内容案例旧课件2chemical ulas nomenclature

1、CHEMICAL FORMULAS &NOMENCLATUREGeneral Chemistry I, Lecture Series 2Zhijun Ning, Qixi MiReading:OGC7 §1.2-3, §2, §3.12-13© Qixi Mi 2014, Zhijun Ning 2015, except pictures from the Internet.9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech2Outline Chemical formulas Element, compound

2、Atom, molecule The mole Chemical equations Chemical nomenclature Conventional Systematic9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech3古代炼丹术Ø 炼丹术是近代化学的先驱，Ø 实验器具和则成为化学发展初期所需要的物质准备。常用药品：、硫、碳、锡、铅、铜、金、银三仙丹（HgO）、（PbO）铅丹（Pb3O4）、砒霜（As2O3）丹砂（HgS）雄黄（As2S2）雌黄（As2S3）盐（包括、等，NaCl）硝石（KNO3或NaNO3）胆矾（CuSO45H2O

3、）、石碱（Na2CO3）、灰霜（K2CO3）盐（包括、等，NaCl）硝石（KNO3或NaNO3）10H2O）（Na2B4O7），云母（H2KA13(SiO4)3）醋（CH3COOH）酒（CH3CH2OH）9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech4长生不老药朱砂HgS凡草木烧之即烬，而丹砂炼之成水银， 积变又还成丹砂，其去草木亦远矣，故能令人长生。Hg9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech5Macroscopic worldMethane CH4Ethanol, C2H6OWhite phosphorus,

4、 P4Sodium chloride, NaClPotassium permanganate, KMnO4How were chemical formulas determined 100+ years before atoms could be seen?9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech6Methane CH4Ethanol, C2H6OWhite phosphorus, P4Sodium chloride, NaClPotassium permanganate, KMnO4Microscopic world9/21/2015General

5、 Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech7Classification of MatterMatter均匀的同质的HeterogeneousHomogeneousHeterogeneous mixtureHomogeneousmixture(Pure)substanceBinary 二元的Ternary 三元的Quaternary 四元的CompoundElementRefiningPlatinumAqua regia12543PtPt(NH4)2PtCl69/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech89/21/2015General Che

6、mistry I, ShanghaiTech9Nothing is absolutely pureThe purest substance: Silicon (one part per billion)纯度： 99.99999999%, 三个九，四个九，五个九9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech10Chemical ElementsAtomicnumberSymbolRelativeatomicmassPlatine Platin 铂白金Name(s)9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech11More

7、 ElementsSymbolNames (EN, ZH, JA)MeaningHHydrogen, 氢,Water formerOOxygen, 氧, 酸素Acid formerClChlorine, 氯, 塩素Pale greenHgMercury, Hydrargyrum, 水銀Aqueous silverAlAluminum, Aluminium,铝, AlumWTungsten, 钨, Heavy stoneZnZinc, 锌, 亜鉛SnTin, 锡, 9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech12Lavoisiers Experiment3

8、50 °Cmercury + airmercury oxide + remaining gas>500 °Cmercury oxidemercury + gass from observations and quantitative measurements Air is a homogeneous mixture Chemical reactions occurred Mass was conserved during these chemicalreactionsAntoine Lavoisier(17431794)𝑚 mercury oxide=

9、 𝑚(mercury) + 𝑚(gas)Stoichiometry 化学计量学17749/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech13Compounds and FormulasJoseph Proust (17541826)Law of Definite Proportions (1799) infersthat (most) compounds Can and should be purified; Can and should be denoted by formulas.ReactionMineSalt(60.66

10、% Cl)OceanHoneySugar (40.00% C)GrapeNa 39.34%, Cl 60.66%9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech14Daltons Atomic TheoryAtoms are indivisibleAtoms of a givenelement are identicalJohn Dalton (17661844)Atoms cant be changedin chemical reactionPostulate 假定Hypothesis 假说Theory 理论9/21/2015General Chemist

11、ry I, ShanghaiTech15Daltons Atomic TheoryPostulates atoms as portions of mass (1808).John Dalton (17661844)Assume: Ar(H) = 1, Ar(S) = 32, Ar(As) = 75.Relative atomic mass (Ar)QuantityAtomElement symbolIdentityCompoundFormulaCalculated %Experiment %Hydrogen sulfideH2SH 5.88, S 94.12H 5.92, S 94.08Rea

12、lgarAsSAs 70.09, S 29.91As 70.03, S 29.97OrpimentAs2S3As 60.98, S 39.02As 60.91, S 39.099/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech16Realgar雄黄Law of Multiple ProportionsRealgar: As 60.91%, S 39.09%Orpiment: As 70.03%, S 29.97%Realgar: As / S = 1.558Orpiment: As / S = 2.337Orpiment雌黄As / S in realgar2

13、3As / S in orpiment = 0.667 Formulas can and should be denoted by portions instead of compositions.9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech17Empirical FormulasFor realgar “AsS”, why not As2S2, As3S3, or As4S4?For orpiment “As2S3”, why not As4S6?What is the formula of an element? Hydrogen o H or H2

14、?Oxygen o O, O2, or O3?I prefer simplicity!9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech18Gaseous ReactionsJoseph Louis Gay-Lussac (17781850)1811Oxygen o1681Hydrogen+Water vapor112ArMass ratioVolume ratio92Two independentsets of ratios9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech19Avogadros HypothesisDalt

15、on 1808: For all matter,Number of atomsMassAvogadro 1811: For all gases,Number of moleculesVolumeAmedeo Avogadro (17761856)o H2ORelative molecular mass MroHydrogen+Oxygen1681832Water vapor2 H + O1120.52ArMass ratio Volume ratio Mr ratioMr924.518o 2 H2Oo 2 H4O22 H2+ O22 H4+ O49/21/2015General Chemist

16、ry I, ShanghaiTech20Avogadros Hypothesis over 50 examplesDaltonAvogadroWrongCorrectValidated 50 years later9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech21MatterHeterogeneousHomogeneousHeterogeneous mixtureHomogeneous mixture(Pure) substanceCompoundElementMoleculeAtom9/21/2015General Chemistry I, Shangh

17、aiTech22Bottom Line These rules are made by chemists and for chemists. These rules are subject to revisions. The purpose of learning these rules is not only to abide by them, but, more importantly, to create new ones.Textbooks and reference books are available in the library.9/21/2015General Chemist

18、ry I, ShanghaiTech23Drop Boxes for Problem Sets×29/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech24Outline Chemical formulas Element, compound Atom, molecule The mole Chemical equations Chemical nomenclature Conventional Systematic9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech25Relative Atomic Mass and I

19、sotope12C16O10BSubstanceCompoundElement11B1H protium氕2H deuterium 氘Isotope3H tritium氚Isotope 1AbundanceIsotope 2AbundanceAr10B or B-1020%11B or B-1180%B = 10.835Cl or Cl-3575%37Cl or Cl-3725%Cl = 35.5HBCOMgAr1.010.812.016.024.39/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech26Relative & Absolute Masse

20、s1808Take Ar(H) = 11834Faraday measured 1.12 mg Ag per C1900Take Ar(O) = 161910Millikan found e = 1.60×1019 CMichael Faraday (17911867)1961Take Ar(12C) = 12(Absolute) atomic mass mama(Ag)= 1.12×103 g/C · 1.60×1019 C= 1.79×1022 gm (12C) = m (Ag) · Ar(12C)aaAr(Ag)= 1.99&#

21、215;1023 gRobert A. Millikan (18681953)1H12C16OAgAr1.00781215.9949107.86829/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech27Avogadros Number & the Mole 12 g=12 g= 6.02×1023N.A ma 12C1.99×1023 g6.02×1023Molar mass MAr(Ag) = 107.9o M(Ag) = 107.9 g mol1.Mr(H2O) = 18.0 o M(H2O) = 18.0 g mol

22、1.M(NaCl) = 58.4 g mol1.IonsMoleculesMoleAtoms9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech28Chemical Stoichiometry NaCl +SO2 +H2O +O2 Na2SO4+HCl2 NaCl+SO2 +H2O +O2Na2SO4 +HCl2 NaCl+SO2 +H2O +O2Na2SO4 +2 HCl𝟏𝟐2 NaCl +SO+ H O +ONa SO+2 HCl222244 NaCl + 2 SO2 + 2 H2O + O22 Na2SO4 + 4 HCl9

23、/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech29Chemical StoichiometryReview:OGC7§2.4 Writing Balanced Chemical Equations§2.5 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions§2.6 Limiting Reactant and Percentage Yield9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech30Outline Chemical formulas Element, co

24、mpound Atom, molecule The mole Chemical equations Chemical nomenclature Conventional Systematic9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech31Simple Ions and Ionic CompoundsClNa+NaClChlorideSodium ionSodium Chloride氯离子钠离子氯化钠DE: NatriumchloridFR: Le chlorure de sodiumJA: 塩化NH3NH4+AmmoniaAmmonium氨铵根离子O22

25、 O2PeroxideSuperoxide过氧根离子超氧根离子H2O2Hydrogen peroxideClO ClO2 ClO3ClO4Hypochlorite chlorite chloratePerchlorateHClO HClO2 HClO3HClO4Hypochlorous acid Chlorous acid Chloric acidPerchloric acid次氯酸根亚氯酸根氯酸根 高氯酸根9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech32Greek Numerals in NamesHCO3Hydrogen carbonate碳酸氢根

26、OR bicarbonatemono- 单hexa- 六di- 二hepta- 七tri- 三octa- 八tetra- 四nona- 九penta- 五deca- 十CO CO2 H2PO4Cr2O72As2S3 As4S4 N2O4 P2O5 SF6Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Dihydrogen phosphate Dichromate (Di)arsenic trisulfideTetraarsenic tetrasulfide(Di)nitrogen tetroxidemono- + -oxide = monoxide一氧化碳磷酸二氢根重铬酸根 三硫

27、化二砷四硫化四砷四氧化二氮tetra- + -oxide = tetroxidepenta- + -oxide = pentoxide(Di)phosphorus pentoxide 五氧化二磷Sulfur hexafluoride六氟化硫9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech33Names of MsOxidation numberFixedVariableHigherLatin + “-ic”LowerLatin + “-ous”EnglishCa(OH)2Al2O3AgBrCalcium hydroxideAluminum oxideSilv

28、er bromideFeCl3FeCl2 CuO Cu2OSnCl4SnCl2Ferric chloride Ferrous chloride Cupric oxide Cuprous oxide Stannic chlorideStannous chloride(三)氯化铁氯化亚铁氧化铜 氧化亚铜(四)氯化锡氯化亚锡氢氧化钙氧化铝溴化银9/21/2015General Chemistry I, ShanghaiTech34Oxidation Numbers: RulesRule 1 Oxidation numbers sum up to the total charge.Rule 2 H, Li, Na, K = +1; F, Cl, Br = 1; O = 2.Rule 3 Elements on the lower left corner prefer a (+) oxidation number; Elements on the upper right corner prefer a