毕业外文翻译

1、毕业英语翻译 专业：土木工程 姓名：马伟 学号：090320615建筑施工混凝土裂缝的主要种类1、干缩裂缝图1、干缩裂缝 干缩裂缝多出现在混凝土养护结束后的一段时间或是混凝土浇筑完毕后的一周左右。水泥浆中水分的蒸发会产生干缩，且这种收缩是不可逆的。干缩裂缝的产生主要是由于混凝土内外水分蒸发程度不同而导致变形不同的结果：混凝土受外部条件的影响，表面水分损失过快，变形较大，内部湿度变化较小变形较小，较大的表面干缩变形受到混凝土内部约束，产生较大拉应力而产生裂缝。相对湿度越低，水泥浆体干缩越大，干缩裂缝越易产生。干缩裂缝多为表面性的平行线状或网状浅细裂缝，宽度多在0.05-0.2mm之间，大体积混凝

2、土中平面部位多见，较薄的梁板中多沿其短向分布。干缩裂缝通常会影响混凝土的抗渗性，引起钢筋的锈蚀影响混凝土的耐久性，在水压力的作用下会产生水力劈裂影响混凝土的承载力等等。混凝土干缩主要和混凝土的水灰比、水泥的成分、水泥的用量、集料的性质和用量、外加剂的用量等有关。2、塑性收缩裂缝图2、塑性收缩裂缝塑性收缩是指混凝土在凝结之前，表面因失水较快而产生的收缩。塑性收缩裂缝一般在干热或大风天气出现，裂缝多呈中间宽、两端细且长短不一，互不连贯状态。较短的裂缝一般长20-30cm，较长的裂缝可达2-3m，宽1-5mm.其产生的主要原因为：混凝土在终凝前几乎没有强度或强度很小，或者混凝土刚刚终凝而强度很小时，

3、受高温或较大风力的影响，混凝土表面失水过快，造成毛细管中产生较大的负压而使混凝土体积急剧收缩，而此时混凝土的强度又无法抵抗其本身收缩，因此产生龟裂。影响混凝土塑性收缩开裂的主要因素有水灰比、混凝土的凝结时间、环境温度、风速、相对湿度等等。3、沉陷裂缝图3、沉陷裂缝沉陷裂缝的产生是由于结构地基土质不匀、松软或回填土不实或浸水而造成不均匀沉降所致；或者因为模板刚度不足，模板支撑间距过大或支撑底部松动等导致，特别是在冬季，模板支撑在冻土上，冻土化冻后产生不均匀沉降，致使混凝土结构产生裂缝。此类裂缝多为深进或贯穿性裂缝，其走向与沉陷情况有关，一般沿与地面垂直或呈30°-45°角方向

4、发展，较大的沉陷裂缝，往往有一定的错位，裂缝宽度往往与沉降量成正比关系。裂缝宽度受温度变化的影响较小。地基变形稳定之后，沉陷裂缝也基本趋于稳定。4、温度裂缝图4、温度裂缝 温度裂缝多发生在大体积混凝土表面或温差变化较大地区的混凝土结构中。混凝土浇筑后，在硬化过程中，水泥水化产生大量的水化热，（当水泥用量在350-550 kg/m3，每立方米混凝土将释放出17500-27500kJ的热量，从而使混凝土内部温度升达70左右甚至更高）。由于混凝土的体积较大，大量的水化热聚积在混凝土内部而不易散发，导致内部温度急剧上升，而混凝土表面散热较快，这样就形成内外的较大温差，较大的温差造成内部与外部热胀冷缩的

5、程度不同，使混凝土表面产生一定的拉应力。当拉应力超过混凝土的抗拉强度极限时，混凝土表面就会产生裂缝，这种裂缝多发生在混凝土施工中后期。在混凝土的施工中当温差变化较大，或者是混凝土受到寒潮的袭击等，会导致混凝土表面温度急剧下降，而产生收缩，表面收缩的混凝土受内部混凝土的约束，将产生很大的拉应力而产生裂缝，这种裂缝通常只在混凝土表面较浅的范围内产生。温度裂缝的走向通常无一定规律，大面积结构裂缝常纵横交错；梁板类长度尺寸较大的结构，裂缝多平行于短边；深入和贯穿性的温度裂缝一般与短边方向平行或接近平行，裂缝沿着长边分段出现，中间较密。裂缝宽度大小不一，受温度变化影响较为明显，冬季较宽，夏季较窄。高温膨

6、胀引起的混凝土温度裂缝是通常中间粗两端细，而冷缩裂缝的粗细变化不太明显。此种裂缝的出现会引起钢筋的锈蚀，混凝土的碳化，降低混凝土的抗冻融、抗疲劳及抗渗能力等。5、化学反应引起的裂缝碱骨料反应裂缝和钢筋锈蚀引起的裂缝是钢筋混凝土结构中最常见的由于化学反应而引起的裂缝。混凝土拌和后会产生一些碱性离子，这些离子与某些活性骨料产生化学反应并吸收周围环境中的水而体积增大，造成混凝土酥松、膨胀开裂。这种裂缝一般出现中混凝土结构使用期间，一旦出现很难补救，因此应在施工中采取有效措施进行预防。主要的预防措施：一是选用碱活性小的砂石骨料。二是选用低碱水泥和低碱或无碱的外加剂。三是选用合适的掺和料抑制碱骨料反应。

7、由于混凝土浇筑、振捣不良或者是钢筋保护层较薄，有害物质进入混凝土使钢筋产生锈蚀，锈蚀的钢筋体积膨胀，导致混凝土胀裂，此种类型的裂缝多为纵向裂缝，沿钢筋的位置出现。通常的预防措施有：一是保证钢筋保护层的厚度。二是混凝土级配要良好。三是混凝土浇注要振捣密实。四是钢筋表层涂刷防腐涂料。结 论 裂缝是混凝土结构中普遍存在的一种现象，它的出现不仅会降低建筑物的抗渗能力，影响建筑物的使用功能，而且会引起钢筋的锈蚀，混凝土的碳化，降低材料的耐久性，影响建筑物的承载能力，因此要对混凝土裂缝进行认真研究、区别对待，采用合理的方法进行处理，并在施工中采取各种有效的预防措施来预防裂缝的出现和发展，保证建筑物和构件安

8、全、稳定地工作。Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processing1.Stem Suo crack Stem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation st

9、em Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humid

10、ity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body ste

11、m Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribu

12、te.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc.Concrete stem the Suo be main w

13、ith water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.2.The Su constringency crack Su constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but c

14、reation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, th

15、e longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence,

16、the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su

17、 constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity.etc.3.Sink to sink crack The creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or

18、return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up a

19、t jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpe

20、ndicular or present 30 °s-45 ° Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform st

21、ability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.4.Temperature crack Temperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardeni

22、ng the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 or so even higher)Because

23、the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the b

24、igger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, th

25、is kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but crea

26、tion constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation. The alignment of the temperature crack usually n

27、one settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce through sex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack

28、 along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the th

29、ick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc.5.Crack that the chemi

30、cal reaction cause Alkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack. The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, the

31、se ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficul

32、t remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is th

33、e Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction. Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflat