英语高考专题复习讲与练阅读理解

1、英语高考专题复习讲与练-阅读理解一、考点聚焦 1、题型特点阅读是理解和吸收书面信息的能力。中学英语教学大纲规定，中学生应侧重培养阅读理解能力。阅读材料的选取原则为：（1）阅读量不少于1000个单词。近三年超过2000字篇数为5篇，读速要求为44.2，44.6和46.3wpm。（2）题材多样化，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、史地、经济、新闻报道乃至广告说明。（3）体裁避免单一化，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文等。2、试题要求（1）掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。（2）既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。（3）既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。（4）既

2、理解某句、某段的意义也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。（5）能根据材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识正确判断生词的含义。3、基本能力（1）能迅速看准每句的结构，抓住主句的主语、谓语、宾语。（2）有一定的词汇量和辨词能力。（3）能灵活运用所学语法知识，根据句中的某个词迅速断定真假、语态和时态等。（4）对英美文化背景知识有一定了解。（5）有良好的思维能力，能边看边加工所得到的信息，从而作出正确分析、判断和综合。（6）有平时大量阅读作基础，有一定的语感和相当的阅读速度。二、题型分析与解题策略提要：高考英语试题中阅读理解占40分，是试卷中所占比例最大的一部分，阅读理解能力的高低；是能否取

3、得英语好成绩的关键在。阅读理解的重要性已被广大英语教师和考生所共同认识。本文要主要讨论两个方面的问题：(1)了解高考阅读理解题型和出题方法；(2)熟悉高考英语阅读理解解题方法和技巧。关键词：阅读理解、题型分析、解题策略高考英语阅读理解题型的分值要占高考英语总分的40/150，是所有题型中占分比例最大的一道题，在阅读理解上是否得高分，是能否取得高考英语好成绩的关键。自1989年来，国家教委考试中心每年都在全国范围公布当年英语学科的考试说明，考试说明对阅读理解的要求做了明确的规定，阅读理解部分主要测试考生以下能力：1、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2、了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节；3、根据上下文判

4、断大纲附表以外的某些词汇和短语的意义；4、既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；5、根据所读材料进行一定的判断，推理和引申；6、正确领会作者的观点和态度。有鉴于此，本文将讨论高考英语阅读理解中针对以上情况设计的题型，帮助考生熟悉常见题型，掌握解题策略和技巧。一、主旨题考分辨和提纲挈领的能力主旨题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一，测试阅读理解的基本能力；掌握所读材料的率是和大意。这种题型考查学生在语言水平上对文章的把握：能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力。解答这类题可以运用如下方法：1、把握文章逻辑结构把握文章逻辑结构对于做主旨题很朋帮助，因为文章主题出现的位置对应于文章逻辑结构

5、中的一个部分。高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构有：1)时间顺序。按时间先后说明某一理论的发展，或某一研究成果由过去至现在的情况。属于这种结构的主题通常在首段或末段。2)一般 一般。首段做总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点。属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。3)具体 一般。前面几段分别说明，末段总结。主题在末段。4)对比。进行对比的各事物之间的基本共同点或差异为主题。5)分类。分类说明的各大项相加为主题。2、抓主题句主题句表达中心思想，其它句子均围绕它进行说明或议论。它在文章中的通常位置为第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等地方。所以阅读时对这些地方要特别关注。3、概括段落大意4、根据论述详

6、略确定通常与主题有关的部分有较详尽的论述，而与主题关系不够密切的部分论述较简略。主旨题除了上述形式之外，还有如下变体：1、标题问标题的题也是一种主旨题，与主旨题的解题主法和技巧完全一样。二者的差别主要体现于选项的形式：主旨题的答案通常以一句话表示，而问标题的答案大多为一个名词词组。此外，标题必须反映文章的中心大意，而且只能反映文章的中心大意。这就要求选项的归纳范围要恰如其分，既不能只提及文中的一个细节，也不能将本文以外的内容概括于其中。2、写作目的写作目的与文章主题不同，但与它关系密切，所以也可以算作主旨题的一种变全体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨问中心思想、文章大意，而写作目的

7、则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想，等于文章大意论述方法(或作者口吻)。文章大意可以根据前面所述的方法找到。至于论述方法，可以根据高考阅读理解的主体文章确定一些。advice(建议，劝告)argue for(论证)，argue against(驳斥)(这两种答案仅适用于议论文体裁)convice(说明)present(阐述)propose(建设)warn(警告)既然全文的写作目的与文章的主旨密切相关，那么段落的写作目的也与段落的大意密切相关，只有反映了段落大意的答案才是段落的写作目的。3、作者态度解作者态度(attitude)或语气(tone)题，关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一

8、具全事物的态度。表达作者态度褒义、中性和贬义的手段主要有1)加入形容词定语；2)加入副词状语；3)特殊动词。英语中有些动词也表明说话者的正负态度，如：fail(未能)、ignore(忽视)、overestimate(估计过高)等动词表示一种负态度。由上可知，确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。二、细节题多种多样，细心对待所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题于针对原文具体叙述本身发问。这类题的表现形式多种多样，不妨总

9、结如下：1、是非题出题形式：三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)：Which of the following is true except?Which of the following is mentioned except三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：Which of the following is true?解题方法：1)定位法根据题干或选项中的线索词回原文，找到相关句，与选项相比较确定答案。2)固定思路这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系：Which of the following mentioned exceptWhich of the followi

10、ng is not mentioned?这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。2、例证题例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。高考阅读理解文章如果是说明文和议论文，文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置

11、，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。3、其他形式的具体题1)定义定义可以分为两种：a.与主题有关的篇章定义，理解它有助于做主旨题。b.具体定义对中某个现象或术语加以定义，有时成为词义题的考试内容。2)年代与数字这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。3)比较比较考点的表现形式主要有：a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构；b.

12、表示绝对意义的字眼：first(第一)，least(最不)，uttermost(最)等；c.表示惟一性的词汇：only,unique等；阅读最最好能圈草表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题对回原文定位。4)原因这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：1)表示因果关系的名词：result,reason;2)表示因果关系的动词：result in(结果)，result from(由于，由)，baseon(以为基础)，be due to (由于)；3)表示因果关系的连词或介词：because,for,why;4)表示因果关系的副词；as a result,consequent

13、ly等，阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。除了上述原文有因果关系提示词的显性原因考点之外，隐性原因(两个句子之间为因果关系，但无有关提示词)也是常见考点。不管是显性原因考点，还是隐性原因考点，原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。三、词义题学会推断要做好这类题，首先必须熟练掌握中学英语教学大纲列出的约2000个词汇与一定数量的短文，这是最起码的要求。其次，掌握必要的做题技巧也很重要。不过词义题中所考单词的意义通常超出大纲，所以根据上下文推断词汇的能力在考试中显得尤其重要。这种能力可以通过下列几种方法加强：1、破解词汇本身的意义如何破解词本身的意义呢?方

14、法之一是掌握构词法的基本知识。不仅平时可以用这个方法记忆大纲中的词汇，考试时也可以用这个方法推测词汇意义。假如对英语词汇中包含的前缀、后缀和词根的含义或功能比较了解，就能较准确地推测出它们相互组合形成的整体词义。2、利用一下文线索除了以构词法破解词汇的意义以外，做词义题用得更多的方法是根据上下文所提供的线索词义。这里的上下文指该词所在的句子本身，也包括这个句子的上下句或更远的上下文。一般而言，上下文线索所提示的意义与所考词汇的关系要么为同义关系，要么为反义关系。假如二者为同义关系，那么所考词汇的意思就是线索提示词的意思；假如二者为反义关系，所考词汇的意思就是线索提示词的反义。3、利用语法和逻辑

15、有时根据上下文提代的线索或者其他方法，仍然不能得到唯一答案，就可以利用语法和逻辑方面的规则来判断，符合语法和逻辑规则的可能为正确答案，反之则不是正确答案。4、指代题指代题作为词义题的一种，也是常见题型之一。解这类题，要注意代词批代总的原则就近指代：代词指代在性(阴性或阳性)、数(单数或复数)、格(主格或宾格)、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，如上所述，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句之中；就数而言，单数代词指代单数名词，复数代词指代复数名词，例如：it 指代单数名词(单数可数名词或不可数名词)，也可指代一个句子；they指代复数名词主格；them指代复数名词宾格；one指代

16、单可数名词等。除了位置、性、数和格等方面的要求外，逻辑和意义也是衡量的标准，也就是说，正确的答案应该从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都通顺。四、推理题考识别能力推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。推理题的目的是考识别能

17、力，并不涉及复杂的判断和推理。因此，其主要做法是：根据题干中的关键词或选项中的线索找到原文的相关句，读懂后，比照选项，对相关句进行同义改写或综合概括的选项为正确答案。做题时要注意题干的语言形式，如According to the passage,It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形式，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具

18、体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that等，先扫一下4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，做出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer, conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找

19、段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。 几种阅读理解题型的解题方法归纳概括主题( Title and Main Idea ) 归纳概括中心主旨的题目是高考必考题目，考查考生通过阅读理解,总结归纳，找出文章中心意思的能力。 要做好这类题考生必须区分主要信息和次要信息；既看到树木, 更看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。 找出主题句(topic sentence) 是一个有用的方法。 中心意思(main idea)通常是一个完整的句子，它应能全面准确地概括文章的中心主旨；最佳题目(the best tit

20、le)可以是一个短语词组，它除能概括文章的中心主旨外，还有吸引读者，引发阅读兴趣的任务。 除常见的提问以外，这种题型的提问方式还有： The main point of the passage is . The passage deals mainly with . The passage is about . What does the passage mainly discuss? What is the author's main purpose ? ··· ···领悟文章的隐含意义 (Hidden Meaning) 根

21、据考试说明，高考阅读理解能力测试的第三点要求是：“既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度，意图等；” 由于某种原因，作者不能鲜明地表达自己的观点，而将其隐含在字里行间，流露于修辞手法之中。这类考题要求考生对于作者这种没有明确说明的写作目的，立场态度，思想倾向作出合理的推断。 读懂这种“言外之意，弦外之音”，要求考生有无障碍的阅读能力，“锣鼓听音”的敏锐感觉，合理推断的思维品质。这是阅读测试题中较难的类型，对考生的能力要求较高，需要认真训练。 这种题型的常用提问方式有：The story does not say this, but from what we have read, we

22、can tell that _.We can infer from the passage that _.The writer's attitude toward . is _.The passage implies, but does not directly state that _.The passage suggests that _.We may conclude from the passage that _.推理判断( Judgment, Logical Inference ) 根据考试说明，高考阅读理解能力测试的第四点要求是：“能理解某句某段的意义，并能把握全篇文脉，即

23、句与句，段与段的关系，并能据此进行推理和判断。” 这类考题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象，事例给以解释。 考生首先要仔细阅读短文，完整了解信息，准确把握作者观点。 在作出推理判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者观点，切忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点看法取代作者的原意。 这种题型的常用提问方式有：We can infer that _.It can be inferred from the passage that _.The passage implies that _

24、.The passage suggests that _.It can be concluded from the passage that _. . .阅读专题训练专题（1）AEveryone has got two personalities the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You dont show your secret personality when youre awake because you can control your behaviour, but whe

25、n youre asleep, your sleeping position shows the real you. In a normal night, of course, people frequently change their position. The important position is the one that you go to sleep in.If you go to sleep on your back, youre a very open person. You normally trust people and you are easily influenc

26、ed by fashion or new ideas. You dont like to upset people, so you never express your real feelings. Youre quite shy and you arent very confident.If you sleep on your stomach, you are a rather secretive person. You worry a lot and youre always easily upset. Youre very stubborn (顽固的) ,but you arent ve

27、ry ambitious. You usually live for today not for tomorrow. This means that you enjoy having a good time.If you sleep on curled up, you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and so youre often defensive. Youre shy and you dont normally like meeting people. You prefer

28、to be on your own. Youre easily hurt.If you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced personality. You know your strengths and weakness. Youre usually careful. You have a confident personality. You sometimes feel anxious, but you dont often get depressed. You always say what you think

29、 even if it annoys people.56. According to the writer, you naturally show your secret and real personality _.A. only in a normal nightB. only when you go to sleepC. only when you refuse to show yourself to the worldD. only when you change sleeping position57. Maybe you dont want to make friends with

30、 a person who sleeps curled up. Why?A. He or she would rather be alone than communicate with you.B. He or she is rarely ready to help you.C. He or she prefers staying at home to going out.D. He or she wouldnt like to get help from you.58. It appears that the writer tends to think highly of the perso

31、n who sleeps on one side because _.A. he or she always shows sympathy for peopleB. he or she is confident, but not stubbornC. he or she has more strengths than weaknessD. he or she often considers annoying peopleBHe has lived through countless dangers but time may be running out for the Palestinian

32、(巴勒斯坦) leader, Yasser Arafat. On September 11, Israel (以色列) announced its decision to remove him, following several Palestinian suicide bomb attacks on Israel. "He should take some responsibility for the killings," an Israeli official said. "He has done nothing to stop the terrorist g

33、roups." But the decision has angered many other countries. China said that Arafat is the true leader, elected by the Palestinian people, and removing him would harm the peace in the Middle East. This view is shared by other governments. Arafat himself said: "They can kill me, but never get

34、 me out of my country." He has spent most of his life in danger as the chief target (目标) of Israel. But, just like a cat with nine lives, Arafat escaped every time. For years he has made a practice of sleeping in a different bed each night, thinking a moving target is harder to hit. In 1985, Is

35、rael sent fighter planes to kill Arafat. The wild bombing destroyed his old headquarters (总部) in Tunis but Arafat himself was unhurt. In 1992, the aircraft in which he was flying over north Africa broke in two during a crash landing. The crew was killed but he managed to remain alive. What is so unb

36、elievable is that he always remains calm in great danger. Israeli tanks and helicopters attacked his headquarters in Ramallah in December, 2001. When they saw the attackers coming, Arafat's bodyguards ignored his orders to stay still and carried him to safety underground. Seconds later, several

37、bombs exploded nearby. Though safe, his bodyguards were so scared they were soaked in sweat. But Arafat, with Israeli tanks only 200 metres away, showed no fear at all. He stayed in the damaged office, contacting foreign leaders in hope of preventing further attacks from Israel. All these experience

38、s have made him a mysterious man, and one of the world's most legendary (传奇式的) leaders. But has he used up the last of his nine lives? Only time will tell. 59. What is the main idea of the story？ A. Arafat was in danger again after Israel's decision to remove him. B. Arafat faced dangers wit

39、hout fear. C. Arafat was one of the most legendary leaders in the world. D. Arafat may have used up the last of his nine lives.60. Which is not one of the reasons that Arafat managed to live through countless dangers? A. Luck. B. He was very careful. C. He kept a clear head in danger. D. He had myst

40、erious powers.61. What does the boldfaced word “scared” in the last paragraph but three mean? A. Glad. B. Frightened. C. Feeling lucky. D. Worried.62. Arafat's answer to Israeli decision showed _. A. that he wasn't afraid of danger B. his determination to stay in his own country C. that he h

41、as belief in himself D. both A and B CThere are some special traditions in Hawaii. People are very friendly and always welcome visitors. They give visitors a lei along necklace of beautiful fresh flowers. Men wear bright flowered shirts, and women often wear long flowered dresses. There are traditio

42、nal Chinese, Japanese and Filipino holidays and all the holidays from the United States. They call Hawaii the Aloha State. Aloha means both hello and goodbye. It also means “I love you”.Usually when people from different countries, races, and traditions live together, there are serious problems. The

43、re are a few problems in Hawaii, but in general, people have learned to live together in peace.Hawaiians earn most of their money from travelers and most of the travelers come from the mainland and from Japan. There are many people living in Hawaii now so there are residential areas where there used

44、 to be farms. Some of the big sugar and pineapple companies have moved to the Philippines, where they do not have to pay workers as much money. The families of the first people who came from the U.S. mainland own the important banks and companies. Japanese are also buying or starting businesses here

45、.63. The special tradition in Hawaii includes_.Agiving visitors a lei of beautiful fresh flowers. BMen wear bright flowered shirtsCWomen often wear long flowered dresses DAll of the above.64. The most important problem in Hawaii is _.Ato learn to live together in peace. BTo earn money from travelers

46、CTo find a comfortable place to live DTo unite different holidays.65. The main travellers are from _.AEurope BAmerica CJapan DB and C66. Which is not the transformation in Hawaii? _.AFarms have become residential areasBSome big sugar and pineapple companies have moved to PhilippinesCJapanese are buy

47、ing or starting in Hawaii nowDThe families of the first people who came from Europe own the important banks and companies DAmong all the fast growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. Sometimes it

48、 is a hot topic discussed by people.The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with, such as cancer and heart disease. Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers. And to date, doctors have not found a

49、n effective way to cure them. But if the gene technology is applied, not only these two diseases can be cured completely, bringing happiness and more living days to the patients, but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved, therefore it benefits the economy

50、as well. In addition, human life span(寿命) can be prolonged. Gene technology can help people to give birth to more healthy and clever children. Some families, with the English imperial family being a good example, have hereditary diseases. This means their children will for sure have the family disea

51、se, which is a great trouble for these families. In the past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. The scientist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it, and a healthy child will be born.Some people are worrying that the ge

52、ne research can be used to manufacture human beings in large quantities. In the past few years, scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep, therefore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned. But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in

53、the world can have babies in very normal way. Of course, the governments must take care to control gene technology.67. What does “these two killers” in the second paragraph refer to ?A. gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases.B. The two murderers who killed the cloned babyC. The tw

54、o diseases of cancer and heart diseaseD. Hereditary diseases and cancer68. Whats the main idea of the third paragraph?A. How gene technology can be applied in the field of treating hereditary diseases.B. Gene technology can be used to clone human babies.C. Gene technology can help people to give bir

55、th of a baby.D. Gene technology can help the English imperial family out69. In what way gene technology can help to treat hereditary diseases?A. Using gene technology, people with hereditary diseases can have more living days.B. Using gene technology, scientist finds the wrong gene and corrects it.C

56、. Using gene technology, human babies can be cloned.D. Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of gene technology.70. What is the main purpose of writing this passage?A. Expressing the writers idea that gene technology will benefit peopleB. Telling people the advantages of gene techn

57、ologyC. Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit peopleD. Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the humanityEThe European capital cities, Berlin and London, running the third and the fourth richest economies in the world, both produce about a metric ton of rubbish for each household per year. But when it comes to disposing of their citizens waste, the comfortable