civil engineering13

1、13.1 functions of water transport13.2 Classification of shipsContainer shipPassenger shipBulk carrierTankerTugFerry vessel13.3 HarborsA harbor is one which provides sheltered berthing for ships and has facilities for embarking and disembarking of passengers, loading and unloading of varied cargo, st

2、oring and sorting of various consignments and servicing of ships.13.3.1 Classification of harbors1. Classification based on reasons of forming2. Classification based on functions2. Classification based on functions2. Classification based on functions3. 按港口所在位置按港口所在位置，可将港口分为海岸港海岸港、河口港河口港和内河港内河港，其中海岸港

3、和河口港统称为海港。4. 按港口水域在寒冷季节是否冻结，按港口水域在寒冷季节是否冻结，可将港口分为冻港冻港和不不冻港冻港。5. To fulfil its function, a harbor must satisfy the following three requirements.13.3.2 Port planning and layout1. Components of port港口是由水域水域和陆域陆域两大部分组成。2. Port planning and locationThe factors contributing to the decision to locate a por

4、t are its need, economic justification, prospective tonnage of goods to be handled, adequate inland water and land communication. Several locations need to be studied for finding the most protected location. The site investigation will usually include the following surveys.3. Port layout港口布置必须遵循统筹安排

5、、合理布局、远近结合、分期建设等原则。港口布置方案在规划阶段是最重要的工作之一，不同的布置方案在许多方面会影响到国家或地区发展的整个进程。港口布置形式大致上可分为三种基本类型：13.4 Breakwaters 1. 防波堤的平面布置防波堤的平面布置防波堤的平面布置因地形、风浪等自然条件及建港规模要求等而异，一般可分为四大类型。2. 防波堤的类型防波堤的类型2. 防波堤的类型防波堤的类型13.5 Dock structure 码头是供船舶系靠、装卸货物或上下旅客的建筑物的总称，是港口主要水工建筑物之一。1. 码头的布置形式码头的布置形式2. 码头结构形式码头结构形式(1) 重力式码头重力式码头

6、(gravity)重力式码头的结构型式主要决定于墙身结构，主要有；梯形断面浆砌块石码头衡重式断面浆砌块石码头(2) 板桩码头板桩码头 (sheet pile)(3) 高桩码头高桩码头(4) 混合式码头混合式码头除了上述三种主要结构型式之外，根据当地的地基、水文、材料、码头使用要求和施工条件等因素，也可采用各种不同型式的混合结构。后面用独立的板桩结构挡土的高桩码头后面用独立的板桩结构挡土的高桩码头由基础板、立板和锚碇结构组成的码头结构由基础板、立板和锚碇结构组成的码头结构3. 作用在码头建筑上的荷载作用在码头建筑上的荷载码头设计需要考虑的荷载包含以下几种：13.6 Port structures

7、 A modern port may require the following buildings, passenger terminal, transit sheds, warehouses, silos, storage tanks, cold storage, administrative and customs offices, repair shops, garages, fire house and power house.1. Transit shedsTransit sheds are to be located very close to the wharf area. T

8、hey provide temporary storage for incoming goods arriving by land meant for export. Transit sheds should not be used as warehouse. The transit sheds need more aisle space for quick handling of goods by mobile equipment. There should be enough d o o r o p e n i n g s a n d circulatory space around tr

9、ansit sheds for operations.The factors to be considered while designing the transit shed are the following.大连大窑湾新港堆场1. WarehousesThe user of a port, sometimes, need storage facilities for periods much longer than what the transit sheds will permit. For this, the port sometimes constructs or permits

10、others to construct storage facilities which are known as storage godowns or warehouses. Unlike transit sheds, these warehouses are away from the berths. They are provided with railway sidings and roads.The capacity of a warehouse is determined by the load of goods it can accommodate. This in turn will depend upon the nature of goods.13.7 Docks It is an essential component of the harbors. It is necessary to build the ships, repair and renovate the ships. In every harbor some sort of repair facilities for ships are desirable.Classification of docks13.8 Dolphins 13.9 Fenders A j