土木工程毕业论文英文翻译

1、 BridgeBridges that span rivers, valleys such a barrier construction, which provides convenient transportation, so far, most of the bridges are highway bridges or railway bridge. A large number of viaducts built in the 19th century in Europe, aims to maintain its navigation of the ship canal. The sm

2、allest bridge in New York City's Kennedy Airport, it is primarily the aircraft taxiing onto the runway to the service.Humans is similar to the first bridge built in the primitive built in isolated areas. Early human tools and construction techniques as the original, like humans are the most juni

3、or. After they are at least as long as the processing and installation can be completed.In the forest, widely available solid wood and logs, then most likely Hou bridge or by a few logs built side by side, may, in its number of wooden sticks or straw mats on the cover for easy walking.In the tropica

4、l regions of India, Africa, and South America are used to build fiber rattan suspension bridge, the vines are tied to trees on both sides of the river or valley or rock. One or more above the walking cane to be stepped on, others are arranged in Gao Yu a few feet, for hand use. Although rattan rope

5、bridge is usually unstable. But there are many rattan rope bridge with incas built strong and stable enough, to be used for the Spanish soldiers and their horses to pass.In rocky areas, the stone is used to bridge across the river to a small stone pestle as piers spaced, and then use a flat stone ac

6、ross the pier adjacent to the channel linking the two sides completed, most of the stone bridge is this types, called the clap bridge. Now in Dartmoor, England are still visible, but they are built in the Middle Ages or even later.The first step changes the original bridge was considered in ancient

7、China, and then into India. Generally wider than the tree bed, Chinese and Indians in the center of the river into two stumps. In this structure, both ends of the frame with one end of logs on the stump, and tilted slightly upward so that each layer of high than a few feet below it. In order to incr

8、ease stability, both sides each with a bunch of stakes in large and heavy stone anchor; close to the river, in the middle of the river at both ends of the two stakes are connected with beams. In this structure, the natural bridge support bar in the middle of two free pile after a wide span can be ac

9、hieved.As early as 4000 BC in Mesopotamia, and thousands in the year 3000 in Egypt, with stone or sun dried bricks were used to install the overlapping beams. This structure looks like the arch, the lower more stable, is called sudden arch. To suddenly arch into a more straight arch, it needs to fit

10、 the internal structure of the stone smooth. The arch straight arch stronger than sudden, and as early as 500 BC to be used.The stone arch with direct economic and durable, it can rest on the dock by a number of the arch and across the small river. And, it generally will always appear, and its quali

11、ty in any structure to be better than the previous. In ancient China and Rome, which is widely used in the overall stone arch bridge structure. It has been widely used until the 19th century.There are four categories of basic structure can be used as water or obstructions on the bridge: rigid frame

12、bridge, cantilever bridge, arch, and suspension system.The simplest bridge may be just the first use - or just the river bridge. So that it is relatively fixed at both ends of the banks. This rigid frame bridge can form a shaped wooden beams, reinforced concrete beams or more complicated constraints

13、. Just this type of bridge span of the bridge pier was built in the middle can be used or built in the valley support joists, beams connected by a few and then increase the span. Rigid Frame material must be able to bear the stress and tension. Despite its name beam, but in fact the requirements of

14、this dual rod can be used to frame the bridge. Result, the higher part of the beam bending pressure lower than the straight part of the more than half, if he's bearing strength is too weak, it will be into the ring, if the tensile capacity is too weak, he will be destroyed.Cantilever bridge pier

15、s in the use of long-span bridges the middle it is usually not feasible in the bridge structure. For example, in the deep and rapid river flow, or ooze, it may make it difficult to build sufficient depth of bridge pier foundation rock. In this case, just on the bridge structure can be extended with

16、two beams - out of a beam from each shore, and in the two ends of the beam anchorage basis. This simple structure is more rigid frame bridge with static characterization, and each root anchorage of the beam cantilever bridge called such an infrastructure, and perhaps this most simple and familiar ex

17、ample is the cantilever bridge diving board. Cantilever bridge in general, the gap between the cantilever tip is closed, the road to provide a continuous deck. But if the point of this bridge in its closed off, then do not need each other to set the root cantilever support which can maintain stabili

18、ty. Cantilever is usually only the middle of the gap is closed rigid frame bridge. So while filling grain extended cantilever span.Suspension bridge in the absence than in the case of the middle pier cantilever bridge across the greater distance. Suspension of the support system is a continuous flex

19、ible cables by the ends of the anchor, the suspension bridge is the simplest example of high-altitude high-wire acrobat with the circus wire. The original suspension bridge is often a very small few that is tied to steel rails and provide a foothold. At the level of the modern suspension bridge on t

20、he road is suspended by the cable on both sides of the roadway below.Arch is the opposite effect on the suspension bridge, suspension bridge cables in the freedom of those who provide support force where it is from the bridge pillars at both ends of its fixed upward. As different in shape, suspensio

21、n bridge cables tend to stretch all the points of the pillars of the bridge tends to squeeze everywhere. For these reasons, suspension of the cable must be as much as possible to prevent the extension of the bridge material is as hungry to resist compression. Because the arch does not necessarily re

22、quire materials with a tensile strength, so the bridge can be built with brick or stone, brick or stone arch to pass through the characteristics of the pressure together. This material in other basic bridge structure is useless.In the arch, the load on the vertical transmission from the road down un

23、til the arch was destroyed. When the arch was pure pressure to achieve the critical load, they will change the power transmission path. A compression force of the thrust through the node or piers to the ground. This simple and beautiful arch structure of a bridge in one of the basic structure.桥梁

24、60;桥梁是跨越如河流、山谷这样障碍的一种建筑，从而提供交通便利，到目前为止，大部分桥梁都是公路桥或铁路桥。大量的高架桥于19世纪在欧洲建成，目的是保持其运河中船舶的航行。最小的一座桥在纽约市的肯尼迪机场，它主要是把滑行飞机拖到跑道上服务的。 人类建成的第一座桥类似于原始人在孤立地带建成的。早期人类的工具和建筑技术如同原始人类一样都是最初级的。他们只要经过最少的加工和安装即可建成。 在森林里，随处可得结实的木材和圆木，那时侯的桥极可能是由一根或并排的几根圆木建成，可能在其上覆一些木枝或草垫以方便行走。 处于热带地区的印度、非洲、和南美洲纤维藤被用来建成悬索桥，这些藤被系在小河或山谷两边的树上或

25、岩石上。一根或更多的藤被踩在上面行走，其它的则排列在膏腴几英尺的地方，用作手扶用。虽然藤索桥通常不稳定。但有很多用incas建成藤索桥有足够的坚固和稳定性，被用于西班牙士兵和它们马匹的通行。 在岩石地区，石头被用来建桥，横跨河流以很小的间距布置石碓作为桥墩，然后用平坦的石头横过相邻的桥墩就建成连接两岸的通道，大部分的石桥就是这种类型，叫做鼓掌桥。现在在Dartmoor、英格兰仍然可见，不过它们都建于中世纪甚至更晚。 原始桥梁的第一步变革被认为出现在中国古代，随后传入印度。河床一般比树要宽，中国人和印度人在河流的中央建成两个树桩。在这个结构的两端，用圆木的一端架在树桩上并微微向上倾斜，使其每一层

26、都比它下面的高几英尺。为了增加稳定性，每个木桩在两岸都用一堆大而重的石头锚固；接近河中央，在河中间的两个木桩的两端则用简支梁连接。在这种结构中，天然支架桥在两个自由杆的中间加桩后可达到很宽的跨度。 早在公元前年的esopotamia和在公元千年的埃及，用石头或日光烤干的砖被用来安装重叠的横梁。这种结构看起来像的拱，下部更平稳，被叫做突拱。要使突拱变为更直的拱，它需要石头的内部构造适合光滑。这种直拱比突拱更坚固，且早在公元前年就被使用。 这种直石拱具有经济和经久耐用，它可以由许多静止在码头上的拱而跨过小的河流。并且，它一般会经常出现，而它的质量比先前的任何结构都要好。在中国和罗马的古代，这种整体石拱被广泛地用于桥梁结构。它一直被广泛地使用直到19世纪。 这里有4类基本结构可以用作水面上的或障碍物上的桥：刚架桥、悬臂桥、拱桥、和悬索桥体系。 刚架桥最简单也可能是最早使用的-即刚架桥河流。这样它的两端固定在相对的河岸。这种刚架桥可以组成某种形状的木梁、钢筋混凝土梁或更复杂的约束。刚架桥这种类型