unit 15 part Ⅳ

1、Part Lesson 4Understanding.重点单词1.acquire vt.获得，得到2.rank n. 职衔3.worthy adj. 值得的4.defence n. 保卫，保护5.ignore vt. 忽视，不顾6.unwilling adj. 不情愿的7.approve v. 赞成；认可；满意8.urge vt. 力劝，强烈要求9.inspire vt. 启发，鼓舞10.shadow n. 阴影，影子11.conventional adj. 传统的，保守的12.vital adj. 极其重要的13.beneficial adj. 有用的，有益的14.assume vt. 假定

2、，假设.核心短语1.be accustomed to 习惯于2.go against 反对，违背3.tend to 倾向于4.put forward 提出；将提前5.approve of 赞成，赞许6.in other words 换句话说.经典句式1.It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384322 BC).人们愿意相信这些古老的见解，这毫不奇怪，因为那是伟大

3、的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384322)提出来的。2.We need to thank the great men of the past for the wisdom to know that we dont know it all and probably never will, for that would mean a world without questions.我们要感谢历史上伟人的才智，它让我们懂得我们不是什么都懂，也许将来也不会什么都懂，因为那样的话(如果我们什么都懂)，那将意味着世界上没有什么问题了。3.People feel that if someone importa

4、nt and respected says that something is right, then it must be so.人们认为，如果某位重要的、受尊敬的人说某事是正确的，那它一定是正确的。1.构词法记单词派生assume vt.假定，假设assumption n.假定，假设willing adj.愿意的unwilling adj.不情愿的approve v.赞成；认可；满意approval n.赞成；批准benefit n.好处，益处beneficial adj.有用的，有益的convention n.习俗，常规，集会conventional adj.传统的，保守的转化rank

5、n.职衔vt.把分等级；排列2.谐音记单词(1)在“阴影“里”晒豆”是愚蠢的shadow n.阴影，影子(2)他们不能“遏制”这种“强烈要求”urge vt.力劝，强烈要求(3)“一个闹”，小孩子一个劲地闹，“别理”他ignore vt.忽视；不理睬阅读清障acquire/'kwa/vt.获得，得到句中It作形式主语，how引导的从句为真正的主语。to start with(to begin with)首先，第一observe/b'zv/v.观察；遵守(规则，法律等)be accustomed to习惯于(to为介词)spit sth out把吐出Although引导让步状语从

6、句。thinking/'k/n.思考，考虑when引导定语从句，修饰the 17th century，that引导的从句作suggested的宾语。go against违反，与不符be against反对be for赞成rank/ræk/n.职衔bureaucratic/bjr'krætk/adj.官僚的worthy/'wði/adj.值得的be worthyreligion/r'ldn/n.宗教defence/d'fens/n.保卫，保护in defence of保卫tend to往往会，倾向于ignore/'n/

7、vt.忽视，不顾unwilling/n'wl/adj.不情愿的这是一个复合句，第二个and连接的是并列谓语，what引导的从句作challenge的宾语。 assumption/'smpn/n.假定，假设(be) based on以为基础when引导时间状语从句。put forward提出句中It作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句；as引导原因状语从句。feel v.觉得，感到feel like doing.想做某事approve of 赞成，赞许approve/'pruv/v.赞成；认可；满意urge/d/vt.力劝，强烈要求urge sb to do sth

8、力劝某人做某事but连接并列句，when引导时间状语从句。put sb in prison把某人关入监狱be in prison坐牢go to prison去坐牢get into prison入狱cast/throw sb into prison把某人关进监狱send sb to prison把某人关进监狱challenge/'tælnd/v.向(某人)挑战what引导宾语从句。search/st/v.搜查，搜寻search for寻找search.for搜寻以寻找how引导的从句作shows的宾语。respected adj.受人尊敬的inspire/n'spa/v

9、.启发；鼓舞inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的inspire sb to do sth鼓励某人做某事at times有时，间或even though引导让步状语从句，其中又有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰a great man；he was wrong at times是主句。in other words换句话说sit back舒舒服服地坐好；袖手旁观介词短语作后置定语修饰people。shadow/'æd/n.阴影，影子conventional/kn'vennl/adj.传统的，保守的who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Bacon and Galilei。ci

10、vilisation/svla'zen/n.文明civilise vt.使文明fight for为而斗争，努力争取fight against同进行斗争vital/'vatl/adj.极其重要的beneficial/ben'fl/adj.有益的，有用的be beneficial to对有益that引导的从句作knew的宾语，some might say为插入语。原文呈现“Who questions much，shall learn much，and remember much.”Francis Bacon(15611626)It seems obvious now how

11、 we acquireknowledge and understanding.To start with，you need questions.Then，to find answers，you observethe world around you and study the facts.After that you consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones.Although today we are more accustomed to typing a few key words into a search

12、 engine and waiting for the Internet to spit the answer out for us，modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the worlds problems with this type of analysisluckily for us.However，in the 17th century when Francis Bacon suggested that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge，he was go

13、ing againstthe views of the day.Bacon held an important rank under King James(15661625)of England but his true interest was not the day to day bureaucratic details of the government，but the worthy search for knowledge.This was certainly not the interest of most people in his day.At that time，people

14、believed more in religion than in facts and people like Galileo Galilei(15641642)，who proved scientific ideas such as“the Earth is not the centre of the universe”，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence.The church and many people tended to ignore the facts and were unwi

15、lling to challenge what they had always comfortably believed.They preferred to make assumptions about the world based on the experience of others.In fact，when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe，instead of believing him，people chose to believe views that were almost 2019

16、 years old!It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle(384322 BC).He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe because it felt like the Earth was standing still.Galilei disagreed.At first，people a

17、pproved of his studies and urged him to continue，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong，they grew angry and put him in prison.They didnt want to challenge what theyd always thought was true.This also shows how people didnt want to search for their own understanding or educate themselves.And this i

18、s still often true today.People feel that if someone important and respected says that something is right，then it must be so.But even though Aristotle was a great man who inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him，he was wrong at times.And Galilei too made mistakes.He is now known as

19、the father of astronomy but he believed that the earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle.He was wrong.Therefore our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing.In other words，we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say，“We know it all”.We need t

20、o thank the great men of the past for the wisdom to know that we dont know it all and probably never will，for that would mean a world without questions.So much of our knowledge and understanding of the world today is due to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out from the sh

21、adows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that todays civilisation is built upon.These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for；more vital to a man，and more beneficialB35 to mankind，some might say，than all the money in the world.“All truths are

22、easy to understand once they are discovered；the point is to discover them.”Galileo Galilei(15641642)课文译文“勤于提问的人学到更多，并且记得更多。”弗兰西斯·培根(15611626)现在我们如何获得和理解知识似乎显而易见。首先，你需要问题。然后，为了找到答案，你观察周围的世界，并研究事实。之后，你考虑可能的答案，并且一一加以测试来找出正确的答案。尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎里敲进几个关键词，等待互联网吐出答案；然而幸运的是，现代的科学家和思想家还是用这种分析的方法为我们解决世界上的问

23、题。然而，在17世纪，当弗兰西斯·培根提出这种思考方式是获取知识的途径时，他违背了当时的观念。在英国詹姆士国王(15661625)统治时期，培根担任重要官职，但是他真正的兴趣不是政府每日的繁文缛节，而是对知识的崇高追求。这当然不是他那个时代大多数人的兴趣。那时，人们更多地相信宗教，而不是事实。像伽利略·伽利莱(15641642)这样证明了“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科学观点的人常常被教会惩罚而无人为他们辩护。教会和许多人往往会忽视事实，不愿意去挑战他们一直习惯于相信的一切。他们宁愿以其他人的经验为依据对世界作出假设。事实上，当伽利莱证实地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们不相信他的话，而

24、是选择去相信几乎是两千年以前的观点！人们愿意相信这些古老的观点并不奇怪，因为这些观点是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384公元前322)提出来的。他说地球一定是宇宙的中心，因为从感觉上讲地球是静止不动的。伽利莱不同意(这种说法)。起初，人们赞同他的研究并力劝他继续进行，但是后来当他证实亚里士多德是错误的时候，他们生气了，并把他关进了监狱。他们不愿意挑战他们一直认为是正确的东西。这也表明人们是多么不愿意去探索自己对事物的理解或教育自己。在今天，这仍然是事实。人们认为，如果某位重要的、受尊敬的人说某事是正确的。那它一定是正确的。但即使是亚里士多德这样一位启发了他以后许多杰出的科学家和哲学家的伟大人

25、物，有时也会出错。伽利莱也会犯错误。虽然现在他以天文学之父而闻名，但是他认为地球以一个精确的圆圈围绕太阳转动。他是错误的。因此，我们对周围世界的理解是不断发展和变化的。换句话说，我们每天都在学习更多东西，谁也不能悠闲地说：“我们什么都知道。”我们要感谢历史上伟人的才智，它让我们懂得，我们不是什么都懂，或许永远不会什么都懂，如果我们什么都懂，那将意味着世界上没有问题了。我们今天拥有这么多关于世界的知识和理解，是因为有培根和伽利莱这样的人，为了发现建造今天文明所基于的知识王国，他们勇敢地从传统思想的阴影中走了出来。这些人懂得知识和理解是要努力争取的东西；有人或许会说，对一个人来说，它们比世界上所有

26、的金钱都重要，对人类也更有益。“所有的真理一旦被发现都很容易被人理解；问题是要(有人去)发现真理。”伽利略·伽利莱(15641642).Match the paragraphs with their main ideas.答案Para.1 BPara.2 D Paras.3&4 A Para.5 C.Read the text carefully and choose the best answer.1.Whats the very first step of Francis Bacons type of thinking?A.Raising questions.B.Obse

27、rving the world.C.Thinking over the possible answers.D.Testing for a right answer.答案A2.What do we know from the passage?A.Both Bacon and Galilei were punished for their scientific ideas.B.At that time, people believed more in religion than in facts.C.Before Galilei, Aristotles theory had influenced

28、people for 1，000 years.D.The church was against the great philosopher Aristotle for his theory of the universe.答案B3.Whats the main idea of the passage?A.Francis Bacon was going against the views of his day.B.Galileo Galilei was great to prove the Earth is not the centre of the universe.C.The Earth i

29、s not the centre of the universe and it doesnt move round the sun in a perfect circle, either.D.People should question more because great men, even Aristotle and Galilei, might make mistakes.答案D4.What is the correct order to acquire knowledge and understanding according to the article?A.questions, o

30、bserve and study, consider and test, find the right answersB.acquire the knowledge, understanding, find the right answers, consider and testC.observe, study, consider, find the right answersD.questions, find the right answers, observe, test答案A5.Which of the following is NOT true according to the pas

31、sage?A.People tend to believe everything that the person they respect says.B.Galileo proved “the Earth is not the center of the universe” and he never made mistakes.C.Knowledge is got by learning not by believing.D.Civilisation is built on the kingdom of knowledge.答案B.Analyze the following difficult

32、 sentences in the text.1.At that time, people believed more in religion than in facts and people like Galileo Galilei (15641642), who proved scientific ideas such as “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence.句式分析分句一At that tim

33、e，people believed.facts尝试翻译那时，人们更多地相信宗教，而不是事实。像伽利略·伽利莱(15641642)这样证明了例如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科学观点的人常常被教会惩罚而无人为他们辩护。2.So much of our knowledge and understanding of the world today is due to people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to

34、 find the kingdom of knowledge that todays civilisation is built upon.句式分析尝试翻译因此，我们今天对世界拥有这么多的知识和理解，是因为有培根和伽利莱这样的人，为了发现建造今天文明的知识王国，他们勇敢地从传统思想的阴影中走出来。3.These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for；more vital to a man，and more beneficial to mankind，some might say，than all th

35、e money in the world.句式分析本句为主从复合句，these men knew为主句，that引导宾语从句；some might say为插入语。尝试翻译这些人懂得知识和理解是要奋斗的东西；有人或许会说，对一个人来说，它们比世界上所有的金钱更重要；对人类来说，更有益。1.acquire vt.获得，得到(教材P42)It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding. 我们如何获取及如何理解知识现在似乎显而易见。acquire knowledge/experience获得知识/经验acquire a

36、good knowledge of学会，精通acquire a taste for开始喜欢Meanwhile，they exchange ideas and feelings with each other，through which they probably acquire more knowledge.与此同时，他们彼此交流思想和感情，这样他们可能获得更多的知识。Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.只有当你拥有了完善的语法知识，你才能正确地写作。He acquire

37、d a taste for brandy at that time.他在那个时候养成了喝白兰地的嗜好。易混辨析acquire，obtainacquire多用于通过不断地“学、问”等慢慢地获取学问、技术等较抽象的东西Obtain表示经过相当长的时间或经过很大的努力，获得期望已久的东西即学即用选用上述单词填空It took her nine years to acquire the ability to use English and its indeed not easy for her to obtain the honour in a foreign country.她花了九年的时间才获得了

38、使用英语的能力，并且对她来说，在国外获得这种荣誉并不容易。2.worthy adj.值得的；有价值的(教材P42)Bacon held an important rank under King James(15661625)of England but his true interest was not the day to day bureaucratic details of the government，but the worthy search for knowledge.在英国詹姆士国王(15661625)统治时期，培根是一位身居要职的官员，但是他真正的兴趣不是政府每日的繁文缛节，而

39、是对知识的崇高追求。表示“值得”的句型：(1)be worthn.be worthy ofn.(2)be worth doingbe worthy(3)Its worthwhile doing/to do sthThe Chinese community is well worth a visit.The Chinese community is well worthy of a visit.华人社区非常值得去参观一下。The article is worthy of careful study.The article is worthy of being studied(study)care

40、fully.The article is worthy to be studied(study)carefully.The article is worth studying(study)carefully.Its worthwhile studying/to study(study)the article carefully.这篇文章值得仔细研读。名师点津(1)表示“很值得做”，要用be well worth doing.；(2)worth一般只作表语；而worthy和worthwhile既可作表语又可作定语。3.ignore vt.忽视，不顾(教材P42)The church and ma

41、ny people tended to ignore the facts and were unwilling to challenge what they had always comfortably believed.教会和许多人经常忽视事实，不愿意去挑战他们一直习惯于相信的一切。(1)ignorant adj.无知的，不知道的be ignorant of/about.对不了解；对无知(2)ignorance n.无知；不知情be in ignorance of/about sth.不知道某事I said hello to her，but she ignored me completely

42、.我向她打招呼，她却根本不理我。I am quite ignorant of/about what they intend to do.我的确不知道他们打算干什么。His failure resulted from his ignorance(ignore).他的失败是因为无知。易混辨析ignore，neglect，overlookignore通常指有意不顾，或不理会显而易见的事物neglect侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽overlook指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见即学即用选用上述单词填空We could not afford to overlook such a serious of

43、fence.对于这种严重的冒犯，我们不能视而不见。He utterly ignored my warnings and met with an accident.他完全不顾我的警告，结果出了事。Dont neglect to pay him a visit now and then.时常去看望他，不可疏忽。4.(教材P42)At first，people approved of his studies and urged him to continue，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong，they grew angry and put him in

44、 prison.起初，人们赞同他的研究并敦促他继续进行，但是后来当他证明亚里士多德错了的时候，他们就生气了，把他关进了监狱。approve(1)v.赞成；认可；同意approve of.赞成，同意approve of (sb/sbs) doing sth同意/赞成(某人)做某事I approve of your trying to earn some money，but please dont neglect your studies.我同意你去挣一些钱，可是不要忽视了功课。She would never do anything that was not approved of by her

45、parents.她从来不会做父母不赞成的事情。(2)vt.通过，批准The committee approved the plan at the meeting yesterday.昨天在会上委员会通过了该项计划。 urge(1)vt.力劝，强烈要求；极力主张urge sb to do/into doing sth力劝某人做某事urge that sb (should) do sth强烈要求某人应做某事urge sth on/upon sb向某人力陈/强调某事I urge him to write a novel about the life we live together in the c

46、ountry.我力劝他写一部关于我们一起在农村生活的小说。I urged that we (should)take(take)immediate measures to prevent such thing happening again.我极力主张我们应该立刻采取措施阻止这样的事情再次发生。He urged on/upon his pupils the importance of hard work.他向学生们强调用功学习的重要性。(2)n.C强烈的欲望，冲动have an urge to do sth迫切想做某事The vacation is coming and I have an ur

47、ge to travel.假期快到了，我迫切想去旅行。5.inspire v.鼓舞，鼓励；使产生(感觉或情感)；赋予灵感，激发想法；启发；启示(教材P43)But even though Aristotle was a great man who inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him，he was wrong at times.但即使是亚里士多德这样一位启发了他以后许多杰出的科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有时也会出错。inspire sb to do sth鼓励某人做某事inspire sb with sthinspir

48、e sth in sb使某人产生感觉/情感I hope this success will inspire you to make greater efforts.我希望这次成功能激励你更加努力。The good news inspired us with pride and courage.The good news inspired pride and courage in us.这一好消息使我们产生了自豪感和勇气。图解助记语境串记I was inspired with your inspiring remarks，which brought me a creative inspirati

49、on.你鼓舞人心的评论激励着我，给我带来了创作的灵感。6.assume vt.假定，假设；认为(教材P43)Why did Aristotle assume that the sun moved around the Earth?为什么亚里士多德认为太阳绕着地球转？(1)assume.to be.认为是assume (that).认为It is (generally) assumed that.人们(普遍)认为(2)assumption n.假定，假设make an assumption认为，假定on the assumption that.假定，假设(3)assuming (that).假定

50、It is reasonable to assume (that) the house prices will continue to go up.认为房价会继续上涨是有道理的。We must assume him to be(be)innocent until he is proved guilty.尚未证实他有罪，我们就得假定他是清白的。Assuming(assume)that you are right，what should we do next?假定你是对的，我们下一步该怎么做？1.be accustomed to习惯于(教材P42)Although today we are mor

51、e accustomed to typing a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to spit the answer out for us.尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎里敲进几个关键词，等待互联网为我们吐出答案(1)get/become/grow accustomed to (doing) sth习惯于(做)某事be/get/become used to (doing) sth习惯于(做)某事(2)accustom vt.使习惯于accustom sb/oneself to (doing) st

52、h使某人/自己习惯于做某事Her eyes quickly became/got/grew accustomed to the dark.她的眼睛很快就适应了黑暗。I didnt get used to the climate here a year ago，but now Ive been used to.一年前我还不习惯这里的气候，现在已经习惯了。She found it necessary to accustom her child to getting(get)up early.她觉得让孩子养成早起的习惯是必要的。2.tend to往往会，倾向于；照顾，护理(教材P42)The chu

53、rch and many people tended to ignore the facts and were unwilling to challenge what they had always comfortably believed.教会和许多人往往会忽视事实，不愿意去挑战他们一直习惯于相信的一切。(1)tend to do sth经常做某事；有做某事的倾向tend to/towards.趋向，倾向于tend (to) sb照料，照看，护理某人(2)tendency n.倾向，趋势I tend to sacrifice my own interest for the group ben

54、efit.我倾向于为集体利益牺牲自己的利益。She spends her spare time tending(tend)(to)her old mother.她的业余时间都花在照顾她年迈的母亲上。Roughly speaking，the tendency(tend)of the market is still uncertain.粗略地说，这个市场的趋向仍不确定。3.put forward提出；将钟表拨快；将提前；推荐(教材P42)It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they ha

55、d been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384322 BC).人们愿意相信这些古老的见解，因为那是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384公元前322)提出来的，这毫不奇怪。put away储存，收起来放好put down写下；镇压put off推迟put on穿上；上演，装出(某种样子)；增加(体重)put out扑灭，熄灭put up挂起，举起；贴；供给住宿put up with忍受Can I put you/your name forward for golf club secretary?我推荐你(提名让你)担任高尔夫球

56、俱乐部的秘书好吗？They put up a board where they could put up notices.他们挂起了一块木板，在上面可以张贴通知。Mother opened the drawer to put away cookers.妈妈打开抽屉将餐具收下来放好了。Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today.今日事今日毕。I dont know how you put up with their constant quarreling.我不知道你是怎么忍受他们喋喋不休的争吵的。(教材P42)It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these ancient views as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384322 BC).人们愿意相信这些古老的见解。因为那是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384公元前322)提出来的，这毫不奇怪。(1)It is not surprising that.表示“不足为奇”。it为形式主语，真