托福听力lecture的结构

1、托福听力 lecture 的结构1. Lecture 有结构托福听力的 lecture 基本上都是总分总的结构， 即引入话题 展开讨论 教授总结，下面分点论述：1）引入话题其实托福听力 lecture 里面讲课的教授就跟大家碰到过的老师一样，有的喜欢直入主题， 有的喜欢拉七杂八。 总的说来， lecture 话题的引入方式有三种：? 开门见山：啥也不扯，一言不合就开车，比如TPO1 Lecture2 ：Ok,let s get started. GreatToday. I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine ho

2、w old a piece of land, orsome other geologic feature isdating techniques.? 课程回顾：回顾上堂课的内容，然后再切入本堂课的内容；一般来说本次是上次的细化或者与上次的对比。 比如 TPO5 Lecture2 ： Last week , we covered some arguments against going backto the Moon.But there are compelling reasons in favor ofanother Moon landing too, um not the least of

3、which istrying to pinpoint the moon s age.? 啰哩吧嗦：有的教授实在是特别啰嗦，比如TPO2 Lecture2 ：Hi,everyone. Good to see you all today.【你也好啊】 Actually, Iexpected the population to be a lot lower today. It typically runs between 50 and 60 percent on the day the researchpaper is due. 【来的人多不好么， 说明你受欢迎啊】Um, I washoping t

4、o have your exams back today 【啊，要放榜啦？】 , but, uh, the situation was that I went away for the weekend,and I was supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully complete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time that I usually go to bed, but my flight wasdelayed, and I ended up

5、not getting in until one othe morning 【你飞机晚点关我什么事啊？】. Anyway, Imyll dobest to have them finished by the next time we meet【开始上课吧，please 】. OK. In the last class, we started talkingabout. 【终于开始了 】不论是用哪一种引入方式， 话题总是要出来的。 一般都有一个核心的话题词，这个词后面一般有一个定义或者解释。比如 TPO5Lecture3 ：.But, let s talkSpectroscopyabouta l

6、ittle now just tocover the basics. What is Spectroscopy? Well,the simplestdefinition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study ofthe interaction between matter and light.这个 topic+definition/explanation 一定要听懂，最好还能在笔记上记下关键词。（当然，也有话题词不那么明显的，这样的lecture 的结构就稍微难以整理一点。）在这个 topic+definition/explanati

7、on之后，一般有一句话总起下面的展开讨论的内容。比如TPO33 Lecture1 ：The great pyramid ofGiza in Egypt might be the most famous building in the world. Weknow exactly when it was built: construction started in 2547 B.C.E.,about four thousand five hundred years ago. We know who had itbuilt: that was a Pharaoh Khufu. And we know

8、 who oversaw itsconstruction: the Pharaoh's brother. We know so many thingsabout it, but the funny thing is, we still don't know exactly howit was built.This picture will give you an idea of the size of thepyramid and the size of blocks it's made up of. About two millionstone blocks were

9、 used to build the great pyramid, and they'reincredibly massive. The average weight is two and a half tons. Theproblem that has puzzled scholars for centuries is how were theseblocks lifted up the height of this massive structure and then fitinto place and without the benefit of modern technolog

10、y.Ofcourse there have been a lot of theories over the centuries.其实这就是常见的总起句式several theories a few problemsscientists have proposed several explanations，下面的展开讨论部分就是具体展开这些theories 、problems 或explanations 。小结一下：Lecture 的第一个部分包括： 引入 + 话题 + 定义 / 解释 + 总起。2）展开讨论展开讨论当然紧接着上面的总起，结构往往比较清晰。比如 TPO33 Lecture1 在总

11、起 Of course there have been a lot of theories over the centuries 之后就逐个展开这些 theories 。这些 theories 都是解释上面的话题，先提出 theory1 ，讲清楚后再讲 theory1 的问题；因为 theory1 有问题，自然就转入了 theory2 ，再以此类推讲 theory3 、 theory4 一般也就是三个或四个 theory ，再多就太长了。? The oldest recorded one 【theory1 】 is by the Greek historian Herodotus.Well,

12、so much for that theory.? The next one 【theory2 】has to do with the use of a ramp.【 theory2 的问题】 OK, so what now? Well, if you'd ever driven on a mountain road.So why not wrapthe ramp around the pyramid 【theory3 】. Well, if you've got a ramp spiraling up from the base of the pyramid, those c

13、orners would be buried by that ramp during construction【 theory3 的问题】 .? Well, who says the ramp has to be on the outside of the pyramid?And now we get to the latest idea【theory4】 : if the rampwere on the inside of the pyramid.其实这种就是托福听力 lecture 的第一种，即总分总的多个分点之间是并列的关系，比较常见的是problem+solution1 、soluti

14、on2 、 solution3 或者puzzle+explanation1 、explanation2 、explanation3 。不论是一个问题 + 多个解决方案，还是一个疑难 + 多种解释，不论具体的用词是用 solution 、explanation 还是theory ，总体结构都是类似的。这些结构大多适用于理工科的话题， 逻辑比较清晰， 转进的逻辑连接词也很明确，占据托福听力 lecture 的大多数。另外一种就是总分总的多个分点之间是直线型的时间关系，多适用于文科的内容。比如讲到某个作家的生平， 一般都是早年 青年 中年 晚年，再比如讲到某种乐器的进化史， 一般都是起源 19世纪

15、20世纪 21世纪之类的。比如 TPO30 Lecture4 ：话题引入之后总起 But really the instrument electricguitar we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. 然后就分阶段讲述 guitar 的发展史：? The first guitars were wooden.? the steel guitar was first introduced in the United

16、States.in the late 1890s .? Anyway, by the1920s .? Electrified guitars. around1940 .很显然，这种直线型结构的关键在于听懂记下这些时间标记。小结一下：展开论述都跟着前面的总起，展开论述本身又包括 problem+solution123 puzzle+explanation123 的并列分点型（理科话题）和直线时间递进型（文科话题）。3）教授总结主体部分结束之后，教授一般都要对前面讲到的solution123 、explanation123 或者某作家的生平进行一番总结。直线时间递进型（文科话题）的总结没有明显规律

17、，可能讲讲某作家的生平很励志，鼓励同学们努力，比如 TPO1 Lecture1 ：No matter what, she never stopped painting . And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to facechallenges and difficulties like that. But whatortant is that

18、s impyou keep at it that you don t give up. Thats what is reallyimportant to remember.而 problem+solution123 puzzle+explanation123的并列分点型（理科话题）的总结部分则规律明显，有两者情况：? 教授赞同最后一个 solution/explanation/theory ：还记得前面 theory 的转进方式么？如果 theory1 就是对的，那就不会有theory234了。? 教授表示not sure：比如TPO1 Lecture3：And hopefully,furth

19、erexcavation of Catalhoyuk will yield more clues.再比如TPO32 Lecture1 ： Clearly, more research needs to be done. Perhaps by some new scholars from this university? At least give it some thought.2. 结构有用上面的结构对应了托福听力lecture 的题目，而且还比较精准：? 引入话题?引入?话题 + 定义 / 解释 Question1 ： What is the lecturemainly about?总起? 分点 1 Question2? 分点 2 Question3? 分点 3 Question4? 总结 Question5上面 5题+ 重听题，一共 6题。这种结构与出题的对应关系当然是最理想的情况，但是从我做 TPO的经验来看，还真是大同小异。而且从托福听力的结构还能推导出一些做题方法，试论两个：1）跨区排除如果我们在听力的时候能够把听力笔记区分不同的区域来（