 年了。=They have bee n married for thirty years.3. 用持续性动词或状态动词代替瞬间动词。以下是常见的瞬间动词与其对应的持续性动词：become - be borro

11、w - keep leave - be away lose/sell - be gone buy - havemarry- be marriedfall asleep- be asleep wake- be awake ope n-be ope n die-be dead catch a cold -have a cold fall ill -be ill start/begi n -be onfini sh/e nd -be over joi n -be inreturn -be back come here/get here/arrive here-be here (there )练习：1

12、、Both his parents look sad.Maybe theywhat's happe ned to himA. knewB .have knownC . must knowD .will know2、 He hasbee nto Shanghai , has he ?A. alreadyB .n everC .everD. still3、Have you met Mr Li ?A . justB . agoC .beforeD . a moment ago4、The famous writerone new book in the past two year .A. is

13、 writingB .was writingC .wroteD .has written5、一Our countrya lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be eve n.A . has changed ; wellB . changed ; goodC . has changed ; betterD . changed ; better6、Zhao Lanalready in this school for two years .A . was ; studyingB . will ; studyC . has ; studiedD . are ; study

14、ing7、WeXiao Li since she was a little girl .A. knowB . had knownC . have knownD . knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice filmit twice .A. will see B . have seenC . sawD .see9、 These farmers have bee n to the Un ited States .Really ? When there ?A . will they goB . did they goC . do they goD . have they g

15、one10、youyour homework yet ?Yes . Iit a mome nt ago .A . Did ; do ; finishedB . Have ; done ; finishedC . Have ; done ; have finishedD . will ; do ; finish六、情态动词功能与用法功能助动词主要有两类：基本助动词和情态助动词。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词基本的有十四个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, n eed, dare, used t

16、o, ought to.had better助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，具有作用词的功能：1) 构成否定式：He did n't go and neither did she.他没去，她也没去。The meet ing might not start un til 5 o'clock.会议可能直到五点才开始。上述两类2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：Must you leave right now?你一定要马上离开吗？You have bee n lear ning French for 5 years, have n't you?3) 构成修辞倒装

17、：Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived whe n she started compla ining.4) 代替限定动词词组：你已经学了五年法语，不是吗?他无处得到他姐姐的任何消息。 他刚到，她就开始抱怨起来。A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?B: Tom can.A: Shall I write to him?B: Yes, do.用法can (could), may (might) 的用法can (could)表示说话人能，可以，

18、同意,准许，以及客观条件许可，could为can的过去式。Can you pass me the books?你能给我递一下书吗？Could you help me, please? 请问，你能帮助我吗 ？What can you do? 你能干点什么呢？Can you be sure? 你有把握吗 ？can和could只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态，将来时态用be able to 来表示。He could help us at all.他完全可以帮助我们。With the teacher's help,I shall be able to speak En glish correct

19、ly.由于老师的帮助，我将能准确地讲英语。may (might) 可以，表示说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。You may take the book home. 你可以把书带回家去May I come in?我可以进来吗 ？May I use your dictio nary?我可以用你的词典吗？You may put on more clothes.你可以多穿点衣服.He said he might le nd us some mon ey.他说他可以借给我们一些钱。may 否定式为may not， 缩写形式是 mayn't.might是may的过去式，有两种用法，一种表示过去式，

20、一种表示虚拟语气，使语气更加委婉，客气或对可能性的怀疑。He told me he might be here on time.他说他能按时间来。Might I borrow some money now.我可以借点钱吗?He might be alive.他可能还活着。must，need，ought to, dare (dared) 用法Must必须，应该，一定,准是，表示说话人认为有必要做某事，命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。must用来指一般现在时和一般将来时，过去式可用have to的过去式代替。I must finish my work today. 我今天必须完成我的工作。Y

21、ou must n't work all the time. 你不能老是工作。Must I return the book tomorrow?我必须明天还书吗？After such a long walk, you must be tired.走了这么长的路，你一定困了。He must be the man I am looki ng for.他一定是我要找的人。He had to go because of somebody's call ing him that day.那天他要走是因为有人叫他。must + have +过去分词，表示现在对过去事物的推测。He must

22、have told my pare nts about it.他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。He must have received my letter now.他现在一定收至 U我的信了。It's six o'clock already, we must have bee n late aga in.已经六点钟了，我们一定又迟至 U了。must和 have to 的区别：must表示说话人的主观思想，have to 表示客观需要。You must do it now.你必需现在就干。(说话人认为必须现在干)I have to go now. 我得走了。(客观条件必须现在走

23、)need需要多用在否定式或疑问句中.Need I atte nd the meeti ng tomorrow?我需要明天参加会议吗？You n eed not hand in the paper this week.这一周你不必交论文。need是一个情态动词，他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样，但need还可当作实义动词使用，这时 need就象其他动词一样，有第三人称，单复数，后面加带to的动词等特性。I n eed a bike to go to school.我上学需要一辆自行车。Do you n eed a dictio nary?你需要词典吗 ？She needs a necklace.

24、她需要一条项链。needn't + have + 过去分词表示过去做了没必要做的事情。You need n't have take n it seriously.这件事情你不必太认真。dare敢 多用在否定或疑问句中。The little girl dare not speak in public.小女孩不敢在公众面前说话。Dare you catch the little cat? 你敢抓小猫吗 ？dare除用作情态动词外，更多的是当实义动词使用，用法同实义动词一样，要考虑人称，单复数，时态等。Do you dare to walk in the dark?你敢黑夜走路吗？H

25、e does n't dare to tell the teacher what happe ned that day.他不敢告诉老师那天发生的事。have to , ought ， will ， Shall , should . ought 应当，应该 后面跟带有to的动词不定式。You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar.如果你想知道如何修理汽车，你应该读这些书。You ought to bring the child here.你应该把孩子带来。ought + to ha

26、ve done 句型。指过去动作，表示一件事情该做而未做。You ought to have bee n here yesterday.你昨天就应该来。ought not to have done句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。You ought not to have take n the book out of the readin g-room.你不应该把书带出阅览室。will (would)决心，愿望。would 为 will的过去式，可用于各人称。I'll do my best to catch up with them.我要尽全力赶上他们。I'll never d

27、o it agai n, that's the last time.我再不会做那件事情了，这是最后一次。He said he would help me.他说他会帮助我。will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问，用would比 will更婉转，客气。It's hot. Will you open the win dows? 天气太热了 ，你能打开窗户吗？Will you help me to work it out?你能帮我解这道题吗？Would you like some coffee ？ 给你来点咖啡怎样？Shall, should表示命令,警告，允诺

28、,征求,劝告,建议惊奇。You should hand in the exercise book.你应该交作业本了。This should be no problem.这应该没问题。Shall we go now.我们现在可以走了吗？Why should I meet him ？ 为什么我要见他？have to,不得不，必须，表示客观条件只能如此，而must则表示主观思想必须。I have to go now.我现在得走了。I have to cook for my child.我得给孩子做饭。You must be here on time n ext time.你下次一定要按时来。We m

29、ust go to get the timetable ourselves.我们一定要自己去拿时刻表。练习：1 Johncome to see us toni ght, but he isn't very sure yet.A. may B. canC. has to D. must2 Theydo well in the exam.A. can be able to B. be able to C. can able to D. are able to3 -May I take this book out?-No, you.A. can't B. may not C. n e

30、ed n't D. aren't4 You go and see a doctor at once because you're got a fever.A. can B. must C. dare D. would5 -Ca n you speak Japa nese?-No, I.A. must n't B. can't C. n eed n't D. may not6- Hebe in the classroom, I thi nk.-No, hebe in the classroom. I saw him go home a minute

31、 ago.A. can; may not B. must; may not C. may; can't D. may; must n't7- Shall I get one more cake for you, Dad?-Tha nks, but you, I've had eno ugh.A. may not B. must not C. can't D. n eed n't8 Eve n the top stude nts in our class can't work out this problem, so itbe very diffi

32、cult.A. may B. must C. can D. n eed9 He isn't at school. I think hebe ill.A. can B. shall C. must D. has to作业： 单选1、His fatherthe Party si nee 1978 .A joined B has joined C was in D has bee n in2、一 Do you know him well ?Sure .Wefriends si nee ten years ago .A were B have bee nC have becomeD have

33、made3、 How long have you here ?About two mon ths.A bee nB goneC come D arrived4、Hurry up! The playfor ten minutes.A has begu nB had begu nC has bee n onD bega n5、Itten years since he left the army .A isB hasC willD was6、Miss Gree n isn't in the office . sheto the library .A has gone B wentCwill

34、goD has bee n7、My parentsShandong for ten years .A. have bee n inB.have bee n toC. have gone toD.have bee n8 Excuse me.you please pass me that cup?A. Do B. Should C. Would D. Must9 -Must we do our homework first?-No, you. You may have a rest first.A. must n't B. n eed n't C. may not D. can&#

35、39;t完形填空Many animals use some kinds of"language ” . They信号b signidlthe signals have meanings. For example, _1 abee has found some food, it goes 2 its home. 3 is difficult for a bee to tell _4 bees where the food is speaking to them, but it can do a little dancing. This tells the bees where the

36、food is and 5 it is.Some animals show 一6 they feel by making sounds. It is not difficult to tell if a dog is angry because it barks. Birds make several different sounds and 7has its meaning. Sometimes we humans make sounds in the same way. We makesounds like Oh" to 8 how we feel about 9 or we 1

37、0 something on our feet.We huma ns have Ian guages. We have words. These words have meaning of thi ngs, action, feeli ng or ideas. We are able to 11 each other in formati on, to tell other people 12 we thi nk or we feel. By writ ing dow n words, we can rememberwhat has happe ned or 13 messages to pe

38、ople far away.Lan guages, like people, live and die. If a Ian guage is not used by people, it is called a dead Ian guage. This Ian guage cannot live and grow because 14 speaks it.A living Ianguage, of course, is often spoken by people today. It grows and changes with time. New words are created, and

39、 some old words have _15_ meanings.1. A. becauseB. sinceC. whe nD. as2. A. out ofB. back fromC. away fromD. back to3. A. ItB. ThisC. ThatD. He4. A. each otherB. ano therC. the otherD. others5. A. how longB. how far awayC. how manyD. how old6. A. whyB. whichC. howD. what7. A. eachB. everyC. allD. som

40、e8. A. showB. sayC. talkD.speak9. A. everyth ingB. someth ingC. nothingD. anything10. A. putB. dropC. fallD. set11. A. giveB. putC. showD. take12. A. thatB. whichC. whatD. why13. A. sendB. bringC. pushD. get14. A. some oneB. no oneC. anyoneD. every one15. A. newB. rightC. realD.good阅读理解AAn old lady

41、in a pla ne had a bla nket （毯子）over her head and she did not want to take it off . The air hostess spoke to her, but the old lady said, "I have n ever bee n in a pla ne before , and I am frighte ned. I am going to keep this bla nket over my head un til we are back on the gro und aga in !”Then t

42、he captain came. He said,“ Madamaptarin tofthis plane. The weather is fine, there are no clouds in the sky,"Iing,and everything is going very well.” But she continued to hide.So the capta in turned and started to go back. Then the old lady looked out from un der the bla nket with one eye and sa

43、id, am sorry, young man, but I don' t like planes and I am never going to fly again. But I' ll say one th“ You and your wife keep your pla ne very clea n!”1. An old lady had.A. glasses B. a bla nket over her head C. a coat D. a basket2. A. She didn' t want to.A. take it off B. turn it of

44、f C. get on D. talk about it3. spoke to her .A. The air hostess B. The man next to her C. her husba ndD. one of her friends4. The old lady had n ever bee nbefore .A. abroad B. home C. in a pla ne D. in hospital5. The woman didn' t like planes and she was never going.A. to fly aga inB. to travel

45、C. to go abroad D. to go homeBDick lived in England. One day in January he said to his wife, "I'm going to fly to New York next week because I've got some work there." "Where are you going to stay there?" his wife asked. "I don't know yet." Dick answered. &q

46、uot;Please send me your address from there in a telegram （电报）,"his wife said. "All right," Dick answered.He flew to New York on Jan uary 31st and found a nice hotel in the cen ter of the city. He put his thi ngs in his room and then he sent his wife a telegram. He put the address of h

47、is hotel in it.In the evening he did n't have any work, so he went to a cin ema. He came out at nine o'clock and said, "Now I'm going back to my hotel and have a nice dinn er."He found a taxi （出租车）and the driver said, "Where do you want to go?" But Dick did n't re

48、member the n ame and address of his hotel."Which hotel are my things in?" he said, "And what am I going to do toni ght?" But the driver of the taxi did not know. So Dick got out and went into a post office. There he sent his wife ano ther telegram, and in it he wrote, "Pleas

49、e send me my address at this post office."Choose the right an swer1. Dick flew to New York because.A. he went there for a holidayB. he had work thereC. he went there for sightseeing （观光）D. his home was there2. Why did his wife want a telegram from him?A. Because she did n't know his address

50、 yetB. Because she wan ted to go to New York, tooC. Because she might send him ano ther telegramD. Because she could n't leave her husband by himself in New York3. Where did Dick stay in New York?A. In the cen ter of the city.B. I n a hotel.C. I n a restaura nt.D. At his frien d's house.4. Who would send him the n ame and address of his hotel?A. The man ager （经理）of his hotel.B. The police