虚拟语气语法总结

1、.虚拟语气在英语文法中有三种语气，即直述式语气(Indicative Mood) 、祈使语气(Imperative Mood) 和虚拟语气 (Subjective Mood) ，其中前两种我们早已熟悉了，这里则不多谈了，如： How beautiful she is!则是直述式语气，而 Hurry up! Don'thurry up则是祈使语气。我们主要来看看虚拟语气的主要用法。虚拟语气主要是用来表达一种无法实现的愿望， 一种与事实相反的情况， 或者将不可能实现的，或可能性很小的事实， 假想为事实予以表述。 这样的动词结构称为虚拟语气。它主要有三种形式， 即与现在事实相反的假设， 与过

2、去事实相反的假设， 与将来事实相反的假设。它们具体结构如表。虚拟语气的构成种类条件句结构主句结构与现在事实相动词用过去式Should/could 动词原形反be 动词用 werewould/might 动词原形Should/could have过去分与过去事实相用 had过去分词词反的would/might have过去分词动词用过去式与将来事实相were to 加动词原形should动词原形反would 动词原形should 加动词原形虚拟语气其他习惯用法简表.种.功用类句型主句谓语宾语从句谓语动词现在过去式had+ 过过去例句I wish we could go to the seasid

3、etoday.I wish I had gone to the basketball表示主观愿望虚拟语气表示虚拟比较或方式去分词match.should+动词原形wishwould+I wished I could fly to the moon.动词原形将来I wish you would stay here a little could+ 动longer.词原形might+动词原形wouldI would rather you came to my现在过去式ratherparty tomorrow.从句动词状语从句形式She looked after the orphan as if he

4、as if, as与现实相were here own child.过去式though,反even if从 与过去相had+ 过They're talking as if they had been.句反去分词 friends for many years.should+动词原形would+与将来相动词原形 The man looked worried, as though反could+ 动 something would happen to him.词原形might+动词原形may+ 动词原形might+Turn on the light so that I could seethat

5、, so that, in order动词原形 it clearly. I warned him in order thatthat 从句can+ 动he might keep away from the词原形danger.could+ 动词原形用于表示间suggest,They required that I (should) go at接的命(should)+宾语从句propose,once. He suggested that the令、建议动词原形insist,meeting (should) start earlier.或请求desire,.demand,request,order,

6、command等之后主句中的主语常是：My suggestion is that we should tellsuggestion,him. Our only request is that this表语从句idea,proposal,problem(should) be settled as soonas possible.order,request 等They received an order that the同位语从句work be stopped.It is在主语necessaryIt is necessary that every member从句中(important,主语从句中

7、的动词形remember these rules.表示惊natural,式：It is a great pity that he should be奇、惋strangeso careless.惜、理应 等) thatIt is suggested that we should get如此等It is a pityeverything ready by tonight.should+动词原形(a shame,.no wonder等) thatIt issuggested(requested,proposed等) that表示祝may+ 动词原形May you succeed!愿或愿Long li

8、ve the People's Republic of动词原形 + 宾语望China!It is time that+ 主语 +should+ 动 It's time that you should go home其他词原形now.It is time that+主语 + 动词过去式 It is high time that we left.1 语法辨析Incorrect: If I was a girl ， I would marry youCorrect: If I were a girl ， I would marry you表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，if 条件句中

9、的 be 动词一律用 were，这句话应译为我要是个女孩，我就嫁给你。实际上不可能是个女孩。Incorrect: If I were you I will not worryCorrect: If I were you I shouldn't worry.现在时的虚拟语气主句要用should 或 would加动词原形，这句话应译为我要是你的话，就没有必要烦恼。 要注意这种语态用在这里实际上是想把要讲出的观点表达得婉转些，有礼貌些。Incorrect: God forgives you!Correct: God forgive you!这里的主语God 是第三人称单数，之所以动词不加s

10、是因为要表达一种祝愿，即人力所不能及的事情， 实际上是forgive 前有一助动词 should ， May 等，但在口语中将其省略了。如：May you be happy祝你幸福。Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday,we would have gone to the zooCorrect: If the weather had been nice yesterday ， we would have gone to the zoo因句中有yesterday 一词即表示的是与过去相反的事实，即昨天天气很不好，我们也未去动物园，所以if 条件句

11、应用had过去分词。Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walkCorrect: If it was (were) not snowing right now， I would go for a walk虚拟语态be 动词作助动词时，则可用was 来取代 were， 如 was to。虚拟语态中的动词如果是表示正在进行之中也要用进行时态。Incorrect: If you had taken my advice,you would have been better nowCorrect: If you ha

12、d taken my advice,.you would be better now这句话的意思是如果你以前要是能听我的忠告的话，你现在就会好多了。 其条件句是与过去事实相反的虚拟句，而主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟句，这在语法书中叫做混合虚拟条件句。例如：If I had caught that plane ， I would be deadnow 即： The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killedIncorrect: He were you ， he would go home at onceCorrect: Wer

13、e he you ， he would go home at onceCorrect: If he were you ， he would go home at once在虚拟条件句中的if 可以省略，但 if 省略后其句子的结构要采用倒装语序。Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think?Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me， what might she think?这句话中没有 if 条件句，但仍要用作虚拟语态。 这里因为有些分词或介词短

14、语，起到了从句的作用。这些短语有：without ， providing, supposing ， butfor(you)Incorrect: To see the girl ， you will like herCorrect: To see the girl ， you would like her这里的条件句是用不定式取代了。Incorrect: I'm sorry I did have come here by carCorrect: I'm sorry I should have come here bycar这里的条件句被省略了， 其意为我真应该坐小车来。 同样在句

15、意不会混淆的情.况下，主句也有时可以被省略， 如：What if we should fail! ( 我们万一失败了如何 )。If he could do it, why not? ( 如果他能做，他怎么会不干呢?)Incorrect: If the earth were (was) to turn from east to west， I willgive you this car as a giftCorrect: If the earth were(was) to turn from east to west I would give you this caras a gift条件句中也

16、常用 were to 来表示说话者认为可能性极小或根本不可能的事。Incorrect: If you'd have told him early， he would have passed the examCorrect: If you had told him early ， he would have passed the exam非正式口语中往往听见外国人讲： 'd have pp (过去分词 )但仍没有人认为它是正确的句子，不易为我们效仿。Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghost

17、Correct: The little girl looked as if she had seen a ghost要注意的是as if 从句中如果用虚拟语气， 它的用法要与if 条件句的动词结构相同，即与现在事实相反动词用过去式，be 动词用 were，而与过去事实相反的动词用 hadpp ( 过去分词 )。另外更要注意的是，并非所有as if 从句都要用虚拟语气。如：Itlooks as if it is going to snow ( 看天好像要下雪 )即是真实条件句。Incorrect: I should have come here early ， but I had beenbus

18、yCorrect: I should have come here early but I wasbusybut 是转折连词，其后的句子是真实句，而不是虚拟句。.Incorrect: To tell the truth ， I wish I know her address nowCorrect: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress nowwish 的宾语从句中要用虚拟结构，与现在事实相反的条件动词要用过去式，be 动词用 were，与过去事实相反的条件动词要用had过去分词。如： I wishedI had passed that exam

19、Incorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he will do it better tomorrowCorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he would do it better tomorrowwish 要用来表示对现状不满，希望将来有所改进，则要用would 加动词原形。并非 wish 不能表达真正的祝愿，但是不能接从句，而要用双宾语，或不定式，如： I wish you luck ( 双宾语 )I wish you to be a good studentI wish to se

20、e her at onceIncorrect: I wish it will not be another failureCorrect: I hope it will not be another failureCorrect: I wish it would not be another failure要注意 hope 与 wish 的不同用法。2 例题解析.例 1If heon tourists for his business ， he would have to close his shopA dependsB will dependC dependedDhas depended答案

21、 C这是与现在事实相反的假设。应译为：如果他仅靠旅游来做生意的话，他早就要关门了。例 2Had she been younger ， shemore beautifulA had beenB might have beenC might beD would be答案 B因其条件句是省去if 的与过去事实相反的假设。例 3If youthatTV play last night ， you wouldn't be sleepyA haven't watchedB didn't watchC hadn't watchedD wouldn't have wat

22、ched答案 C因是与过去事实相反的假设。应译为：昨晚你要是不看那个电视剧，你现在也不会这么困倦了。 这是混合虚拟句，主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟。例 4If ittomorrow ， we will not go for the picnicA will rainB had rainedC rainedD rains答案 D因其主句是将来时，所以条件句应用一般现在时表示将来。所以要注意的是有些真实条件句并没有虚拟的含意，不要乱用虚拟语态。例 5We had hoped that wego home at onceA didB willC /D would答案 Dhad hoped用来表达对过去

23、未能实现的愿望，其宾语从句要用would 加动词原形。.例 6I want to see her todayI'd rather youA didn'tB do notC don'tD do答案 A'd rather 其后如直接接动词则用动词原形。如加宾语从句则从句中谓语动词要用过去式。例 7It is very late ， It's timeA we have leftB we will leaveC we leftD we leave答案 C要注意 It is (high/about) time其后可接for something,如： It ist

24、ime for supper.或 for somebody to do something也可接从句，但从句中的谓语动词要用过去式，有时也可用should 加动词原形，但should 不可省略。例 8These typewritten papers are very neatI wish Itype too ， but I don't know howA canB mayC couldD will答案C 因 wish 在从句中表示与现在相反的虚拟， 所以要用 would 或 could 。例 9It is important that hethis work at onceA doB

25、doesC didD will do答案 A虚拟语气可以用来表示要求、建议、提议、命令、意愿等。在Itis形容词 (过去分词 ) 从句的结构中，从句中的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形，其 should 在美语中经常省略。这样的形容词有：important ， necessary，.strange， natural 。这样的过去分词有：demanded, requested, suggested ，required ， recommended 。例 10 The teacher ordered that the studentsherA obeysB obeyedC obeyingD ob

26、ey答案 D因带有命令要求口气的动词其宾语从句中的谓语动词也要用should 加动词原形。其 should 在美语中则被省略。 这样的动词有： ask， advise，demand ， desire， insist， order ， recommend, require ， request ， suggest例 11 She rejected my suggestion that sheher son the next weekA metB will meetC meetD would meet答案 C因同位语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形。 这是因为其前面的名词是由例10中的那些

27、表示愿望、命令、建议的动词转化而来的。例 12 What's the matter with her?I don't know but she looksshe'd lost her boy friendA thatB so thatC asD as if答案 D其意为她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一样脸色不好看。例 13 You finally passed the examYes，your help. I would have not succeededA but thatB but forC but ifD thanks to答案 B由 but for ， without ， supposing等短语或连接词也可以引出虚拟语态。.例 14 today ， hewould get there by the weekendA Would he leaveB Was he leavingC Were he to leaveD If he leaves答案 C如果条件句中 if 被省去，则要用倒装语序。be to 在虚拟条件句中应用we