专四让步状语从句

1、从属分句状语从句包括时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、比较从句。让步状语从句连接词：though、although、as ; even if、even though ; whether .or.；no matter+ 疑问词， 疑问词+ever.(1 ) though, although 表示 虽然，纵然 之意。although 比though 正式，二者都 可与yet, still或nevertheless 连用，但不能与 but连用。值得注意的是，although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多，though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例句 Altho

2、ugh/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong.(2 ) even if, even though 表示 即使”，纵使”之意。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，而even though引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的，也就是说，说话人肯定了从句的事实例句 Even if he is poor, she loves him. (=He may be poor, yet she loves him.) 即使他 很穷，但她还是爱他。Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He

3、is poor, yet she loves him.) 尽管他很 穷，但她还是爱她。(3) as, though表示 虽然但是”，纵使”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或冠词动词原 形，且表语中的冠词要省略，though间或也用于这样的结构中，但although不可以这样用。例如：Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力， 但几乎没取 得什么进步。Fool as j

4、erry is, he could not have done such a thing.还是”之意(4) whether.or.表示 不论是否”,不管是(5) no matter疑问词或 疑问词-ever的含义为“都；不管都”， 当引导让步状语从句时，两者相同，可以互换，但当引导名词性从句(主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同谓语从句)时则只能用whatever (whoever， whichever，whenever， etc)。例句 No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep th

5、e law.不管你是谁，你都要遵纪守法。Ill eat whatever ( 丰 no matter what) you give me. (whatever 导宾语从句)你给我 吃什么，我就吃什么。下面句字不能用 no matter结构：Whoever comes back firs is supposed to win the prize.( 主语从句)I am ready to do whatever you want me to .(宾语从句)(6) 有时while也可以引导让步状语从句，但一般要位于句首。这时while表达并列的转折，即主语与从句的动作是在同一时候发生的。例如：Whi

6、le I like the colour, I dont like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色，但不喜欢那形状。条件状语从句弓丨导词 if、 uni ess、 provided/providi ng(that) 、 so/as long as、 on con diti on that、 suppose/supposing(that)、in the event that、whether or not。时间状语从句(i) when .与.whilewhen表示“当.的时候”，表时间点或时间段的动作。While表示“当.的同时”，表持续的动作或状态，不表短暂。While tom was r

7、eading , jack was writing.When he fini shed his speech , the audie nee burst into applause.(2) hardly/scarcely 亠.when. 和. .no. soone 匚.thanhardly/scarcely 和 no sooner后面用完成时，而 when和than 后用过去时(3) the minute/moment/day , the first/second/last time , each/every/next time 可弓丨导时间性状 语从句(4) since表示 “自从”，从句要

8、用非延续性动词，主句要用完成时态。Si nee he lived in Beiji ng , I have not heard from him.Till/until“直到”，肯定句时，主句用延续性动词，否定句时，主句可使用非延续性动词。I will wait here until the concert is over.She cantleave until Friday结果状语从句(1) so/suchthatso+形容词，副词 / such+名词.that 表示 如此.以致.,so+形容词+ a/an +名词在“much/many/few/little+名词”结构前，只能用so。例句 S

9、o many people complained about the heavy traffice that the city government took measure at least.（2） with the result that原因状语从句连接词有 since , as , because , in that , on the ground that.地点状语从句连接词有 where , wherever , any where方式状语从句有as引导的例句 she did her work as her manager had instructed.此外，还有 just as和

10、much as例句 they try to conceal this fact much as I did last year.关系从句（定语从句）关系 代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等。关系畐U词有：when, where, why 等。限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别A）非限定需要用逗号隔开，限定是句子不可或缺的成分B） 非限定从句中，引导词一般不用thatWhich 和 thatA）关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省略例句 It is the only thing （that） we can do for you.B）先行词是不定代词时all

11、much few little some any none anything something nothingeverything 只能用that弓丨导C） 先行词是 anyone an ybody every one everybody some one somebody 时，关系代词多用 who 或 whom，不用 thatD） 先行词被形容词是最高级及first last only every no等修饰，关系代词用that，不用which /who/whomE） 两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人和物是，关系代词用that例女口 A victim is a person ,animal a

12、nd thing that suffers pain, death, harm, ect.As1）as与such， the same,as（so）, 连用，引导限定性定语从句Such people as wish to leave may do so now.2）as引导从句可放主句前，中，后：而 which引导的只能放在后例句 more American troops are being sent to middle east , which（as）l have learnt from the n ewspaper.The teleph one ,as we all know, was th

13、e inno vati on of bellAs后如果是被动语态，be可省略；which后则不可以例句 football and baseball, as played in the united states today, are basically modifications of games that origi nated in En glishWhereWhere引导的定语从句相当于 in/at+which例句 the company has introduced a policy where pay rises are related to performanee at work.

14、WhoseWhose与名词搭配使用，引导定语从句是在句子坐主语或者宾语，whose既可以指人也可以指物（指物时可以用of which互换）例句 The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.结构“介词+whom ”或“ which+不定式短语”She is a pleasa nt girl with whom to work = she is a pleasa nt girl to work with.名词性从同位语从句1）能接同位语从句的名词answer, belief, certainty, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery,doubt, evidenee, explanation, fact, idea, impression, information, knowledge, problem, promise, statement, suggestion, thought, probability , etc.同位语多由 that 弓丨导，疑问代词 who which What和疑问副词 when where why how 也可以引导2）在结构 on the assumption, on the condition that, despite the