初三中考语法专项复习—名词

1、权威专业规范好品质不怕比！JSuTIIeIjSNEW CONCEPT初三语法专题初三英语专题（一）名词“、名词的分类：名词是表示人、物及抽象概念的名称的词。可数Bird, city（个体名词）;family,class（集体名词）不可数New York, China（专启名词）;water, light（物质名词）;music,work （抽象名词）二、可数名词的单复数：1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:情况构成例词规 则 变 化一般情况-sfathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananass,x,sh,ch 结尾-esboxes, gla

2、sses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes辅首字母加y去 y,力口-iesbaby-babies, family-families,duty-duties, comedy-comedies,documentary-documentaries, story-stories以。结尾一般情况-szoo-zoos photo-photos特殊情况-esNegroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, mango（口诀：英雄和黑人喜欢吃西红柿、土豆和芒果）以f或fe结尾去 f/fe 加-veswife-wives, knife-knives, wo

3、lf-wolves, thief-thieves, shelf-shelves, self-selves, life-lives, half-halves, leaf-leaves,（口诀：妻亍持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。）直接加-sgulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief（口诀：海湾边，屋顶上，首领农奴两相望，谁说他们没有信仰，证据 就在手帕上）不 规 则 变 化单复数形式一致1、 单复数相同: fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese2、只后复数： people,

4、 pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks3、集体名词是单数也是复数：police警察（局）/警察，class班/同学，family家/家庭成员口诀记忆法：中日同形用小艾，英法同盟变a为e,其他一律加so变内部兀音字母foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese man-men woman-women mouse-mice力口和/-酬child-children ox-oxen合 成 的 复 数1、只力口主要名词，多为个单词。如：action movie/action movies, pen pal/pen

5、 pals;2、如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor/men doctors, woman teacher/women teachers汪思：1、物质名词往往是不可数名词，但有些也可作可数名词，此时意义有所不同。如：room （空间）a room （房间）work （工作）a work （著作，工事）paper （纸）a paper （论文，试卷）chicken （鸡肉）a chicken （小鸡）fish （鱼）fishes （鱼的种类）orange （橘汁）oranges （橙子）drink （饮料）drinks （饮料的种类）time （时

6、间）times （时代/次数）glass （玻璃）glasses （玻璃杯，眼镜）wood （木头）a wood （小森林）2、不可数名词的数量表达：不可数名词虽然本身不可数，但可借助单位量词来表示一定的数量。如：a glass of water 一杯水a bowl of rice 一碗饭a cup of tea 一杯茶a piece of news 贝U新闻a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水a pair of glasses 一副眼镜3、有些名词虽以-s结尾，但它们不是复数。如 physics, maths, politics, news4、数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名

7、词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式。如：a five-year-old girl 一个五岁的女孩a two-metre-long ruler 一把两米长的尺子a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞a ten-story-high building 一幢十层高的楼房5、分辨可数名词和不可数名词的分辨。名词单数变复数规则【速记口诀】单数变复数，规则要记住；一般加s,特殊有几处；/t/、/ /、/s/结尾，es不离后；末尾字母o,大多加s;两人有两菜，es不离口；词尾f、fe, s前有v和e;没有规则词，必须单独记。【妙语诠释】大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s,但如果单词以/ t/、

8、/ /、/s/发音结尾（也就是单词如果以ch, sh, s, x等结尾），则一般加es;以。结尾的单词除了"两人"（negro, hero）"两菜"（tomato,potato）力口 es外，其余一般加s;以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把 f, fe变为ve再加s;英语中还有些单词没有 规贝U,需要特殊记忆。 例如：child-children , mouse-mice,deer-deer, sheep-sheep, Chinese-Chinese, ox-oxen, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth

9、。三、名词所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系，相当于物主代词，在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:名词+ 's（有生命的名词）单数名词+ 'sthe boy's mother/Children's Day复数名词（-s或-es结尾）+the two boys' mother不规则复数名词+ 'sthe children's mother几个人共有时在取后 1人名后 + sAlice and Mary 's room各自所有在各名字后+'sAlice's and Mary's rooms名词+ of +名

10、词（无生命或后生命）a picture of Li Ping the door of the bedroom the roof of the house2、名词所有格的用法（1） s所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示时间、距离、自然现象、国家或城市类实体、工作群体等无生命的名词。如：a month s'time 一个月的时间the city's parks城市的公园a mile's distance一英里的距离the ship;s crew船上的工作人员the moon's rays 月 光（2）'所有格后的名词如指商店、住宅等地点时，该名词通常省略。

11、如： my aunt '我阿姨家，the doctor诊所（3） “of珞词所有格/名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格，此结构也可由of +名词性物主代词构成。如：a friend ofmy father 我父亲的一位朋友friend of mine 我的一位朋友注意：He is a friend of your father 's.他是你父亲的一个朋友。（强调父亲的朋友不止一个）He is a friend of your father.他是你父亲的朋友。（强调他对你父亲的友好）3、名词所有格的作用：除了可以表示所有关系外，还有以下几种作用：初三语法专题(1)表示类别。如： Ch

12、ildren's book儿童读物teachers' college师范学院(2)表示主谓关系，表示动作的执行者。如：his mother's request他母亲的要求 the help of the worker工人们的帮助(3)表示动宾关系，表示动作的承受者。如： the family's support养家糊口the use of computer's电脑的用途名词所有格用法【速记口诀】名词所有格，表物是“谁的”；若为生命词，加s”即可行，词尾有s,仅把逗号择；并列名词后，各自和共有，前者分别加，后者最后加；若为无生命词，of所有格，前后须倒置，

13、此是硬规则。【妙语诠释】有生命的名词所有格一般加s,但如果名词以 s结尾，则只加；并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加s"，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加s" ；如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，A of B要翻译为B的A。四、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：主谓的单复数一致，即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.The wateNn the glass is very cold.(2)集体名词(如 family, class,

14、team, group, row, police, school 等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念，则谓语用单数形式，如：Class Three is a very good class.如果表示其中的所有成员时，则谓语用复数形式，如：Class Three have a map of China.(3)Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数，表示许多时，谓语用复数。Therejs a sheep in the yard.There are some sheep in the yard.(4)maths, news等虽然有s结尾，但

15、不是复数，因此谓语仍用单数： The news is very exciting.(5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式，故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(6)a lot of后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式，跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A 10t of students are playing baseball now.A 10t of time was wasted on that work.(7)and连接两个名词做主语时，谓语原则

16、上用复数。但是两个名词若构成一个整体概念(即后一个名词前五冠词或其他限定词时)或主语具双重身份时，谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.Fish and chips is very famous food.(8) there be句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定，即“邻近原则”如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.用both and 连接两个事物做主语时，谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomo

17、rrow.(10)主语中含有with的短语时，谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(11)either 。或者neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时，谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.Neither you nor I_am_ going there.（12）表示一段时间或长度概念白复数名词做主语时，谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.Two thousand k

18、ilometers is quite a long distanc.（13）主语中含有 half of / （three quarters）of / all箭洞the寸，谓语的单复数由名词确定 ，如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is_in English.A third of the students were playing near the lake.All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.但是，population 一词又有特殊情况：What&#

19、39;s the population, of China?（中国人口是多少？）（用单数）Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs（阿拉伯人）.（这城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人）（用复数）五、名词的句法功能1 .名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补定语、定语、状语、同位语和呼语等。如：Tom was the best student in the class.（主语）I have never heard of the man.（宾语）We elected him monitor of our class .（宾语补足语 ）Th

20、ere is a stone bridge over the fiver .（定语）Peter goes to school at 8 every morning .（状语）Bush . President of the United states. is coming to China next month .（同位语）Mary , come here quickly .（呼语）2 .名词作定语时，表示中心词的用途：材料、地点、时间等，和形容词做定语在含义上有所不同。试比较：银币 silver coins银白色的车 a silvery car心脏病 heart trouble热情的欢迎 a

21、hearty welcome石桥 stone bridge铁石心肠 stony heart中考英语名词考点归纳一、名词的各种分类。单、复数的用法及单数名词变复数名词的方式，包括可数名词的复数的变化规则，少数不规则名词的复数形式及部分单复、数同形的名词。1 . There is good for you. I've found your lost watch. 广东省A. newsB. ideasC. messagesD. thoughts2 .My uncle will come to my house for dinner . I want to buy some to make a

22、 vegetable salad for him .济宁A . meatB. tomatoesC. apple juice3 .The teacher said we needed to choose threefor the school concert. 重庆A. farmersB. doctorsC. driversD. singers4 .At night the koala bear gets up and eats.广元A. 1eafB. 1eavesC. leafs5 .The PLA man saved three lives in the accident .济南A. chi

23、ldren ' sB. childrenC. childD. childs'6 .Come on, children . Help yourselves to some if you like .南通A . fish and chickenB. fishes and chickenC. fish and chickens D . fishes and chickens7 .All the teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th , because it was their own holiday . 重庆A . manB. menC.

24、womanD. women二、不可数名词数量的表达法。用 数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后面的名词只能用单数。1.Mr. Smith always has to tell us .青岛A. some good pieces of newsB. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of newesD. some piece of good newes2. Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you wellWel

25、l, I'd like to try those blue.黄冈A . pairsB . oneC. pant3. Would you like some drinks, boys?河北 Yes, please.A. some orangesB. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes4. exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam.D. pairD. two bottles of orange黄冈A. What an, aB. What, aC. How an, the D. Ho

26、w, the三、名词所有格及其用法。以-s结尾的单数名词加 "'或“构成所有格；以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加不规则复数名词在词尾加；s两者或两者以上共同所有，把“加在最后的名词上；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。1.fathers are both scientists. 咸宁2.A . Jim's and BobB. Jim's and Bob'sC. Jim and Bob'sD.Jim and Bobroom is big and bright . A . Tom and SamThey like it very m

27、uch .B. Tom's find Sam河北C. Tom and Sam'sD.Tom's and Sam's3.How' s Joy 'A. her sisters skirt?ler skirt is more beautiful thans and Kate, her sister and Kate,兰州C. her sister and KateD. her sisters and Kate's”来构成所有格。如：today's四、表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“newspaper,

28、 ten minutes, walk , China's industry1 . 一 Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?一No, its about浙江宁波）2.A. 7 minutes walkB. 7 minute walkC. 7 minuteswalk D. 7 minutes walkCome and see me inA . two or three days'With pleasure. That's what I'm expecting .哈尔滨8. two or three day'

29、s time C. two or three days' time3.I'm going on holiday on the 12th . I have to be back at work on the 26th.So I've got twoA. weeks五、名词作主语时的主谓一致。B. week'sC. weeks'holiday .临沂 D. week主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式，主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数;主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式；主语形式上是复数形式但表达单数意义,则谓语动词也采用单数形式；谓语

30、动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定。六、语境中名词的选择。 根据语境确定名词的词义，再根据句法进一步确定词形。I.Studying in a foreign country is a differentA. eventB. exerciseand you can learn a lot .盐城 C. experienceD. exhibition2 .-Would you like some?-No, thank you. I'm not hungry at all.陕西省A. teaB. waterC. breadD. coffee3.It's commonthat the

31、Japanese eat Sushi.沈阳A. information4.The thing thatA. mindsB. knowledgeis not whether you fan or not , B. caresC. directionbut whether you try or not . C. matters苏州D.D.instructionconsiders5.江西I don't know how to use this machine .It doesn't matter. Here is the6.A. instructionB. directionC. i

32、nformationD.advertisementWhat do you know aboutLine drawings that show how something works .沈阳A. pictures七、易混名词的区别。B. diagramsC. programmesD. paintings主要是要求区别一些常见的容易混淆的名词的用法。1.-Look, the tall building looks very modern.-Yes, and there is a garden on itsA. topB. ground.A garden in the air!河南省C. sideD

33、. floor2. How can I tell one tree from another?You can mostly tell them by theof their leavesA. shape3.-Oh! There isn't enoughB sizefor us in the bus.07武汉市C. ageD color-No hurry. Let's wait for the next.昆明市A. place4.0ur school held an activity called A. noteB. landC. roomD. floor"Recomm

34、enBooks to Your Teachers”. The students made a_of 1 000 books淄博B. 1ineC. menuD. 1ist综合练习、语法过关1. Today is September 10th. It'sDay. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.C. the Teachers'D. Teacher'sA. TeachersB. Teachers'2 .He had something to write down and asked me forA.

35、 a paperB. some papersC some pieces papersD. a piece of paper3. Thenow is that we have lots ofto ask,C question; problemD. problem; questionA. problem; questions B. question; problems4. - Can I just have a try?-Sure. It doesn't if you give a wrong answer.A. matterB. troubleC. mindD. carefor me?A

36、. placeB. seatC. roomD. ground5 .- Could you move over a little and make some -Sure. Please.6. -What would you like to drink, girls?-, please.C. Two cups of coffeeD. Two cup of coffeesA. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs farA. f

37、unB. wishes8. I'd like something to read. Would you please pass me theC. interest?D. thanksA. pen9. September 10th is A. Women's DayB. boxC. rulerD. bookB. Children's DayC. Mid-autumn DayD. Teachers' Day? By bus?10. -How do you get home from-No, I walk. isn't very far.A. school,

38、The school B. the school, The schoolC. the school, SchoolD. school, School二、完形填空(A)Last year my English class was 1 for me. First of all, it wasn' t easy for me to understand theshe 2 to the class. To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldn' t 3 every word. Later on, I redoesn '

39、m atter if you don' U nderstand every word, 4 I was afraid to speak in class because I thought my classmates might laugh 5_me. I couldn ' always make complete sentences, either. Then I started to 6 English-language TV. It helped a lot. I think that doing lots of listening practice is one of

40、the secrets of 7 a goodlanguage learner. Another thing that I found very difficult was English 8. So I decided to take lots of grammarnotes in every class.()1.A. luckyB.happyC. difficultD. great.()2.A. talkedB. talkC. singD.sang()3.A. thinkB. believeC. forgetD. understand()4.A. eitherB. neitherC. al

41、soD. too()5.A. toB. withC. atD. in()6.A. watchedB. watchC. watchesD. watching()7. A. makingB. becomingC. changingD. turning()8.A. grammarB. wordsC. pronunciationD. tests三、阅读理解（A）How I study EnglishI often hear some students say English is difficult, and it gives them a headache. So they can ' t

42、learn it well. But English is very easy for me. I' m good at it. I ' m very glad to tell you something about how I study English.First, I think an interest（爱好）in English is very important. When I was in Grade One, we had a new subject 一 English. It was fresh for me . I was interested in it,

43、so I worked hard at it. Soon we had an English exam and I got a very good mark. How happy I was! After that, I learned English harder and harder. Our English teacher often teaches us English songs, the songs sound nice. I often think how interesting English is!Second, I think English is a foreign la

44、nguage. I should learn it well in the following ways: Listen to the teacher carefully, speak bravely, read aloud and have a good vocabulary（ 词?匚）.Then practice again and again, never be tired. And I also have a good habit: Asking whenever（ 不论彳sj时 ）I have a question, I must make it clear by asking ou

45、r English teacher. How happy I am when I understand!Besides this, I often read English stories, jokes and easy novels. From these I know English is not only interesting, but also useful. They help me understand a lot of things. So to do more reading is an important way to learn English well.And I al

46、so do some exercises from our class magazines, and I often write English diaries. English has become a close friend of mine.Now I have learned English for more than two years. I always keep the first position in our school. From these words, I hope every student can learn English well.1. Why do some

47、 students often“ have a headache " ?A. Because they are easy to catch cold.B. Because it ' s often very coldC. Because they think English is easy.D. Because they don ' t think English is easy.2. The writer tells us that we should be in English if we want to learn it well.A. interestB. i

48、nterestedC. interestingD. strict3. The sentence “I got a very good mark " means.A.I got a good way.B. I had a good idea.C. I did badly in the exam .D. I did well in the exam.4. The writer thinks English is interesting because.A.English is full of stories.B.English is full of jokes.C.his teacher

49、 often teaches them nice English songs.D.of nothing5. Which of the following is not the way the writer studies by?A. speaking bravelyB. Writing to foreign friendsC. Reading aloudD. Writing English diaries（B）Swimming and English LearningCan you swim? Do you like swimming? Yes? Well, how can you learn

50、 to swim? I think the best way is to go intothe water and learn. I ' m afraid you ' ll never learn to swim just by reading books about swimming or looking at others swimming. It ' s the same with the English study. We must practice, practice and practice.Listening and speaking are very i

51、mportant for beginners. The children in English-speaking countries first listen to others. Then they try to imitate and speak. We can listen to English programs on radio. You may just understand a few words. It doesn ' t matter. Just be relaxed, try to catch every. wordSomebody may be a good lis

52、tener. But he dare not speak. He' s afraid of making mistakes. You know we sormake mistakes when we speak Chinese. Don ' t be afraid. We must be brave. If you really want to learn English well, you must try to speak with everyone so long as he knows English. Whether you know him or not is no

53、t important when there 'nsbody to talk with, you can talk to yourself in English. It ; interesting and also a good way to practice your spoken English. Remember, the more you speak, the f ewer mistakes you ' ll make.Reading and writing are more important for senior school students. First we

54、must choose the books we in. A lot of reading will improve your language sense. This is the most important.Keep writing English diaries. We can also write English articles. You may even post them to English magazines.Don' t be afraid of failure. Failure is the mother of success.Easier said than

55、done. Well, lets do more practice from now on. I' m sure youll learn English w(1. You can learn to swim by.A. reading books about itC. having lessons on it2. We should learn English byA. listening and speakingC. A and BB. looking at others swimmingD. going into the river and learningB. reading a

56、nd writingD. swimming3. What will you do with mistakes when you speak?A. Don ' t make mistakes.B. Study hardC. Try not to speak EnglishD. Don ' t be afraid.4. What ' s more important for senior school studentA. listeningB. speakingC. reading and writingD. learning5. We can listen to Engl

57、ish, according to the passage.A. by trainB. on the radioC. every minuteD. now and then(C)“Life is speeding up. Everyoneis getting unwell. ”This may sound like something someone would say today. But in fact, an unknown person who lived in Rome in AD53 wrote itWe all love new inventions. They are exciting, amazing and c