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1、小学英语语法知识及练习第一章 名词 名词的概念:用来表示这些人或事物名称的词就是名词。 一、名词的数名词的数指名词的单数和复数形式。可数名词表示“一个”时用单数,“两个以上”时用复数;不可数名词表示量时,通常用“数词+单位+of+物质名词”的形式,如 a piece of bread (一片面包), 变为复数时,只须将单位名词变为复数, 如:two pieces of bread(两片面包)。*名词复数的构成法则1. 一般情况下在词尾加s. shop - shops (商店) bag - bags (书包) window - windows (窗户) 2. 以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾的

2、单词在词尾加es。class - classes (班级) box - boxes (盒子) match - matches (比赛) brush - brushes (刷子)3. 以“辅音字母 +y” 结尾的词, 变y为 i 加es. story - stories (故事) 4. 以“元音字母 +y” 结尾的词,在词尾直接加 s. key - keys(钥匙) monkey - monkeys(猴子)5.以 “o” 结尾的名词, 复数一般在词尾加“s”, 但个别加 “es” tomato - tomatoes (西红柿) potato - potatoes (土豆) zoo - zoos

3、(动物园) photo - photos (照片)(以 “o”结尾,复数加 “es”)口诀: 黑人(Negro)英雄(hero),左手拿着西红柿(tomato),右手拿着破土豆(potato),头顶一个大芒果(mango)。6. 以 f或 fe 结尾的词,多数变f或 fe 为 ves. leaf - leaves (树叶) knife - knives ( 小刀) *(以f或fe结尾的单词,需把f或fe 变ves的单词)口诀:妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去宰狼(wolf),小偷(thief)吓得发了慌,躲在架下(shelf)保己命,半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮目光。*(以f或fe结

4、尾的单词,直接加 “s”的单词)口诀:长颈鹿(giraffe)站在屋檐(roof)下,左手拿着手绢(handkerchief),右手拿着高尔夫球(golf)。7. 不规则名词复数的变化man - men (男人) tooth -teeth (牙齿) child - children (儿童) mouse - mice(老鼠) foot - feet (脚) 8. 名词单复数形式一样 sheep - sheep (绵羊) deer - deer (鹿) English - English(英国人) Chinese - Chinese (中国人)*(不规则名词变复数)口诀:男人,女人a变e;鹅,足

5、,牙齿oo变ee;其实老鼠也好记ous变ic;孩子加上ren,鱼鹿绵羊不用记。二、名词所有格的构成法 1. 主要是在词尾加 s 构成。如: This is Toms desk . 这是汤姆的书桌。That is Mikes book. 那是迈克的书。 2. 如果原名词已经有复数词尾s ,则仅加一个 . 如: the teachers reading room 教师阅览室 the pupils pencil-boxes 学生们的文具盒3. 如果原词是复数形式,但不是以s 结尾,变为所有格形式需在后面加上 s。如:the childrens palace 少年宫 mens room 男厕所*名词所

6、有格口诀:名词所有格,s前面加一撇,复数s放在尾,后加一撇就完结,两人共有算一个,后面只加一个撇。名词练习题一、 写出下列名词的复数形式(一)puter _ 2.apple _ 3.city _ 4.house _ 5.sheep _ 6.watch _ 7.tomato _ 8.child _ 9.tooth _ 10.foot _ 11.wife _ 12.potato _ 13.play _ 14.day _ 15.glass _ 16.radio _17.zoo _18. life _19. story _ 20.leaf _ 21. baby _ 22.dress _ 23.butt

7、erfly _24. deer _ 25.class _ 26.brush _ 27.key _28. English _29.mouse _30. man _(二)1.plane tree lesson month apple shirt2. box bus brush watch class fox3.knife life leaf wife thief4.day boy monkey baby country story5.photo radio piano tomato hero6. child tooth man sheep English Chinese二、汉译英1Tom的足球 _

8、 2. 老师们的自行车_3学生们的课桌 _ 4.哥哥的文具盒_ 5姑姑的卡片 _ 6.猴子们的香蕉_7蚂蚁们的早餐 _ 8.妈妈的包_ 第二章 代词一、人称代词1人称代词即表示“你、我、他、你们、我们、他们”等的词,它的人称、数和格的变化见下表: 数人称主格宾格意思单数第一人称Ime我第二人称youyou你第三人称hesheithimherit他她它复数第一人称weus我们第二人称youyou你们第三人称theythem(他、她、它)们主格与宾格:人称代词主格用在句首作主语。She is sitting in a bus.她正坐在公共汽车上。人称代词宾格在动词后作宾语。This pen is

9、bad.I cant write with it.这支钢笔不好,我没法用它写字。二、物主代词物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 人称类别 第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性myouryouryourhis her itstheir名词性mineoursyoursyourshis hers itstheirs意思我的我们的你的你们的他的,她的,它的(他、她、它)们的形容词性物主代词后要跟名词,名词性物主代词后不跟名词,名词性物主代词 = 形容词性物主代词 + 名词 例,Whose coat is this? 这是谁的上衣? This is

10、my book。这是我的书。Its hers. 是她的。 (hers= her coat)三、指示代词This (这个)- these (这些) 指近处的事物 That (那个)- these (那些) 指远处的事物例,This is a book. 这是本书。 These are some books. 这些是书。 That is a car. 那是辆小汽车。 Those are some cars. 那些是小汽车。代词练习题一、 根据题意,用所给词的适当形式填空。1. Mary is a friend of _. ( I )2. This is _ ( she ) ruler. _ ( I

11、 ) is in the bag. 3. Her brother is too young to look after _ ( he )4. This is _ ( I ) book. This book is _ ( I ).5. These pens are _ ( we ).二、 帮下面的好朋友团圆 (连线) I 她its 我们her 他(她,它)们we 我they 你的their 他(她,它)们your 她的she 它的二、填写下列表格。人称代词我我们你,你们他她它他们主 格宾 格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词三、改写下列句子Eg, This is my book. - The boo

12、k is mine.1. That is her ruler. _2. These are their footballs. _3. This is my backpack . _4. Those are your boxes. _四、把下列句子改写成复数。1. This is a butterfly. _2. That is a bus. _3. It is a mouse. _第三章 数词和冠词一、数词表示数目和顺序的词叫数词。数词又分基数词和序数词,基数词表示数量,序数词表示顺序。1 最基本的基数词如下表所示:1101119201001 one11 eleven2 two12 twelv

13、e20 twenty3 three13 thirteen30 thirty4 four14 fourteen40 forty5 five15 fifteen50 fifty6 six16 sixteen60 sixty7 seven17 seventeen70 seventy8 eight18 eighteen80 eighty9 nine19 nineteen90 ninety10 ten100 one hundred*基数词的写法 :2199的两位数,十位与个位之间用连字符“-”。例:21 twenty - one 32 thirty - two 99 ninety nine百位数:个位数

14、基数词形式加“hundred”,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and。例:101 a hundred and one. 320 three hundred and twenty 648six hundred and forty-eight2序数词的构成1)一般来说,是由相应的基数词加词尾th构成。例, four+ th- fourth six + th - sixth seven + th - seventh ten + th - tenth2)下面这些基数词在变为序数词时,有特殊的变化。例, one - first two - second three - third five- fifth

15、 eight - eighth nine - ninth twelve - twelfth3)十位整数序数词的构成方法是将基数词的词y 变成i,然后在加eth.例, twenty - twentieth thirty - thirtieth forty - fortieth ninety - ninetieth1) 两位或两位以上的基数词变为序数词时,仅将个位数变成序数词。例,twenty one - twenty- first thirty-five -thirty-fifth a hundred and fifty-three - a hundred and fifty- third 二、

16、冠词 冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。 a或an是不定冠词,the是定冠词。a用在辅音音素之前,如 a desk, a tree ; an 用在元音因素之前,如 an apple, an hour, an English book.1.不定冠词(a,an)指人或事物的某一种类,表示“一个”,但不强调数量。She is a teacher. Thats an orange. 2.定冠词 the的用法:1).特指某(些)人或某(些)物,这是定冠词的基本用法。2).指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。例如:open the window,please.请打开窗户。3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。例如:i have

17、 a car. the car is red.我有一辆小汽车,它是红色的。4).指世界上独一无二的事物。 例如:which is bigger,the sun or the earth?哪一个大,太阳还是地球?5).用在序数词,形容词最高级前。例如:the first lesson is the easiest one in this book.第一课是这本书最简单的一课。6).用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如,the great wall 长城,the united states美国7). 用在方位词前。例如:on the left在左边,in the middle of在中间8). 用

18、在乐器名称前。例如:she plays the piano every day.她每天弹钢琴9). 用在某些固定词组中:all the same仍然;all the time一直;at the moment此刻;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说;do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上;in the open air 在户外,在野外3.不用冠词的情况:1) 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词前一般不用冠词。如,Chinese, English, Jim等。2) 名

19、词前已经有this, that, my, your等词时,就不再用冠词。如,that mouse (那只老鼠) 3) 一些固定词组前不用定冠词。如,at home 在家 go to school 去上学冠词练习题选择正确的选项:1.There is _ apple on the desk. a. a b .the c. an d./2.The girl under _ tree is my sister. a. a b .thec .an d./3.He met _ friend of his on the road.a. a b .the c .an d./5. Yesterday I we

20、nt towork on foot. a. /, / b ./, thec .the, / d. the, the6. We have three meals day. we have breakfast at 6:30 in morning every day.a. the, the, the b. the, /, thec. a, /, thed .a, the, the第四章 句型一、陈述句定义:凡是说明一件事情,提出一个看法,或是表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句,陈述句可以用肯定式和否定式。肯定句变否定句:时态具体句型句子构成一般现在时动词做谓语主语+be (am/

21、is / are )+not+其他+.实意动词做谓语主语+dont/doesnt +其他+.情态动词+实意动词主语+情态动词+not +动词原形+其他+.现在进行时动词做谓语主语+be动词(am /is /are)+not+现在分词+其他+.肯定句变否定句就是加not或表示否定的词陈述句练习把下列陈述句变成否定句。1.My father watches TV every day .My father _ _ TV every day .2.Kate often does her homework at six .Kate _ often _ her homework at six.3.I go

22、 to school at seven .I _ _ to school at seven .4.She usually goes home by bus .She _ usually _ home by bus .5.They are good students .They _ _ good students .6.He is clever .He _ _ clever .7.He has some bread for breakfast every morning .He _ _ _ bread for breakfast every morning . 8.I often drink s

23、ome tea in the afternoon .I _ often _ _ tea in the afternoon .9.He has some eggs .He _ _ _ eggs .10.Kim likes his new bike .Kim _ _ his new bike .二、疑问句 (一)、一般疑问句:1.一般疑问句又可以叫做yes/no句型,需要用yes或no来回答。2.一般疑问句的基本结构:be动词(am, is, are)+主语+表语?情态动词(can, may, must)+主语+行为动词(或be)?助动词(do, does)+主语+行为动词?3.变一般疑问句的方法

24、:(一调,二变,三问号)当句中有Be(am, is, are)动词的时候:1、将Be(am, is, are)提前,放于句首(大写);2、将人称变换(一变二,二变一,三不变):第一人称变第二人称(Iyou, weyou, myyour, ouryour),第二人称变第一人称(youI,youwe,yourmy,yourour),第三人称不变。3、在句尾加问号“?”4、回答: 肯定: Yes , 主语+be. 否定: No, 主语+be+not.当句中没有Be动词, 有情态动词的时候:1、提前can, may,放于句首(大写);2、人称变换同上面(一变二,二变一,三不变)。3、在句尾加问号“?”

25、4、回答: 肯定: Yes , 主语+can. 否定: No, 主语+can+not.句中没有Be动词和情态动词can的时候:1、 在句首加Do或Does,当主语是第三人称单数的时候用Does,其它都用Do2、人称变换同上面(一变二,二变一,三不变)。3、在句尾加问号“?”4、回答:肯定: Yes , 主语+do/does 否定: No, 主语+do/does+not.其它在句中要变换的词有someany, amare (二)、特殊疑问句:以疑问代词what, who(whom), whose, which 或疑问副词when, where, how, why 放在句首提问的句子叫做特殊疑问句

26、,答语只要针对问句中的疑问代词或疑问副词来回答,不用yes 或no。特殊疑问句的基本结构:疑问词 + 一般疑问句 What do you want? 你要什么? Whose coat is this? 这是谁的大衣?How did he know it? 他是怎么知道它的?Why did you say this? 你为什么要这么说?Which is your umbrella? 哪个是你的雨伞?Where were these buses made? 这些巴士是哪儿制造的?疑问代词: who: 谁 提问人物。 whose: 谁的 提问“物主”。 which: 哪一个/位 提问“选择”。 wh

27、at: 什么 提问事物或事情疑问副词: when: 什么时候 提问在何时。 where: 在哪里 提问在何地。 why: 为什么 提问原因。 how: 怎么样 提问表示程度或方式的副词或短语。由疑问词what构成的短语引导的问句what time(几点) what day (星期几) what date (日期) what color (什么颜色)由疑问词how 构成的短语引导的问句how old多大了 how many + 复数名词 表示多少 how much + 不可数名词 表示多少 how often 多久一次疑问句专项练习按要求改写句子,每空格限填一词。1. Its a large r

28、oom.(改为复数形式) _ _ large rooms.2. He has to buy a dictionary for his daughter.(改为否定句) He _ _ to buy a dictionary for his daughter.3. Uncle Wang likes making things. (改为否定句) Uncle Wang _ _ making things.4. There are fifty-two students in our class. (就划线部分提问) _ _ students are there in your class?5. He h

29、as three pens. (就划线部分提问) _ _ pens does he have ?6. She is ten years old. (就划线部分提问) _ _ is she?7. They have a class meeting every other week. (改为否定句) They _ _ a class meeting every other week.9. Put the book on the desk.(否定句)_ _ the book on the desk.10. His bike was bought yesterday. (就划线部分提问) _ _ wa

30、s bought yesterday?11. She does morning exercises every day. (否定句)She _ _ morning exercises every day.12. She has to stay at home.(改为一般疑问句) _ she _ to stay at home.三、祈使句 一、祈使句:用来表示下达命令、提出要求、建议和劝告的句子。说话的对象通常是第二人称you ,习惯上常省略。祈使句的肯定句谓语动词用原形,否定句一般用dont, never开始。1肯定祈使句句型 1 :动词 let + 第一、三人称宾格代词 + 动词原形. 例句

31、:Lets go to school. 让我们去上学吧。 Let me try. 让我试一试。 句型 2:动词 + 其他部分 例句:Please open the door . 请开门。 Listen to me. 请听我讲。2.否定祈使句 (一般在句首加 Dont.)Climb the tree ,please. 请爬树。 (肯定句) Open the door. 打开门。 (肯定句)Dont climb the tree! 不要爬树。 (否定句) Dont open the door. 不要开门。 (否定句)四、there be与havehas 句型一. “There be” 句型“The

32、re be +名词+地点/时间”是指“某地(时)存在某人 (或某物)”。(一)结构1) There is + 可数名词单数 或者 不可数名词2) There are + 可数名词复数(二)用法1. 肯定句: There is are + _.2. 否定句:There is are + not _3. 一般疑问句:IsAre + there ? Yes, there is are. No, there is are not.(三)There be 句型中的 be 与离它最近的名词有关。例, There is an apple and two pears on the table.There ar

33、e two pears and an apple on the table.二、have has 句型 是指某人有某物 (表示所有、拥有关系)I We You They 人名(复数)+ have He She It 人名(单数)+ has there be与havehas句型专项练习题一、 用“have , there be ” 的适当形式填空1. He _ a lot of friends.2. _ _ four seasons in a year.3. She _ seven sons.4. _ _ any milk in the cup? 5. Beijing _ many univer

34、sities. 6. We _ a lot of work to do.7. _ _ a book and two pens on the table.8. They _ many beautiful flowers.9. _ _ three pencils and a ruler in the pencil-box.10. My father _ a red car.二、选择填空1.There _ two knives in the pencil box . A.are B.is C.be D.am 2.How many counties _ in Europe ?is it A.is th

35、ere B.are they C.are there 3.Look ! There _ some apples in that tree A.is B.are C.be D.am 4.There _ some children playing on the playground . A.is B.are C.has D.have 5. There _ an apple tree near the river . A.am B.are C.is D.be6. _ there any good news in todays newspaper ? A.Are B. Is C.Have D.Has7

36、.There _ a banana and ten pears in the basket . A.are B.is C.has D.have 9.There _ some oranges on the table . A.are B.is C.am D.be10.There _ forty sixty students in Class _. A.have , Three B.are , Three C.have , Third D.are , Third 11.There _ a table with three legs in Jennys room . A.is B. are C.ha

37、s D.have 12.There _ ten deer and a monkey in the photo . A.is B.are C.be D.have 第四章 句子时态一、一般现在时的定义一般现在时是表示现在经常反复发生的动作,存在的状态或习惯性的动作的时态。二、一般现在时的结构一般现在时用行为动词的原形,但第三人称单数作主语时,动词的词尾要加-s 或- es。连系动词be 的各种形式常与代词或not缩写成一个词。助动词do,does 一般只有与not 缩写。Be动词缩写形式如下肯定缩写否定缩写I amImI am notIm notYou areYoureYou are notYou

38、re not /You arentHe isHesHe is notHes not /He isntShe isShesShe is notShes not /She isntIt isItsIt is notIts not / It isntWe areWereWe are notWere not / We arentThey areTheyreThey are notTheyre not / They arent 动词do not 的缩写形式为dont,does not 的缩写形式为doesnt。二、 动词加-s 或-es (动词第三人称单数)当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词需加-s 或-

39、es1 一般在词尾加 s例:workworks leave - leaves swim - swims2 以字母s,x,ch,sh 或o结尾的词加-es例:pass- passes fix -fixes teach - teaches do- does 3 以辅音字母加y结尾的词,先变y为i再加-es例:study - studies carry - carries fly - flies cry - cries在句子中,如果使用了助动词does,dont,will,wont,can,would,wouldnt,must,mustnt等,尽管主语是第三人称单数,谓语动词也无需变化。如: He

40、doesnt want to go shopping. Can he move the stone? Mike wont come to school tomorrow.三、 一般现在时的用法1 表示经常或习惯性的动作。常与often(经常), always(总是), sometimes(有时), every day(每天), on Sundays/Mondays 等表示频度的时间状语连用。例句:I get up at 6 oclock every day. He often goes to school by bike.2 表示客观事实,普遍真理。例句:Two and two are fou

41、r.二加二等于四。The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。一般现在时态专项练习一、 写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式posteatstopjumpgolikevisitpassrisereadridehavegivewriteswimstudywatchflyteachdohaveswimstudyrisestopdoridecrywriteflyplayreadcomebuygivewatchworkcarry二、单项选择( )1._ you have a book ? A Do B. Are C. Is D. Have( )2.Does Li Lei l

42、ike to watch TV? _. A. Yes, he like. B. No, he doesnt. C. Yes, hed like. D. No, he likes. ( )3.She doesnt _ her homework in the afternoon. A. doing B. to do C. does D. do ( )4.How _ Mr. Smith _ to England? A. do, go B. is , go C. does, go D. does , goes ( )5. _ she _ home at six every day? A. Is , l

43、eave B. Does , leave C. Is , leaves D. Does , left二、 用下列动词的适当形式填空1.I _ ( get ) up at 6 oclock every day.2.My father _ (have) a lovely dog.3.He _ (go ) to school on foot.4.She _ (do ) not like watching TV.5.They _ (play) football every Sunday afternoon.三、 按要求完成下列各题1.Tomorrow is Saturday.(变成一般疑问句) _ _

44、 Saturday ?2.Does he play basketball every weekend? (肯定回答) Yes, _ _.3.She looks like her sister.(变一般疑问句)_ she _ like her sister ?4.Peter and Sam look the same.(一般疑问句) _ they _ the same ?5.Do they always go to the movie (电影院) on Sundays ? (否定回答) No, _ _.1. He _ (go) to school on foot.2. She _ not lik

45、e watching TV. (do)3. My father _ (have) a lovely dog.4. I often _ ( get ) up at six every morning.5. My mother _ ( work) in a school.第五章 现在进行时态一、 现在进行时的定义 现在进行时是表示在现在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作的时态。二、 现在进行时的构成现在进行时由“系动词(am,is , are) + 现在分词(动词加-ing形式)”构成。现在以动词work为例,对现在进行时的肯定句、否定句、疑问句及简略答语列表说明:肯 定 句否 定 句I am working.I am not working.You are working.You are not working.He/She/It is working.He/She/It is not working.We/You/They are working.We/You/They are not working.疑

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